Performance of Cinnamomum Camphora, Ficus Benjamina, Ficus Elastica, Prunus Cerasoides and Syzygium Cumini Against Air Pollution in Kathmandu Valley Nepal
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Phytophthora Ramorum Sudden Oak Death Pathogen
NAME OF SPECIES: Phytophthora ramorum Sudden Oak Death pathogen Synonyms: Common Name: Sudden Oak Death pathogen A. CURRENT STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION I. In Wisconsin? 1. YES NO X 2. Abundance: 3. Geographic Range: 4. Habitat Invaded: 5. Historical Status and Rate of Spread in Wisconsin: 6. Proportion of potential range occupied: II. Invasive in Similar Climate YES NO X Zones United States: In 14 coastal California Counties and in Curry County, Oregon. In nursery in Washington. Canada: Nursery in British Columbia. Europe: Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Poland, Spain, France, Belgium, and Sweden. III. Invasive in Similar Habitat YES X NO Types IV. Habitat Affected 1. Habitat affected: this disease thrives in cool, wet climates including areas in coastal California within the fog belt or in low- lying forested areas along stream beds and other bodies of water. Oaks associated with understory species that are susceptible to foliar infections are at higher risk of becoming infected. 2. Host plants: Forty-five hosts are regulated for this disease. These hosts have been found naturally infected by P. ramorum and have had Koch’s postulates completed, reviewed and accepted. Approximately fifty-nine species are associated with Phytophthora ramorum. These species are found naturally infected; P. ramorum has been cultured or detected with PCR but Koch’s postulates have not been completed or documented and reviewed. Northern red oak (Quercus rubra) is considered an associated host. See end of document for complete list of plant hosts. National Risk Model and Map shows susceptible forest types in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. -
Spruce Beetle
QUICK GUIDE SERIES FM 2014-1 Spruce Beetle An Agent of Subalpine Change The spruce beetle is a native species in Colorado’s spruce forest ecosystem. Endemic populations are always present, and epidemics are a natural part of the changing forest. There usually are long intervals between such events as insect and disease epidemics and wildfires, giving spruce forests time to regenerate. Prior to their occurrence, the potential impacts of these natural disturbances can be reduced through proactive forest management. The spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) is responsible for the death of more spruce trees in North America than any other natural agent. Spruce beetle populations range from Alaska and Newfoundland to as far south as Arizona and New Mexico. The subalpine Engelmann spruce is the primary host tree, but the beetles will infest any Figure 1. Engelmann spruce trees infested spruce tree species within their geographical range, including blue spruce. In with spruce beetles on Spring Creek Pass. Colorado, the beetles are most commonly observed in high-elevation spruce Photo: William M. Ciesla forests above 9,000 feet. At endemic or low population levels, spruce beetles generally infest only downed trees. However, as spruce beetle population levels in downed trees increase, usually following an avalanche or windthrow event – a high-wind event that topples trees over a large area – the beetles also will infest live standing trees. Spruce beetles prefer large (16 inches in diameter or greater), mature and over- mature spruce trees in slow-growing, spruce-dominated stands. However, at epidemic levels, or when large-scale, rapid population increases occur, spruce beetles may attack trees as small as 3 inches in diameter. -
American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy
American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy Developing the Latest Acquired Knowledge of Drugs, and Especially of the Direct Action of Single Drugs Upon Exact Conditions of Disease, with Especial Reference of the Therapeutics of the Plant Drugs of the Americas. By FINLEY ELLINGWOOD, M.D. 1919 Late Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in Bennett Medical College, Chicago; Professor of Chemistry in Bennett Medical College 1884-1898; Author, and Editor of Ellingwood's Therapeutist; Member National Eclectic Medical Association; American Medical Editors' Association. Abridged to include only the botanical entries, and arranged in alphabetical order by latin names Southwest School of Botanical Medicine P.O. Box 4565, Bisbee, AZ 85603 www.swsbm.com ABIES. Abies canadensis Synonym—Hemlock spruce. CONSTITUENTS— Tannic acid, resin, volatile oil. Canada pitch, or gum hemlock, is the prepared concrete juice of the pinus canadensis. The juice exudes from the tree, and is collected by boiling the bark in water, or boiling the hemlock knots, which are rich in resin. It is composed of one or more resins, and a minute quantity of volatile oil. Canada pitch of commerce is in reddish-brown, brittle masses, of a faint odor, and slight taste. Oil of hemlock is obtained by distilling the branches with water. It is a volatile liquid, having a terebinthinate odor and taste. PREPARATIONS— Canada Pitch Plaster Tincture of the fresh hemlock boughs Tincture of the fresh inner bark. Specific Medicine Pinus. Dose, from five to sixty minims. The hemlock spruce produces three medicines; the gum, used in the form of a plaster as a rubifacient in rheumatism and kindred complaints; the volatile oil—oil of hemlock—or a tincture of the fresh boughs, used as a diuretic in diseases of the urinary organs, and wherever a terebinthinate remedy is indicated; and a tincture of the fresh inner bark, an astringent with specific properties, used locally, and internally in catarrh. -
Evergreen Trees Agonis Flexuosa
Evergreen Trees Agonis flexuosa – Peppermint Willow Graceful willow-like evergreen tree (but without the willows voracious root system) with reddish-brown, deeply furrowed bark to 25’-30’. New leaves and twigs have an attractive reddish cast; clustered small white flowers and brownish fruits are not particularly ornamental. Casaurina stricta – Beefwood Pendulous gray branches; resembles a pine somewhat; tolerates drought, heat, wind, fog. Growth to 20’- 30’. Cinnamomum camphora - Camphor Evergreen trees to 40 feet, with 20-foot spread.. In winter foliage is a shiny yellow green. In early spring new foliage may be pink, red or bronze, depending on tree. Unusually strong structure. Clusters of tiny, fragrant yellow flowers in profusion in May. Geijera parviflora- Australian Willow Evergreen trees with graceful, fine-textured leaves, to 30 feet, 20 feet wide. Main branches weep up and out; little branches hang down. Much of the grace of a willow, much of the toughness of eucalyptus, moderate growth and deep non-invasive roots. Laurus nobilis – Grecian Laurel Slow growth 12-40’. Natural habit is compact, broad-based, often multi-stemmed, gradually tapering cone. Leaves lethery, aromatic. Clusters of small yellow flowers followed by black or purple berries. Magnolia Grandiflora – ‘Little Gem’- Dwarf Southern Magnolia Small tree to 20’ in height. Showy white flowers in the summer. Green glossy leaves. Maytenous boaria - Mayten Evergreen tree with slow to moderate growth to an eventual 30-50 feet, with a 15-foot spread, with long and pendulous branchlets hanging down from branches, giving tree a graceful look. Habit and leaves somewhat like a small scale weeping willow. -
Susceptibility of Larch, Hemlock, Sitka Spruce, and Douglas-Fir to Phytophthora Ramorum1
Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Fifth Science Symposium Susceptibility of Larch, Hemlock, Sitka Spruce, and 1 Douglas-fir to Phytophthora ramorum Gary Chastagner,2 Kathy Riley,2 and Marianne Elliott2 Introduction The recent determination that Phytophthora ramorum is causing bleeding stem cankers on Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi (Lam.) Carrière) in the United Kingdom (Forestry Commission 2012, Webber et al. 2010), and that inoculum from this host appears to have resulted in disease and canker development on other conifers, including western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), grand fir (Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl.), and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière), potentially has profound implications for the timber industry and forests in the United States Pacific Northwest (PNW). A clearer understanding of the susceptibility of these conifers to P. ramorum is needed to assess the risk of this occurring in the PNW. Methods An experiment was conducted to examine the susceptibility of new growth on European (L. decidua Mill.), Japanese, eastern (L. laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch), and western larch (L. occidentalis Nutt.); western and eastern hemlock (T. canadensis (L.) Carrière); Sitka spruce; and a coastal seed source of Douglas-fir to three genotypes (NA1, NA2, and EU1) of P. ramorum in 2011. In 2012, a similar experiment was conducted using only the four larch species. Container-grown seedlings or saplings were used in all experiments. Five trees or branches of each species were inoculated with a single isolate of the three genotypes by spraying the foliage with a suspension of zoospores (105/ml). -
Invasive Trees of Georgia Pub10-14
Pub. No. 39 October 2016 Invasive Trees of Georgia by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia Georgia has many species of trees. Some are native trees and some have been introduced from outside the state, nation, or continent. Most of Georgia’s trees are well- behaved and easily develop into sustainable shade and street trees. A few tree species have an extrodinary ability to upsurp resources and take over sites from other plants. These trees are called invasive because they effectively invade sites, many times eliminat- ing other species of plants. There are a few tree species native to Georgia which are considered invasive in other parts of the country. These native invasives, may be well-behaved in Georgia, but reproduce and take over sites elsewhere, and so have gained an invasive status from at least one other invasive species list. Table 1. There are hundreds of trees which have been introduced to Georgia landscapes. Some of these exotic / naturalized trees are considered invasive. The selected list of Georgia invasive trees listed here are notorious for growing rampantly and being difficult to eradicate. Table 2. Table 1: Native trees considered invasive in other parts of the country. scientific name common name scientific name common name Acacia farnesiana sweet acacia Myrica cerifera Southern bayberry Acer negundo boxelder Pinus taeda loblolly pine Acer rubrum red maple Populus deltoides Eastern cottonwood Fraxinus americana white ash Prunus serotina black cherry Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash Robinia pseudoacacia black locust Gleditsia triacanthos honeylocust Toxicodendron vernix poison sumac Juniperus virginiana eastern redcedar The University of Georgia is committed to principles of equal opportunity and affirmative action. -
Guideline 410 Prohibited Plant List
VENTURA COUNTY FIRE PROTECTION DISTRICT FIRE PREVENTION BUREAU 165 DURLEY AVENUE CAMARILLO, CA 93010 www.vcfd.org Office: 805-389-9738 Fax: 805-388-4356 GUIDELINE 410 PROHIBITED PLANT LIST This list was first published by the VCFD in 2014. It has been updated as of April 2019. It is intended to provide a list of plants and trees that are not allowed within a new required defensible space (DS) or fuel modification zone (FMZ). It is highly recommended that these plants and trees be thinned and or removed from existing DS and FMZs. In certain instances, the Fire Department may require the thinning and or removal. This list was prepared by Hunt Research Corporation and Dudek & Associates, and reviewed by Scott Franklin Consulting Co, VCFD has added some plants and has removed plants only listed due to freezing hazard. Please see notes after the list of plants. For questions regarding this list, please contact the Fire Hazard reduction Program (FHRP) Unit at 085-389-9759 or [email protected] Prohibited plant list:Botanical Name Common Name Comment* Trees Abies species Fir F Acacia species (numerous) Acacia F, I Agonis juniperina Juniper Myrtle F Araucaria species (A. heterophylla, A. Araucaria (Norfolk Island Pine, Monkey F araucana, A. bidwillii) Puzzle Tree, Bunya Bunya) Callistemon species (C. citrinus, C. rosea, C. Bottlebrush (Lemon, Rose, Weeping) F viminalis) Calocedrus decurrens Incense Cedar F Casuarina cunninghamiana River She-Oak F Cedrus species (C. atlantica, C. deodara) Cedar (Atlas, Deodar) F Chamaecyparis species (numerous) False Cypress F Cinnamomum camphora Camphor F Cryptomeria japonica Japanese Cryptomeria F Cupressocyparis leylandii Leyland Cypress F Cupressus species (C. -
Annex 2B: OSB (Oriented Strand Board)
Panel Guide Version 4 Annex 2B: OSB (oriented strand in panels from different manufacturers; in panels from different manufacturers it is possible to obtain ratios board) of property levels in the machine- to cross-direction of Description 1.25:1 to 2.5:1, thereby emulating the ratios found in OSB is an engineered wood-based panel material in plywood. which long strands of wood are bonded together with a synthetic resin adhesive. OSB is usually composed Appearance of three layers, with the strands of the outer two layers OSB is readily identified by its larger and longer wood orientated in a particular direction, more often than strands, compared to particleboard. The orientation not in the long direction of the panel. While there is an of the surface strands is not always visually apparent, orientation, it is often hard to see because there is quite especially in small pieces of panel. The panel tends to a large degree of variability in this orientation among have a number of holes on the surface due to the overlap adjacent strands in the panels from any one production of strands, but a smoother surface can be obtained by line, as well as between panels from different producers. sanding. However, OSB will never possess the smooth- ness of surface found in fibreboards and particleboards: rather its merits lie in the field of mechanical perfor- mance which is directly related to the use of longer and larger strands of wood. OSB varies in colour from a light straw colour to a medium brown depending on species used, resin system adopted and pressing conditions employed. -
Cinnamomum Camphora) in Eastern Australia Brett J
Chapter 14—Australia’s Ever-changing Forests VI: Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on Australian Forest History. Brett J. Stubbs et al. (ed.). © 2012, ISBN 978-0-9757906-2-5 Saviour to Scourge: a history of the introduction and spread of the camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) in eastern Australia Brett J. Stubbs School of Environmental Science and Management, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480 Introduction The 50th year commemorative book of Wyrallah Road Public School, in Lismore, New South Wales, records the lopping of camphor trees bordering the school grounds as a ‘milestone’ for 1999. In similar spirit, at Bexhill Public School near Lismore, on World Forestry Day, 26 March 2004, children were told about the need to remove camphor trees and replace them with native species. Palmwoods State School received a Queensland Arbor Day Award in 2005 for the removal from its grounds of an old camphor tree and the transformation of the stump into an artistic wood carving. It is highly incongruous that trees planted in school yards many years before to provide shade and shelter for children, and to beautify their environment, are now being destroyed, not because they are old and unsafe or have grown inconveniently big, but because of a prevailing attitude akin to revulsion which has developed towards the species. The foregoing are just a few examples of the present-day quest for the elimination of camphor trees from the landscape—a quest which is pursued with as much zeal and vigour in parts of eastern Australia as that to reinstate the region’s lost rainforest. -
Georgia Native Trees Considered Invasive in Other Parts of the Country. Scientific Name Common Name Scientific Name Common Name
Invasive Trees of Georgia Dr. Kim D. Coder, Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care, Warnell School, UGA Georgia has many species of trees. Some are native trees and some have been introduced from outside the state, nation, or continent. Most of Georgia’s trees are well-behaved and easily develop into sustainable shade and street trees. A few tree species have an extrodinary ability to upsurp resources and take over sites from other plants. These trees are called invasive because they effectively invade sites, many times eliminating other species of plants. There are a few tree species native to Georgia which are considered invasive in other parts of the country. These native invasives, may be well-behaved in Georgia, but reproduce and take over sites elsewhere, and so have gained an invasive status from at least one other invasive species list. Table 1. There are hundreds of trees which have been introduced to Georgia landscapes. Some of these exotic / naturalized trees are considered invasive. The selected list of Georgia invasive trees listed here are notorious for growing rampantly and being diffi- cult to eradicate. Table 2. They should not be planted. Table 1: Georgia native trees considered invasive in other parts of the country. scientific name common name scientific name common name Acacia farnesiana sweet acacia Myrica cerifera Southern bayberry Acer negundo boxelder Pinus taeda loblolly pine Acer rubrum red maple Populus deltoides Eastern Fraxinus americana white ash cottonwood Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash Prunus serotina black cherry Gleditsia triacanthos honeylocust Robinia pseudoacacia black locust Juniperus virginiana eastern Toxicodendron vernix poison sumac redcedar Table 2: Introduced (exotic) tree / shrub species found in Georgia listed at a regional / national level as being ecologically invasive. -
Spruce - Pine Woodland These Plants Are Frequently Found in This Community Type
Characteristic Plants Spruce - Pine Woodland These plants are frequently found in this community type. Those with an asterisk are State Rank S4 often diagnostic of this community. (pH 4.6-5.2) and nutrient poor. Some Canopy Community Description sites show evidence of past fire, but many Balsam fir* This type is a mixed canopy woodland do not. Black spruce* (25-70% closure) in which red spruce Northern white cedar* and/or white pine is always present Diagnostics Paper birch* and associated species vary. Red spruce Sites are woodlands on bedrock, with Red spruce* or white pine is strongly dominant conifer cover exceeding deciduous cover. White pine* at some sites; at others, the canopy is Red spruce is typically dominant, or White spruce* occasionally co-dominant with white pine Sapling/shrub mixed, with no one tree species strongly Spruce – Pine Woodland dominant. White spruce may rarely or red spruce. Bayberry* replace red spruce at coastal sites. The spruce (an oak - spruce mix), but have Shadbush shrub layer is typically very sparse (and Similar Types more deciduous than coniferous tree Wild-raisin* variable in composition), and the herb Other upland coniferous woodlands cover. Moving downslope, or into areas of Dwarf Shrub layer has mostly 15-50% cover. Heath may include red spruce but will have greater soil development, these woodlands Black huckleberry* shrubs are the dominant feature of the other tree species (northern white cedar, can grade into spruce or pine forests, but Lowbush blueberry* herb layer; herb species rarely exceed pitch pine, red pine, jack pine, or black those have more continuous canopy and Sheep laurel* 8% cover. -
Botanical Name
CITY OF CHULA VISTA URBAN FOREST TREE LIST TREES SUITABLE FOR 3’ X 4’ CUTOUTS OR 3’ TO 4’ PARKWAYS BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME HEIGHT WIDTH GROWTH DROUGHT- TOLERANT? Acacia aneura Mulga >20’ >20’ Mod/Fast Yes* Aesculus californica California buckeye 20’ 22’-30’ Moderate Yes* Arbutus ‘Marina’ Arbutus 25’ 25’ Moderate Yes Callistemon citrinus Lemon bottlebrush 25’ 20’ Slow/mod Yes Callistemon viminalis Weeping bottlebrush 25’ 20’ Slow/mod Yes Cercis canadensis Eastern redbud 25’ 25’ Slow/mod Cercis occidentalis Western redbud 20’ 20’ Slow/mod Yes* Chionanthus retusus Chinese fringe tree 20’ 20’ Slow/mod Eriobotrya deflexa Bronze loquat >20’ >20’ Slow/mod Eucalyptus torquata Coral gum 20’ 20’ Moderate Yes Ginkgo biloba Maidenhair 50’ 25’ Fast Hymenosporum flavum Sweetshade 40’ 25’ Slow/mod Lagerstroemia indica Crape myrtle 30’ 20’ Moderate Magnolia grandiflora Southern Magnolia/St. Mary magnolia >20’ >20’ Slow/mod Markhamia hildebrandtii Markhamia 35’ 20’ Slow/mod Maytenus boria Mayten 40’ 30’ Slow Pinus thunbergiana Japanese black pine 20’ 15’ Slow Pittosporum angustifolium Willow pittosporum 20’ 10-15’ Slow Pittosporum rhombifolium Queensland pittosporum 35’ 20’ Moderate Senna splendida (syn. Cassia splendida) Golden wonder senna 12’ 10’ Moderate Yes Stenocarpus sinuatus Firewheel tree 25’ 15’ Moderate Tristaniopsis laurina Water gum 20’ 6-8’. Moderate TREES SUITABLE FOR 5’ X 5’ CUTOUTS OR 6’ TO 8’ PARKWAYS BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME HEIGHT WIDTH GROWTH DROUGHT- TOLERANT? Acacia baileyana Bailey acacia 30’ 25’ Fast Yes* Acacia baileyana