DOCSLIB.ORG

Toward a More Representative Brain: the Importance and Absence of Diversity in Human Neuroscience Research Across the Lifespan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Toward a More Representative Brain: the Importance and Absence of Diversity in Human Neuroscience Research Across the Lifespan TOWARD A MORE REPRESENTATIVE BRAIN: THE IMPORTANCE AND ABSENCE OF DIVERSITY IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH ACROSS THE LIFESPAN EDITED BY : Lisa L. Barnes, Audrey Duarte, Margaret A. Sheridan and M. Natasha Rajah PUBLISHED IN : Frontiers in Human Neuroscience Frontiers eBook Copyright Statement About Frontiers The copyright in the text of individual articles in this eBook is the Frontiers is more than just an open-access publisher of scholarly articles: it is a property of their respective authors or their respective institutions or pioneering approach to the world of academia, radically improving the way scholarly funders. The copyright in graphics research is managed. The grand vision of Frontiers is a world where all people have and images within each article may be subject to copyright of other an equal opportunity to seek, share and generate knowledge. Frontiers provides parties. In both cases this is subject immediate and permanent online open access to all its publications, but this alone to a license granted to Frontiers. is not enough to realize our grand goals. The compilation of articles constituting this eBook is the property of Frontiers. Frontiers Journal Series Each article within this eBook, and the eBook itself, are published under The Frontiers Journal Series is a multi-tier and interdisciplinary set of open-access, the most recent version of the Creative Commons CC-BY licence. online journals, promising a paradigm shift from the current review, selection and The version current at the date of dissemination processes in academic publishing. All Frontiers journals are driven publication of this eBook is CC-BY 4.0. If the CC-BY licence is by researchers for researchers; therefore, they constitute a service to the scholarly updated, the licence granted by community. At the same time, the Frontiers Journal Series operates on a revolutionary Frontiers is automatically updated to the new version. invention, the tiered publishing system, initially addressing specific communities of When exercising any right under the scholars, and gradually climbing up to broader public understanding, thus serving CC-BY licence, Frontiers must be the interests of the lay society, too. attributed as the original publisher of the article or eBook, as applicable. Dedication to Quality Authors have the responsibility of ensuring that any graphics or other Each Frontiers article is a landmark of the highest quality, thanks to genuinely materials which are the property of collaborative interactions between authors and review editors, who include some others may be included in the CC-BY licence, but this should be of the world’s best academicians. Research must be certified by peers before entering checked before relying on the CC-BY licence to reproduce those a stream of knowledge that may eventually reach the public - and shape society; materials. Any copyright notices therefore, Frontiers only applies the most rigorous and unbiased reviews. relating to those materials must be complied with. Frontiers revolutionizes research publishing by freely delivering the most outstanding Copyright and source research, evaluated with no bias from both the academic and social point of view. acknowledgement notices may not By applying the most advanced information technologies, Frontiers is catapulting be removed and must be displayed in any copy, derivative work or scholarly publishing into a new generation. partial copy which includes the elements in question. All copyright, and all rights therein, What are Frontiers Research Topics? are protected by national and Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals international copyright laws. The above represents a summary only. Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. For further information please read With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Frontiers’ Conditions for Website Use and Copyright Statement, and Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest the applicable CC-BY licence. key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how ISSN 1664-8714 to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by ISBN 978-2-88966-883-0 DOI 10.3389/978-2-88966-883-0 contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 1 June 2021 | Toward a More Representative Brain TOWARD A MORE REPRESENTATIVE BRAIN: THE IMPORTANCE AND ABSENCE OF DIVERSITY IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH ACROSS THE LIFESPAN Topic Editors: Lisa L. Barnes, Rush University Medical Center, United States Audrey Duarte, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States Margaret A. Sheridan, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States M. Natasha Rajah, McGill University, Canada Citation: Barnes, L. L., Duarte, A., Sheridan, M. A., Rajah, M. N., eds. (2021). Toward a More Representative Brain: the Importance and Absence of Diversity in Human Neuroscience Research Across the Lifespan. Lausanne: Frontiers Media SA. doi: 10.3389/978-2-88966-883-0 Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2 June 2021 | Toward a More Representative Brain Table of Contents 04 Collectivism is Associated With Greater Neurocognitive Fluency in Older Adults Luis D. Medina, Melody Sadler, May Yeh, J. Vincent Filoteo, Steven Paul Woods and Paul E. Gilbert 13 Age and Race-Related Differences in Sleep Discontinuity Linked to Associative Memory Performance and Its Neural Underpinnings Emily Hokett and Audrey Duarte 22 Disparities in Diffuse Cortical White Matter Integrity Between Socioeconomic Groups Danielle Shaked, Daniel K. Leibel, Leslie I. Katzel, Christos Davatzikos, Rao P. Gullapalli, Stephen L. Seliger, Guray Erus, Michele K. Evans, Alan B. Zonderman and Shari R. Waldstein 36 Applying a Women’s Health Lens to the Study of the Aging Brain Caitlin M. Taylor, Laura Pritschet, Shuying Yu and Emily G. Jacobs 45 Origins Matter: Culture Impacts Cognitive Testing in Parkinson’s Disease Marta Statucka and Melanie Cohn 58 “Seeing Color,” A Discussion of the Implications and Applications of Race in the Field of Neuroscience Sade J. Abiodun 62 The Effects of APOE and ABCA7 on Cognitive Function and Alzheimer’s Disease Risk in African Americans: A Focused Mini Review Chelsie N. Berg, Neha Sinha and Mark A. Gluck 69 Interactive Effects of Racial Identity and Repetitive Head Impacts on Cognitive Function, Structural MRI-Derived Volumetric Measures, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Tau and Aβ Michael L. Alosco, Yorghos Tripodis, Inga K. Koerte, Jonathan D. Jackson, Alicia S. Chua, Megan Mariani, Olivia Haller, Éimear M. Foley, Brett M. Martin, Joseph Palmisano, Bhupinder Singh, Katie Green, Christian Lepage, Marc Muehlmann, Nikos Makris, Robert C. Cantu, Alexander P. Lin, Michael Coleman, Ofer Pasternak, Jesse Mez, Sylvain Bouix, Martha E. Shenton and Robert A. Stern 83 Exploring Representation of Diverse Samples in fMRI Studies Conducted in Patients With Cardiac-Related Chronic Illness: A Focused Systematic Review Lenette M. Jones, Emily Ginier, Joseph Debbs, Jarrod L. Eaton, Catherine Renner, Jaclynn Hawkins, Rosanna Rios-Spicer, Emily Tang, Catherine Schertzing and Bruno Giordani 93 Racial Differences in Dietary Relations to Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer’s Disease Risk: Do We Know Enough? Puja Agarwal, Martha C. Morris and Lisa L. Barnes Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 3 June 2021 | Toward a More Representative Brain ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 11 April 2019 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00122 Collectivism Is Associated With Greater Neurocognitive Fluency in Older Adults Luis D. Medina 1*, Melody Sadler 2, May Yeh 2,3, J. Vincent Filoteo 3, Steven Paul Woods 1 and Paul E. Gilbert 2 1Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States, 2Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States, 3Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States Neuropsychological research has been limited in the representation of cultural diversity due to various issues, raising questions regarding the applicability of findings to diverse populations. Nonetheless, culture-dependent differences in fundamental psychological processes have been demonstrated. One of the most basic of these, self-construal (individualism, collectivism), is central to how many other differences are interpreted. Self-construals may have possible consequences on social interactions, emotions, motivation, and cognition. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of self-construal on neurocognitive functions in older adults. A total of 86 community-dwelling older adults 60 years and older were assessed with three common self-report measures of self-construal along individualism and collectivism (IC). A cognitive battery was administered to assess verbal and non-verbal fluency abilities. Latent profile analysis Edited by: (LPA) was used to categorize individuals according to IC, and one-way analyses of Audrey Duarte, Georgia Institute of Technology, covariance (ANCOVA), including relevant covariates (e.g., ethnicity, gender, linguistic United States abilities), were used to compare neurocognitive functions between individualists Reviewed by: and collectivists. Collectivists outperformed individualists on left frontally-mediated Peter Graf, measures of verbal fluency (action, phonemic) after controlling for relevant covariates, University of British Columbia, 2 Canada F.1,77/ = 6.942, p = 0.010,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Leveraging Insights and Approaches from Social and Affective Neuroscience to Promote Adaptive Aging: a Workshop
    Leveraging Insights and Approaches from Social and Affective Neuroscience to Promote Adaptive Aging: A Workshop National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education in collaboration with the National Institute on Aging November 18-19, 2019 Keck Center of the National Academies 500 Fifth Street NW, Washington, DC 20001 Final April 10, 2020 This meeting summary was prepared by Bethany Stokes, Rose Li and Associates, Inc., under contract to the National Institute on Aging (NIA). The views expressed in this document reflect both individual and collective opinions of the meeting participants and not necessarily those of the NIA. Review of earlier versions of this meeting summary by the following individuals is gratefully acknowledged: Kelly Beazley, Natalie Ebner, Derek Isaacowitz, Janice Kiecolt-Glaser, Anne Krendl, Rose Maria Li, Beatriz Luna, Mara Mather, Ulrich Mayr, Meghan Meyer, Judith Moskowitz, Lisbeth Nielsen, Marc Schulz, Rebecca Spencer, Luke Stoeckel, Ann Thompson, Nancy Tuvesson. Leveraging Insights from Social and Affective Neuroscience November 18-19, 2019 Table of Contents Acronym Definitions ............................................................................................................. iii Meeting Summary ................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence and Risk Factors for Cognitive Frailty in Aging Hypertensive Patients in China
    brain sciences Article Prevalence and Risk Factors for Cognitive Frailty in Aging Hypertensive Patients in China Can Wang 1,†, Jiechun Zhang 1,†, Chengping Hu 1,* and Yanbo Wang 2,* 1 Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 165 Sanlin Road, Shanghai 200124, China; [email protected] (C.W.); [email protected] (J.Z.) 2 Division of Medical Humanities and Behavioral Sciences, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.H.); [email protected] (Y.W.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Hypertension is one of the most common chronic diseases and a major risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. Cognitive frailty is an important predic- tor of all-cause mortality and dementia in aging individuals. Hypertension is closely related to cognitive frailty and these two conditions often coexist in aging individuals. Few studies have explored the relationship between hypertension and cognitive frailty in the Chinese population. This study investigates the epidemiological characteristics of and factors related to cognitive frailty in aging Chinese patients with hypertension. In total, cognitive function, weakness, social support, depression and sociodemographic were assessed in 305 participants aged 60 and over. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were constructed. The prevalence of cognitive frailty in aging Chinese hypertensive patients was 9.8% (95% CI = 6.4–13.2%). After adjusting for confound- ing variables, logistic regression showed that the course of hypertension (6–10 years, OR = 8.588, Citation: Wang, C.; Zhang, J.; Hu, C.; 95% CI = 1.608–45.859;course of more than 10 years, OR = 9.020, 95%CI = 1.854–43.892), multimorbid- Wang, Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Validating Age-Related Functional Imaging Changes in Verbal Working Memory with Acute Stroke
    Behavioural Neurology 24 (2011) 187–199 187 DOI 10.3233/BEN-2011-0331 IOS Press Validating age-related functional imaging changes in verbal working memory with acute stroke Timothy B. Meiera,∗, Lin Naingb, Lisa E. Thomasc, Veena A. Naird, Argye E. Hillise and Vivek Prabhakarana,b,d aNeuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA bSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA cEmergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, MA, USA dDepartment of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA eDepartment of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA, USA Abstract. Functional imaging studies consistently find that older adults recruit bilateral brain regions in cognitive tasks that are strongly lateralized in younger adults, a characterization known as the Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults model. While functional imaging displays what brain areas are active during tasks, it cannot demonstrate what brain regions are necessary for task performance. We used behavioral data from acute stroke patients to test the hypothesis that older adults need both hemispheres for a verbal working memory task that is predominantly left-lateralized in younger adults. Right-handed younger (age 50, n = 7) and older adults (age > 50, n = 21) with acute unilateral stroke, as well as younger (n = 6) and older (n = 13) transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients, performed a self-paced verbal item-recognition task. Older patients with stroke to either hemisphere had a higher frequency of deficits in the verbal working memory task compared to older TIA patients. Additionally, the deficits in older stroke patients were mainly in retrieval time while the deficits in younger stroke patients were mainly in accuracy.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Approaches Used to Examine and Control Neurogenesis in Parkinson0s Disease
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Novel Approaches Used to Examine and Control Neurogenesis in Parkinson0s Disease Alla B. Salmina 1,2,*, Marina R. Kapkaeva 1, Anna S. Vetchinova 1 and Sergey N. Illarioshkin 1 1 Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (M.R.K.); [email protected] (A.S.V.); [email protected] (S.N.I.) 2 Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Neurogenesis is a key mechanism of brain development and plasticity, which is impaired in chronic neurodegeneration, including Parkinson’s disease. The accumulation of aberrant α-synuclein is one of the features of PD. Being secreted, this protein produces a prominent neurotoxic effect, alters synaptic plasticity, deregulates intercellular communication, and supports the development of neuroinflammation, thereby providing propagation of pathological events leading to the establish- ment of a PD-specific phenotype. Multidirectional and ambiguous effects of α-synuclein on adult neurogenesis suggest that impaired neurogenesis should be considered as a target for the prevention of cell loss and restoration of neurological functions. Thus, stimulation of endogenous neurogenesis or cell-replacement therapy with stem cell-derived differentiated neurons raises new hopes for the development of effective and safe technologies for treating PD neurodegeneration. Given the rapid development of optogenetics, it is not surprising that this method has already been repeatedly tested in manipulating neurogenesis in vivo and in vitro via targeting stem or progenitor cells. However, Citation: Salmina, A.B.; Kapkaeva, niche astrocytes could also serve as promising candidates for controlling neuronal differentiation and M.R.; Vetchinova, A.S.; Illarioshkin, S.N.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Grey Matter Shrinks in Hypertensive Individuals Despite Successful Lowering of Blood Pressure
    Journal of Human Hypertension (2012) 26, 295–305 & 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0950-9240/12 www.nature.com/jhh ORIGINAL ARTICLE Regional grey matter shrinks in hypertensive individuals despite successful lowering of blood pressure JR Jennings1, DN Mendelson1, MF Muldoon1,CMRyan1, PJ Gianaros1, N Raz2, H Aizenstein1 and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative3 1Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA and 2Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA The aim of the study was to determine whether the compared with archival data from normotensive indivi- reduction in brain grey matter volume associated with duals. Reductions in regional grey matter volume over hypertension persisted or was remediated among hyper- the follow-up period were observed despite successful tensive patients newly treated over the course of a year. treatment of blood pressure (BP). The comparison A total of 41 hypertensive patients were assessed over group of older, but normotensive, individuals showed the course of a 1-year successful anti-hypertensive no significant changes over a year in the regions tested treatment. Brain areas identified previously in cross- in the treated hypertensive group. These novel results sectional studies differing in volume between hyperten- suggest that essential hypertension is associated with sive and normotensive individuals were examined with a regional grey matter shrinkage, and successful reduc- semi-automated measurement technique (automated tion of
    [Show full text]
  • The Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging Drs. Teal Eich and Yunglin Gazes Fall 2016
    PSYC GU4222 – The Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging Drs. Teal Eich and Yunglin Gazes Fall 2016 I. Bulletin Description III. The rationale for giving the course II. A full description of the content of the IV. The reading list and weekly syllabus course V. Course requirements and grading I. Bulletin description PSYC GU4222. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging (seminar). 4 pts. Mondays: 10.10 AM-12.00 PM. Room 200C SCH. Prerequisites: Courses in introductory psychology, cognitive psychology, and instructor permission. This course is a comprehensive overview of conceptual and methodological approaches to studying the cognitive neuroscience of aging. The course emphasizes the importance of combining information from cognitive experimental designs, epidemiologic studies, neuroimaging, and clinical neuropsychological approaches to understand individual differences in both healthy and pathological aging. II. A full description of the content of the course Each individual class will begin with background information provided by one of the primary instructors, or a guest lecturer, followed by discussion. The overall progression of class throughout the term is as follows. Introduction to the course (Drs. Eich and Gazes) This lecture will give an overview of the course schedule; discuss different approaches to the study of cognitive aging with a broad listing of the most noticeable behavioral changes in cognitive aging. Furthermore, organizational details will be discussed as well as grading and plagiarism policies. Cognitive Aging (Dr. Eich) Deficits in cognitive functioning are considered to be one of the most debilitating aspects of aging. Although many cognitive functions decline with age, there are pockets of preserved, and even improved cognitive function.
    [Show full text]
  • Temporal Dynamics of Brain Activity in Healthy Aging and Dementia Courtney, SM1,2,3, & Hinault
    When the time is right: Temporal dynamics of brain activity in healthy aging and dementia Courtney, S.M.1,2,3, & Hinault, T.1,4 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA 2F.M. Kirby Research Center, Kennedy Krieger Institute, MD 21205, USA 3Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, MD 21205, USA 4U1077 INSERM-EPHE-UNICAEN, Caen, FRANCE Corresponding author: Thomas Hinault INSERM-EPHE-UNICAEN U1077, Neuropsychology and Imaging of Human Memory 2, rue des Rochambelles, 14032 Caen, FRANCE. Email: [email protected] Declarations of interest: none 1 1. Introduction A central question in cognitive aging research is how the evolution of cognitive functions with age is underpinned by changes of both brain structural characteristics and functional activity patterns. Neuroimaging studies revealed major findings associated with the effects of healthy aging on cognition, the impact of neurodegenerative disease, and variations between individuals. With aging, the brain undergoes several structural and functional changes (see Spreng & Turner, 2019, for a review). Brain structure consistently shows signs of grey matter atrophy and decreases in the microstructural integrity of white matter tracts connecting brain regions. Cortical activity, however, has been observed to either increase or decrease with age, depending on several task and population factors, suggesting either compensation, pathological under- or over-activation, or all of these (see Cabeza et al 2018; Stern et al.,
    [Show full text]
  • Older Adults with Lower Autobiographical Memory Abilities Report Less Age-Related Decline in Everyday Cognitive Function Carina L
    Fan et al. BMC Geriatrics (2020) 20:308 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01720-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Older adults with lower autobiographical memory abilities report less age-related decline in everyday cognitive function Carina L. Fan1,2* , Kristoffer Romero2 and Brian Levine1,2,3* Abstract Background: Individuals differ in how they remember the past: some richly re-experience specific details of past episodes, whereas others recall only the gist of past events. Little research has examined how such trait mnemonics, or lifelong individual differences in memory capacities, relate to cognitive aging. We specifically examined trait episodic autobiographical memory (AM, the tendency to richly re-experience episodic details of past events) in relation to complaints of everyday cognitive functioning, which are known to increase with age. Although one might predict that individuals reporting higher trait-level episodic AM would be resistant to age-related decline in everyday function, we made the opposite prediction. That is, we predicted that those with lower trait-level episodic AM would be better equipped with compensatory strategies, practiced throughout the lifespan, to cope with age-related memory decline. Those with higher trait-level episodic AM would have enhanced sensitivity to age-related cognitive changes due to their tendency to rely on their perceived above-average memory function. Methods: We tested these predictions in 959 older adults aged 50–93 using online subjective and objective measures of memory and cognitive function. Our key measures of interest were the Survey of Autobiographical Memory, a measure of autobiographical memory abilities; and the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, a measure of everyday cognitive function.
    [Show full text]
  • Function and Brain Structure in Aging with and Without Cognitive Impairment
    FUNCTION AND BRAIN STRUCTURE IN AGING WITH AND WITHOUT COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT Directors: Dr. David Bartrés Faz (Universitat de Barcelona) Dra. Imma C. Clemente Lapena (Universitat de Barcelona) Cristina Solé Padullés Programa de Doctorat en Neurociències (2001-2003) Departament de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clínica Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona FUNCTION AND BRAIN STRUCTURE IN AGING WITH AND WITHOUT COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT Supervisors: Dr. David Bartrés Faz (University of Barcelona) Dr. Imma C. Clemente Lapena (University of Barcelona) Neuroscience Doctorate Program (2001-2003) Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona ii iii Dr DAVID BARTRÉS FAZ, Professor at University of Barcelona, and Dr IMMA C. CLEMENTE LAPENA, Professor at University of Barcelona, declare and confirm that they have supervised and guided the PhD thesis entitled: FUNCTION AND BRAIN STRUCTURE IN AGING WITH AND WITHOUT COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT , presented by Cristina Solé Padullés. They hereby assert that this thesis fulfils the requirements to be defended for the Degree of Doctor. Signature, Dr David Bartrés Faz Dr Imma C. Clemente Lapena University of Barcelona University of Barcelona Barcelona, September 2007 iv Present work contains four studies that have been carried out in the Neuropsychology Research Group of the Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Department at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona. This group, lead by Prof. Carme Junqué, belongs to the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS). The following studies have been partially funded by a Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Culutra research project award (SEJ2004-06710/PSIC) to D. Bartrés Faz, as well as with grants from the University of Barcelona to C.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuroscience and Well-Being by Sanda Dolcos, Matthew Moore, & Yuta Katsumi, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
    Neuroscience and Well-Being By Sanda Dolcos, Matthew Moore, & Yuta Katsumi, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Citation: Dolcos, S., Moore, M., & Katsumi, Y. (2018). Neuroscience and well-being. In E. Diener, S. Oishi, & L. Tay (Eds.), Handbook of well-being. Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers. DOI:nobascholar.com Abstract: Abundant evidence highlights the important role of personality traits, age, and social relationships in the experience of subjective well-being. Experiential factors influence well-being, and evidence shows that specific forms of training, such as physical exercise and mindfulness meditation, can produce strong and enduring beneficial effects on well-being. These factors also shape the structure and function of our brains throughout the lifespan, with fascinating implications for our well-being. However, understanding how well-being is created (and changed) by our brains has only recently become the focus of neuroscientific investigations. In this chapter, we review recent neuroscientific evidence revealing how the neurocircuitries underlying personality traits (i.e., optimism, negative bias, self-esteem, extraversion, and neuroticism), successful emotional aging, and social relationships (i.e., love and loneliness) contribute to well-being, and how these circuits and systems are altered in chronic stress, anxiety, and depression. Identifying the neural correlates of well-being can illuminate the processes that cause higher levels of well- being, which, in turn, can inform promising training interventions that can induce neuroplastic changes and help people live happier, healthier, and more successful lives. Keywords: Affective biases, Neuroplasticity, Prefrontal cortex, Amygdala, Orbitofrontal cortex, Ventral striatum. The study of well-being has deep philosophical roots dating back to Aristotle, who proposed that well-being has at least two components: hedonia and eudaimonia (Aristotle, 2009; Seligman, Steen, Park, & Peterson, 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Inhibitory Control, Task/Rule Switching, and Cognitive Planning in Vascular Dementia: Are There Any Differences from Vascular Aging?
    fnagi-10-00330 October 15, 2018 Time: 19:27 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 17 October 2018 doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00330 Inhibitory Control, Task/Rule Switching, and Cognitive Planning in Vascular Dementia: Are There Any Differences From Vascular Aging? Krystallia Pantsiou1, Ourania Sfakianaki1, Vasileios Papaliagkas2*, Dimitra Savvoulidou1, Vassiliki Costa3, Georgia Papantoniou4 and Despina Moraitou1* 1 Lab of Psychology, Department of Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece, 2 Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece, 3 1st Neurology Department, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece, 4 Department of Early Childhood Education, School of Education, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece Recent studies have shown that patients diagnosed with Vascular Dementia (VaD) exhibit deficits in executive functions. According to “vascular hypothesis of cognitive aging,” community-dwelling older adults having risk factors for vascular disease development (RVD) may suffer from cognitive decline of the same type. The aim of the study was to assess the level of specific executive functions (EF) that have been revealed as most affected by vascular abnormalities, in older adults with incipient VaD and RVD. Subsequently specific ways of EF measuring could be suggested for more accurate diagnosis of early stage VaD. The study compared three adult groups (N = 60): (a) patients diagnosed with incipient VaD, according to DSM-5 criteria (n = 20); (b) Edited by: Ana B. Vivas, community-dwelling older adults presenting cardiovascular risk factors (RVD; n = 20); CITY College, International Faculty (c) healthy young adult controls (n = 20). Three types of executive functions were of the University of Sheffield, Greece examined: inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility as rule/task switching, and planning.
    [Show full text]
  • Gero 599: Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging Course Location: Gero 224
    Gero 599: Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging Course location: Gero 224 Meeting time: Thursdays 2-4:50 PM Instructor: Mara Mather, Ph.D. Office hours: Mondays 2:30-3:30 PM and by appointment (Gero 216b) Overview: How does the brain change as we age and what are the implications for cognition? This course covers new developments in research in cognitive neuroscience and aging, with a focus on the consequences for memory and emotion. Course Requirements A. Come up with discussion questions about the articles before the seminar and participate fully in the seminar discussion. As part of this requirement, you will need to email me at least one question about each of the readings by 3 PM the day before each class. In addition, you should bring a printout of these questions and try to raise at least one of them during the class discussion. Grading criteria: 1) How clear/comprehensible are the questions? 2) Are the questions thought provoking? 3) Do the questions have “right” answers that only an expert would know? (Avoid these—they rarely are good discussion questions.) 4) Do the questions highlight something interesting in the readings that might not have been noticed by others? B. Four course presentations (you will be assigned dates spread throughout the semester). Each presentation will be strictly limited to 10 minutes (shorter presentations that leave more time for discussion are fine) except for #4, which will be limited to 15 minutes. 1. New experiment design: Design a study investigating some aspect of the cognitive neuroscience of aging and present the research proposal to the group.
    [Show full text]