Reservoir Research Program Science-based information for protecting our most crucial natural resource

Kansas Biological Survey Our shrinking water supply

For more than a century, the State of has faced the continual challenge of providing the needed supply of water. Since the mid‐ 1800s, more than 200,000 surface water impoundments have been built, primarily in central and eastern Kansas. They continue to fill with sediment. To the west, thousands of groundwater wells continue to reach less water as more is removed than can naturally recharge. Many miles of perennial streams have been lost due to this lowering of the water table. Just as we continue to draw upon science to care for Kansans’ health and food supply, we must seek science‐based solutions to care for and sustain our water supply.

Two research agencies of the State—the Kansas Biological Survey and the Kansas Geological Survey—can help guide the better protection and use of our water supply. Researchers at these centers at the University of Kansas work together and with other university scientists to study both surface and groundwater resources. Research collaborations come from the Kansas Water Office and other agencies, organizations, institutions of higher education and the private sector.

To best manage a changing resource, we must recognize the causes of change. To address both quantity and quality of our water supplies, we rely on careful research to better understand our state’s water limitations and what causes them. In addition, we are learning what can be managed and what cannot—and, for the latter, what our options truly are.

Kansas is developing a long‐term vision for the future of water , in Russell County, has lost less than 5 percent of its capacity to sedimentation since operation began in 1963. Wilson Lake map: Kansas supply, and we must all work together, sharing our expertise and Biological Survey. Wilson Lake photo: Harland Schuster. experience, to find sustainable solutions. Understanding the causes

Natural lakes in North America are thousands of years old, but reservoirs never will be. Reservoirs constructed where they were not formed naturally are inherently less stable and thus difficult to manage. Natural conditions provide stability to areas where they prevail, but where they do not, management challenges appear.

There are few natural lakes in Kansas. Of our 200,000 constructed impoundments, the 24 federal reservoirs contain about three times as much water as all the others combined. By the end of this century, these 24 are expected to lose 44 percent of their capacity to sedimentation. Some of the 24 will have lost more than 50 percent, , completed in 1959 in Greenwood and Woodson counties, has lost nearly 45 percent of its original capacity to others less than 10 percent. Sedimentation rates are unknown for sedimentation. Toronto Lake map: Kansas Biological Survey. nearly all of the non‐federal impoundments, many of which are in Toronto Lake photo: Harland Schuster. the watersheds of the federal reservoirs.

We have not identified all the factors that consistently cause rapid sedimentation. Millions of dollars are being invested to mitigate upland and in‐stream erosion, but it is not certain that this is reducing the rate of reservoir capacity loss, as inflows can acquire sediment from other sources.

To achieve the most effective management, a better understanding of the causes of sedimentation will be necessary as the state works toward long‐term sustainability of our reservoir resources. Diminishing capacity through sedimentation

The state’s federal reservoirs vary widely in capacity, age and capacity loss. With an average age of more than 50 years, these reservoirs have lost about 17 percent of their collective volume to sedimentation. The largest reservoir, Tuttle Creek, completed in 1962 near Manhattan, has had the greatest capacity loss at 45 percent. Nearby , completed in 1967, has lost 12 percent capacity but has greater reoccurrence of cyanobacterial growth, which affects water quality. Understanding the causes for these differences, in the watersheds and in the reservoirs, will help define strategies for sustainable management.

A decade ago, , in Coffey County, was projected to lose 50 percent of its capacity by 2018. Since then, the lake level was raised 2 feet after considerable interactions with the federal government, and $20 million has been invested by the State to remove sediment through dredging. These actions are valuable, as they extend the date for 50 percent capacity loss by about 15 years. While it is likely that sediment removal from reservoirs must continue, it is clear that this approach Federal reservoir watershed map, capacity chart and photo: Kansas Biological Survey. manages a symptom but does not address causes. A dynamic landscape

Kansas land cover patterns have been tracked by the Kansas Biological Survey for decades. While sediment and nutrients that end up in Kansas streams can come from cropland, grassland, urban areas or other cover types, contributions and characteristics can differ greatly. With high‐resolution LiDAR elevation data now available statewide, the door is open to high‐detail analysis of runoff and surface flow, which can be used to identify and prioritize sites where landscape preservation or remediation efforts can produce the most benefit.

A disproportionate amount of sediment is delivered to reservoirs during high‐water events.This suggests that reducing flood severity could be effective for slowing sedimentation. Over the years, many streams have become disconnected from their floodplain and its wetlands through flood control actions such as levee construction and channel straightening. Many streams have become entrenched through the buildup of legacy soils in their floodplain—a consequence of severe erosion that occurred before conservation‐minded farming practices became widespread. All of these factors intensify downstream flooding. Working with the Kansas Alliance for Wetlands & Streams and other entities, the Biological Survey seeks research and implementation opportunities focused on floodplain and wetland reconnection, in an effort to mitigate flood severity and thereby reduce sedimentation rates. Other benefits include improved wildlife habitat LiDAR shaded relief for a portion of the Fourmile Creek floodplain in Morris County (background image) and 2007 land cover map: Kansas Biological Survey. and water quality. As Kansans have continued to use and manage surface waters to meet human needs, many south of Marysville (inset). Looking downstream, this hotspot has had wing dams installed to natural streams have become or have been intentionally straightened, narrowed and entrenched, slow the current, in addition to a grass buffer that filters overflow and provides resistance to which leads to increased channel erosion. In recent years, the state has invested in bank streambank erosion. Google Earth image. Photo of the Wolf River in Brown County near stabilization efforts to remediate erosion hotspots, such as areas along the Big Blue River Robinson: Harland Schuster.

Upstream flow modifications

In their historic state, Kansas streams were wider, more sinuous and better connected with With thousands of miles of streams to address, approaches with holistic effects should be their floodplains. Changes over the last 150 years—including cultivation and urbanization, and considered. For example, efforts directed toward floodplain reconnection will reduce flood attempts at engineering water flow across the landscape—have resulted in a Kansas hydrology intensity and thus have positive impacts that extend downstream, mimicking the natural characterized by more rapid, concentrated and turbulent flows. These conditions lead to v approach to flood mitigation that was commonv historically. Coupling such tactics with more increased erosion. While conservation efforts in agriculture such as terracing and reduced tillage direct, localized erosion reduction efforts such as streambank stabilization presents a diverse, have substantially decreased cropland erosion, studies indicate that sedimentation rates of our multi‐pronged approach that could prove effective at addressing both symptoms (erosion federal reservoirs have changed little. Attention is now being directed toward channel and hotspots) and causes (flooding) of sedimentation. streambank erosion as possibly having a greater contribution to reservoir infilling. The Kansas Biological Survey’s long-term study of the watershed in Perry is predicted to be 50 percent infilled by 2088. Perry Lake photo (background): northeastern Kansas serves as a model for other watershed-reservoir systems. With major Harland Schuster. Photos of Delaware sedimentation and field research, and watershed sediment accumulation at the mouth of the Delaware River (below right, top photo), map for Perry Lake: Kansas Biological Survey.

A history of stream research at the Biological Survey

Since the 1970s, the Kansas Biological Survey has conducted surveys of streams across ● Does streambank erosion or land use Kansas. This research has been wide‐ranging, from updating species lists of aquatic practice have the greater impact on organisms to assessing levels of nutrients and pesticides in the water. Other work has reservoirs? included assessing land‐use practices in the Delaware River watershed, which includes Perry ● How much water flows through small Lake. More recently, as Perry fills in, Biological Survey scientists have studied how aging impoundments, such as farm ponds, before farm ponds in this watershed can function as wetlands that trap sediment and filter water. entering reservoirs? v ● Do farm ponds eventually become Stream quality ultimately impacts reservoir health. Because streams cross political sediment sources? boundaries, the Survey coordinates aquatic research and workgroups for states, Native ● Can farm ponds function as wetlands American tribes and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Categories of research that better catch sediment? include: sediment in streams; biological criteria in streams; nutrient criteria in wetlands, ● How do bank stabilization projects affect streams and lakes; and taste and odor in water supplied by reservoirs and rivers. endangered fish species? ● Do the upper ends of reservoirs, as they The Survey’s work at the watershed level enables researchers to pool information to examine become shallower, function as wetlands how upstream activities impact downstream reservoir health, addressing questions such as: that trap sediments and protect water quality? Kansas Biological Survey researchers are studying conditions that lead to harmful conduct experiments at the KU Field Station aimed at determining conditions that either foster cyanobacterial blooms. They collect samples from Milford, Marion and other reservoirs or mitigate cyanobacterial growth and toxicity. Photos of Milford Reservoir (top; above left; and throughout the state that are prone to cyanobacterial blooms, then use these samples to below, left) and KU Field Station experimental tanks (below, right): Kansas Biological Survey.

Managing harmful algal blooms (HABs)

Some of the state’s federal reservoirs and smaller impoundments, as well as rivers, experience harmful cyanobacterial blooms. Bloom occurrence does not appear to be related to the extent of infilling, indicating that more than sediment must be managed in surface waters.

Cyanobacteria, also known as blue‐green algae, are among the oldest living organisms on Earth. Although these and other plants are responsible for helping to create the oxygen‐rich Certain conditions favor the growth and persistence of cyanobacteria. These include, but are not atmosphere on Earth today, cyanobacterial blooms cause problems in lakes, reservoirs and limited to, warm water temperatures, elevated nutrients (especially nitrogen and phosphorous) rivers because they can produce a potent suite of toxins. These toxins cause human and animal and calm water. Cyanobacteria generally are not eaten by the resident fauna, and they have illnesses and have caused multiple animal deaths. Because cyanobacterial blooms represent greater buoyancy than other phytoplankton, which allows them to stay near the water surface. health hazards, recreational reservoirs in Kansas are closed during toxic bloom events. Not all bloom events produce harmful levels of toxins and taste‐and‐odor compounds, and Cyanobacterial blooms also can produce compounds that cause taste and odor issues in research is ongoing to better anticipate problematic blooms. In addition, KU scientists are drinking water supplies, which ultimately increase drinking water costs. studying a broad spectrum of HABs management strategies, including some used outside the U.S. The KU Field Station’s Cross Reservoir and its 50-hectare watershed have been studied and Fish studied in the Field Station’s research ponds include federally-protected Topeka shiners, used for teaching for 25 years. Cross has never had a harmful algal bloom, is infilling much which share spawning sites with orange-spotted sunfish in headwater streams. Images: Kansas more slowly than nearby Perry Lake, and functions more like a natural, stable lake than a Biological Survey, Garold Sneegas (fish), Google Earth. constructed reservoir. This condition can provide insight into reservoir management needs.

Aquatic field research facilities unmatched in the state

The KU Field Station, managed by the Kansas Biological Survey and just 8 miles from the Introduced aquatic species—Studies are designed to identify ecological side effects that center of KU’s main campus, includes one of the largest aquatic research facilities in the U.S. introduced or managed organisms have on a reservoir system. For example, gizzard shad With 100 experimental ponds, 80 tank enclosures, a variety of other enclosures and a model native to our reservoirs are a desirable food source for larger sport fish, but their activity reservoir, it provides a setting for rigorous testing of ecological cause‐and‐effect relationships. may move nutrients out of sediment, possibly spurring cyanobacterial growth. Grass carp Such examinations are difficult in natural settings because of the multiplicity of variables and v are sometimes introduced to control larger plants but thereby reduce nutrient competition complex interacting factors. At this facility, researchers can focus on specific questions with for cyanobacteria, also possibly spurring their growth. regard to reservoirs. Ongoing subjects of study include: With the continuing reduction of baseflow in streams across western and central Kansas due to declining water tables, headwater stream habitat is lost first; it can change Harmful algal blooms (HABs)—Cyanobacteria collected from Milford and Marion reservoirs from flowing to pooled water, then to intermittency or no water at all. Ponds and tanks at are being grown under controlled conditions. Researchers seek to determine growth the KU Field Station are used to study behavior and reproduction of some headwater fish characteristics, predict reservoir susceptibility to HABs, determine conditions enabling prediction as they are forced into more pooled environments and further downstream, possibly even of HABs as toxin release events, and, ultimately, develop management recommendations. into impoundments, where they may not survive. Cont. next page KU researchers study the potential for using drones to address water issues. One application is taking water samples from hard-to-reach locations, such as within large cyanobacterial blooms to test for toxic chemicals. Drones also can be used to sample expansive weed beds, which are becoming more common as reservoirs become shallower. Photos of KU Field Station research tanks and ponds: Kansas Biological Survey.

Sampling technology—Drones can be used to identify and compare conditions among small Conditions of the state’s 200,000 impoundments—A wide range of pond conditions can impoundments. With landowner permission, the Biological Survey recently completed a be created and controlled in the Field Station’s experimental ponds and tanks. Drones with ground survey of conditions of 100 ponds in vthe Perry Lake watershed. Knowing conditions particular direct‐sampling mechanisms and aerial sensors can be flown over these ponds of these ponds from direct measures, researchers can collect drone data from the same and tanks that have controlled conditions, calibrating measures including suspended silt, locations to develop calibration parameters that could facilitate broader landscape plant growth and bank erosion. Aerial imagery already available for the Kansas landscape assessments. Drones also can be used to monitor real‐time sediment movement around then can be scanned for conditions of smaller impoundments to expand our knowledge stabilization sites in streams as well as for long‐term stream position change detection. about the state’s surface waters. The interactive Kansas Lakes and Reservoirs Data Portal and its mobile version provide Chase County State Fishing Lake photo: Harland current and historical data via more than 20 layers of geophysical information, including Schuster. Photo of bathymetry field work, and water quality characteristics, about the state’s reservoirs. The portal is housed on the bathymetric and watershed maps for Chase County Kansas Applied Remote Sensing program website of the Kansas Biological Survey. Lake: Atlas of Kansas Lakes, Kansas Biological Survey.

Kansas Lakes and Reservoirs Data Portal

Recognizing a need for readily accessible information about the state’s impoundments, provides a dynamic connection to directly access the Kansas Biological Survey has compiled data obtained through its own studies of 76 datasets housed and maintained by various agencies reservoirs and made it publicly available in three forms. The 240‐page Atlas of Kansas Lakes, and groups around the state and elsewhere. as well as the online Kansas Lakes and Reservoirs Data Portal and the Portal’s mobile version, provide information on 21 federal and 55 state reservoirs in Kansas. In addition to The Survey encourages others to contribute reservoir maps, the current and historical datav in the online portal include bathymetry, web‐ready data to enhance the portal’s attributes and watershed boundary, precipitation, elevation and other geophysical data layers. The portal utility. All contributors maintain control and can display graphs of water quality through time. ownership of their data, and all information is credited to the contributors. The portal is at http://kars.ku.edu/ These tools serve as a resource for communities, policy makers, planners and private maps/kansaslakes, and the mobile version at individuals, as well as educators. The online portal was launched by the Survey with http://kars.ku.edu/mobile‐apps/lakes. funding from the Kansas Water Office and the Kansas GIS Policy Board. The portal Reservoir Research Group University of Kansas

Debbie Baker Scott Campbell Te d H a r r i s Assistant Director and Informatics Aquatic ecologist, Kansas Biological Assistant Research Professor, Kansas Specialist, Central Plains Center for Survey Specialization: Aquatic Biological Survey Specialization: BioAssessment/Kansas Biological Survey ecology, ichthyology, Kansas natural Harmful algal blooms (HABs), Specialization: Informatics and aquatic history. Research interests: cyanobacterial toxins, predictive ecology, database development. Reservoir monitoring and assessment; modeling. Research interests: HAB Research interests: Reconciling ecology of the endangered Topeka distribution, abundance and toxicity; disparate sampling methods and shiner; aquatic invasive species; algal modeling techniques for forecasting databases of aquatic research and biofuels. HABs; quantifying the effects of persistent monitoring entities in the Central Plains. organic pollutants on aquatic ecosystems.

LeeAnn Bennett Ed Carney Don Huggins Senior Research Assistant/Entomological Adjunct Scientist, Kansas Biological Senior Scientist Emeritus, Kansas Specialist, Kansas Biological Survey Survey; Environmental Scientist, KDHE, Biological Survey Specialization: Aquatic Specialization: Aquatic entomology, retired Specialization: Reservoir ecology and entomology. Research insect behavior and taxonomy, algal monitoring and assessment, harmful interests: Ecotoxicology; community and taxonomy and enumeration. algal blooms, aquatic ecology and botany. ecosystem assessment of human Responsibilities: Database Research interests: Predictive models disturbance; playas and wetlands; stream development for field data; graphical and for eutrophication; trophic state condition; ecosystem responses to sediment and statistical analysis of data trends; curation harmful algal bloom risk in reservoirs. nutrient enrichment. of field-collected aquatic invertebrate specimens. v Kirsten Bosnak Haiyang Chao Mark Jakubauskas Communications Director, Kansas Assistant Professor, KU Aerospace Director of Science Programs, KU Edwards Biological Survey Responsibilities: Engineering Specialization: Unmanned Campus; Program Director, Professional Media relations and external affairs, systems and remote sensing. Research Science Master’s, Environmental Studies website, publications, photography. interests: Small unmanned aircraft Program Specialization: Reservoir systems, multispectral aerial mapping, bathymetry and remote sensing. Research disaster surveying, cooperative estimation interests: Remote sensing of water and control. quality; bathymetric mapping; sediment characterization by acoustic and optical remote sensing.

Amy Burgin Jerry deNoyelles Jude Kastens Associate Scientist, Kansas Biological Deputy Director and Senior Scientist, Associate Research Professor, Kansas Survey; Associate Professor, KU Kansas Biological Survey; Director of KU Biological Survey Specialization: Environmental Studies Specialization: Field Station aquatic research facility; KU Numerical analysis, statistics, geographical Aquatic biogeochemistry and water Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary information systems (GIS). Research quality, Harmful algal blooms (HABs), Biology Specialization: Natural lake and interests: Remote sensing, agriculture, wetlands and nutrient pollution. Research reservoir ecology. Research interests: land cover, flood mapping, wetlands, interests: Microbial ecology, ecosystem Experimental ponds and lakes, conditions reservoir studies, ecological modeling. ecology, agricultural landscapes. disturbing aquatic ecosystems. Cont. next page

Elk City Lake photo: Harland Schuster Reservoir Research Group University of Kansas

To n y L ay z e l l Dana Peterson Jim Thorp Assistant Research Professor, Kansas Associate Researcher, Kansas Biological Senior Scientist, Kansas Biological Survey; Geological Survey Specialization: Survey Specialization: Remote sensing KU Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Quaternary geology; fluvial and geographic information systems. Biology Specialization: Aquatic geomorphology. Research interests: Research interests: GIS and remote community, ecosystem and macrosystem Streambank erosion; fluvial response to sensing for agricultural and ecological ecology. Research interests: Community environmental drivers and human applications, land use/land cover mapping through macrosystem ecology of aquatic modifications. and land use/land cover change. systems (especially rivers), with an emphasis on food webs, traits, and large scale processes.

Te r r y L o e c ke Steve Randtke Jerry Whistler Assistant Scientist, Kansas Biological KU Professor of Civil, Environmental Associate Researcher and Laboratory Survey; Assistant Professor of and Architectural Engineering Director, Kansas Applied Remote Sensing Environmental Studies Specialization: Specialization: Water quality and program, Kansas Biological Survey Aquatic community, ecosystem and treatment. Research interests: Specialization: Remote sensing macrosystems ecology. Research Drinking water supply and treatment; applications. Responsibilities: Digital interests: The effect of climate change occurrence and removal of taste- and land use/land cover inventories, use of on water quality; water quality in odor-causing chemicals, algal toxins, remote sensing data for agricultural agricultural landscapes; the aquatic- pesticides and disinfection by-products; management and environmental terrestrial interface. water quality management in lakes and assessment. reservoirs;v and water reuse. Rolfe Mandel D. Christopher Rogers Don Whittemore Interim Director, Kansas Geological Research Assistant Professor, Kansas Senior Scientist Emeritus, Kansas Survey; University Distinguished Biological Survey Specialization: Geological Survey Specialization: Professor of Anthropology Bioassessment methods for temporary Hydrogeochemistry. Research Specialization: Geomorphology, aquatic habitats. Research interests: interests: Hydrogeology and landscape evolution, soils, Mosquito and mosquito borne diseases; hydrogeochemistry of water resources in paleoenvironmental reconstruction. aquatic macroinvertebrates as a model Kansas, especially the High Plains aquifer, Research interests: Streambank for habitat health and functionality; stream-aquifer systems and saline waters. stabilization, stream erosion and aquatic bioassessment; wetland ecology. sediment yields.

Ed Martinko Gina Ross Bryan Young Director and Senior Scientist, Kansas Research Assistant, Kansas Biological KU Associate Professor of Civil, Biological Survey; KU Professor of Ecology Survey Specialization: Geoinformatics, Environmental and Architectural and Evolutionary Biology, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Engineering Specialization: Hydrology. Environmental Studies Specialization: cartography, and mapping applications. Research interests: Environmental Remote sensing applications, GIS Responsibilities: Development and hydrology, reservoir modeling, stream technology, landscape ecology. Research maintenance of the Kansas Lakes and stability/natural channel design, radar- interests: Human impacts on the Reservoirs Data Portal and mobile based rainfall estimation, urban and environment, land use change. application and other mapping tools. agricultural stormwater BMPs.

Atchison County Lake photo: Harland Schuster Martinko, E., J. deNoyelles, K. Bosnak, M. Jakubauskas, D. Huggins, J.H. Kastens, Selected publications A. Shreders, D. Baker, A. Blackwood, S. Campbell, and D.C. Rogers. 2014. Atlas of Kansas Lakes: A resource for communities, policy makers and planners. A publication of the Kansas Biological Survey. 242 pp. Campbell, S.W., C.S. Szuwalski, V.M. Tabbor, and J. deNoyelles. 2016. Challenges to reintroduction of a captive population of Topeka McEnroe, B.M., C.B. Young, and J.E. Shelley. 2014. Scaling of reference Shiner (Notropis Topeka) into former habitats in Kansas. Transactions reach for desired bankfull discharge. International Journal of Geosciences, of the Kansas Academy of Science, 119: 83-92. 5: 475-477.

Carney, Edward. 2009. Relative influence of lake age and watershed Peterson, D., J. Whistler, C. Bishop, S. Egbert, and E. Martinko. 2009. The land use on trophic state and water quality of artificial lakes in Kansas next-generation land use/land cover mapping initiative. Kansas. Lake and Reservoir Management, 25(2): 199-207. Proceedings, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 12 pp.

Chao, H., Y. Gu, J. Gross, J., M. Rhudy, and M. Napolitano. 2016. Flight-test Randtke, S.J., S. Pan, F. deNoyelles, D.W. Graham, V.H. Smith, and H.L. Holm. evaluation of navigation information in wide-field optical flow. 2003. Occurrence, biodegradation, and control of geosmin in Journal of Aerospace Information Systems, 13(11): 419-432. Midwestern surface water supplies. Proceedings, 53rd Annual Environmental Engineering Conference, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. deNoyelles, J., and J.H. Kastens. 2016. Reservoir sedimentation challenges in Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 119(1): Song, K., and A.J. Burgin. 2017. Perpetual phosphorus cycling: 69-81. Eutrophication amplifies biological control on internal phosphorus loading in agricultural reservoirs. Ecosystems, 20: 1-11. deNoyelles, J., W.D. Kettle, and D.E. Sinn. 1982. The responses of plankton communities in experimental ponds to atrazine, the most Thorp, J.H., and R.E. Bowes. 2016. Carbon sources in riverine food webs— heavily used pesticide in the United States. Ecology, 63: 1285-1293. new evidence from amino acid isotopic techniques. Ecosystems, 19: 1-13.

Dzialowski, A., V.H. Smith, D. Huggins, J. deNoyelles, N. Lim, D. Baker, and Williams, B., E. D’Amico, J.H. Kastens, J. Thorp, J. Flotemersch, and M. Thoms. J. Beury. 2009. Development of predictive models for geosmin- 2013. Automated riverine landscape characterization: GIS-based related taste and odor in Kansas, USA, drinking water reservoirs. tools for watershed-scale research, assessment, and management. Water Research, 43: 2829-2840. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185: 7485-7499.

Harris, T.D., and J.L. Graham. 2017. Predicting cyanobacterial Whittemore, D.O. 2012. Potential impacts of stormwater runoff on abundance, geosmin, and microcystin in a eutrophic drinking water water quality in urban sand pits and adjacent groundwater. Journal reservoir using a 14 year dataset. Lake and Reservoir Management, 33(1- of the American Water Resources Association, 48(3): 584-602. 1): 32-48.

Huggins, D., M. Jakubauskas, and J. Kastens. 2011. Lakes and wetlands of the . LakeLine, 31(4): 19-25. The Kansas Biological Survey holds dual status as a research agency of the State of Kansas and as a research unit of the Jakubauskas, M., and J. deNoyelles. 2008. Methods for assessing University of Kansas. As a research entity, it is charged with sedimentation in reservoirs. Pp. 25-34 in Sedimentation in our Reservoirs: conducting basic science and providing impartial information. The Causes and Solutions. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kan. Contribution Survey does not serve as an authority to set State or agency No. 008-250-S from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. priorities or agendas, nor does it benefit from a permanent State- supported budget for projects it recommends. Layzell, T.L., and R.D. Mandel. 2014. An assessment of the erodibility of Holocene Lithounits comprising streambanks in northeastern Published 2017 by the Kansas Biological Survey. Ed Martinko, Kansas, USA. Geomorphology, 213: 116-127. Director; Jerry deNoyelles, Deputy Director. Kirsten Bosnak, editing and design. Jude Kastens, technical editing and data presentation. Loecke T.D., A.J. Burgin, D.A. Riveros-Iregui, et al. 2017. Weather whiplash in agricultural regions drives deterioration of water Photo, McPherson County State Fishing and Maxwell Wildlife quality. Biogeochemistry, 33(1): 7-15. Refuge: Harland Schuster. Chase County State Fishing Lake, completed in 1954, is one of the impoundments studied by the Kansas Biological Survey, with bathymetric mapping completed in 2012. Reservoir health and water quality are key research areas for the Survey. Cover photo: Harland Schuster. Inset photos, top to bottom: Field research at a rural pond, Kansas Biological Survey; Topeka Shiners at the KU Field Station, Joel Sartore/National Geographic; agricultural fields along the Republican River in Clay County, FSA NAIP image.

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