An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in Sonebhadra District of Uttar, Pradesh, India with Reference to Their Infection by Foliar Fungi

Full Length Research Paper

An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Sonebhadra District of Uttar, Pradesh, India with reference to their infection by foliar fungi

Archana Singh and N. K. Dubey*

Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India.

Accepted 6 January, 2012

Sonebhadra district is one of the less studied regions of India for its ethnobotanical values. The present paper synthesizes the first report related to the documentation of ethnomedicinal plants of Sonebhadra district and their infection by foliar fungi. Ethnobotanical data were collected using semi-structured interviews and field observations. Correct identity of the plants was done with the help of relevant flora. Fungal organisms were identified on morphotaxonomic bases. The use of 143 medicinal plants belonging to 56 angiospermic families, by the tribal communities of Sonebhadra district has been documented. Out of 143 medicinal plants, 31 were found infected by different species of foliar fungi viz. Pseudocercopsora, Alternaria, Cercospora, Passalora, Corynespora, Mycovellosiella, Veronia and Dreschslera. Documentation of indigenous knowledge used for cure of different diseases by the tribes of the area can be used as basis for developing management plans for conservation and sustainable use of ethnomedicinal plants of the area. The report on foliar fungi infecting medicinal plants may draw attention of pharmaceutical firms and responsible sectors for proper care of the traditionally used medicinal wealth of the area.

Key words: Ethnobotanical, medicinal plants, indigenous knowledge, foliar fungi, Sonebhadra district.

INTRODUCTION

Plants, since times immemorial, have been used virtually The traditional systems of medicine are still very effective in all the cultures as a source of medicine. The particularly in rural areas of India for the treatment of widespread use of herbal remedies and healthcare various ailments (Singh and Singh, 2009). India, with its preparations from traditionally used plants, as those glorious past of traditional medical system and use of described in ancient texts such as the Vedas and the different plants, is one of the eight major centers of origin Bible, has been traced to the occurrence of natural and diversification of domesticated taxa (Siva, 2007). products with immense medicinal properties in the cure of India is also one of the world's twelve mega diversity human diseases and in the development of different countries. types of medicines for public health. The country enjoys the benefits of varied climate, from According to World Health Organization (WHO), as alpine in Himalayas to tropical wet in the south and arid in many as 80% of the world's people depend on traditional Rajasthan state. Such climatic conditions have given rise medicine for their primary healthcare needs (Singh et al., to rich and varied biodiversity of medicinal plants in the 2010; Dubey et al., 2004). Moreover, there are considera- Indian subcontinent (Dubey et al., 2004). According to the ble economic benefits in the development of indigenous all India coordinated project sponsored by the Ministry of medicines and in the use of medicinal plants for the Environment and Forest New Delhi, 40% of 18,000 treatment of various diseases (Azaizeh et al., 2003). recorded flowering plants have ethnomedicinal value; and scientific validation of these plants can very well prove them as a potential source of new drugs (Pushpangadan, 1997). *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: Medicinal plants should be free from microbial infection 91-9415295765. in general and fungal infection in particular because in 2728 J. Med. Plants Res.

Figure 1. Location map of study area (Sonebhadra district) in Uttar Pradesh, India (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_ Uttar_Pradesh_locator_map.svg.http://wikiflex.wikispaces.com/file/view/Uttar_Pradesh.png/133903651/Uttar_Pradesh.pnFig. 1. Location map of study area (Sonebhadra district) in Uttar Pradesh, India g.http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttarpradesh/roads/sonbhadra.htm). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_Uttar_Pradesh_locator_map.svg

the mosthttp://wikiflex.wikispaces.com/file/view/Uttar_Pradesh.png/133903651/Uttar_Pradesh.png of the cases fungi infecting the leaves of use these plants for cure of their different diseases. The medicinal plants directly affect photosynthesis by climatic conditions of the area are congenial for the reducinghttp://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/utta the productivity and formation of secondaryrpradesh/roads/sonbhadra.htm growth of different foliicolous fungi and for the infection of metabolites. In addition, the fungal infection also the medicinal plants of the area. sometimes degrades the quality of medicinally important So far the area is not properly surveyed for the active principle (D’Aulerio et al., 1995; Chutia et al., 2006; documentation of ethnomedicinal plants and the foliar Pati et al., 2008; Shivanna and Mallikarjunaswamy, fungi infecting them. Hence, in the present piece of 2009). investigation for the first time an effort has been made to Moreover, the pathogenic micro-organisms can also document the ethnobotanically used medicinal plants of produce different types of toxins during pathogenesis, Sonebhadra forests and the foliicolous fungi causing which may alter the nature of the active principle leading diseases to them. to serious health hazards instead of curing the diseases.

Foliicolous fungi causing diseases to medicinal plants MATERIALS AND METHODS may thus play a very important role in curative potency of traditionally used herbal raw materials. Sonebhadra Study site forests are located within North – Eastern Uttar Pradesh The area under investigation for ethnomedicinal studies (Figure 1) in Northern region of India. The area exhibits a great falls under district Sonebhadra, U.P. India and came into existence diversity with large number of medicinal plant. The area in 1989 after division of district Mirzapur. It is situated on Vindhyan comprises different types of ethnic races who traditionally plateau and Kaimur range lying between 24°42' N to 25°3'55' N and Singh and Dubey 2729

83°3' 24" E to 83°22'55" E, covering an area of 6788 Km. It is symptomatology. Thereafter, the scrap mounts of infected tissue present in the extreme south east of the state and is bound by were prepared in lactofuchsin (Carmichael, 1955), lactophenol- Mirzapur district to the northwest, Chandauli district to north, Bihar cottonblue (Purvis et al., 1966) and glycerin separately. The slides State to the northeast, Jharkhand state to the east, Chhattisgarh were studied promptly but carefully under the compound state to the south and Madhya Pradesh state to the west. microscope. The fungi were identified tentatively with the help of Climatically, the area is of dry tropical type. The summer available literature. Some of the fungi could be identified right up to temperature ranges between 21.5 to 42°C and winter between 10 the species level and some up to the level of genera only. to 17.5°C. Specimens representing maximum developing stages of The temperature in summer may reach up to 45°C and in winter symptoms of each type of sample were spread on the blotters below 5°C (up to 2°C). The average annual rainfall is 1065 mm. bearing collection number and date. The whole stock of such The forest is of tropical dry deciduous type covering an area of blotters was pressed in the herbarium press under gentle pressure 2447 Sq. km (Dense Forest – 1078 SQ. Km., open Forest – 1369 in beginning. Side by side the blotters of partly pressed specimens SQ. Km). The tribal inhabitants of this area are Agaria, Baiga, brought in the press from collection cramps were also changed. Dhangar, Chero, Painika, Gond, Kharwar,Dharkar and Kol. This was followed by periodic release of pressed specimens out side and change of their blotters at short intervals till completely pressed and dried. While changing the blotters the collection Survey of the area and collection of ethnomedicinal number, date etc were carried out to the new set. information The specimens studied tentatively were again studied in detail for final confirmation of their identity and rectification of the discrepancies, if any kept in the host parasite list. Separate mounts The extensive ethnomedicinal studies of the area were conducted of scraps and freehand sections of infected tissue were prepared in during the period 2009 to 2010 with the help of tribal people and lactophenol cotton blue mixture (for permanency of stain), village medicine-men of the area. Regular trips were made during lactofuchisin (for best transperency and better staining of walls and 2009 to 2010 in different seasons in different parts of the area to septa) and glycerin (for making correct compararive study of collect and observe different ethnomedicinally important pigmentation indifferent structures of the fungi). The slides were angiospermic plants. Information regarding ethnomedicinally made semi permanent by ringing them with nail polish (Dade, 1968) important plants of the area was collected through interviews with and were preserved for further use. 14 persons aged between 43 and 71, who had the traditional Whenever necessity arose the mounts of freeze, microtome knowledge of plants. sections were also prepared. Now, the slides were critically studied The methods used for ethnobotanical data collection were semi- under the compound microscope in different combinations of eye structured interviews as described by Cotton (1996) field pieces (6x, 10x, 15x) and objectives (10x, 15x oil immersion). The observation, preference ranking and direct-matrix ranking according desired camera lucida diagrams depicting all possible details of to Alexiades (1996). The respondents’ background of our morphology and ontogeny (the extent to which could be observed questionnaire based upon health problems treated, diagnosis and under the light microscope) of the propagules of these fungi were treatment methods, local name of medicinal plants, plant parts used drawn and the measurements taken. Then all the including methods of application, threats to medicinal plants and symptomatology were consolidated. conservation practices were carefully recorded. As a result, it was On the basis of observations recorded during the detailed study, possible to collect most of the plants in vegetative, flowering, and the identity of the fungi was reaffirmed with the help of different fruiting stage. monographs, reviews, authoritative books in respective fields and During field trips, observation on the habit and habitat, flowering the research papers appeared in standard journals. The time, flower colour, fragrance, fruiting time, colour of bark and blaze hyphomycetes, were identified mainly with the monograph of the in case of trees and shrubs were noted in the field diary. fungus genus “Indian Cercospora” (Vasudeva, 1983), Information regarding medicinal and other uses, and local names of “Demataceous Hyphomycetes” and “More demataceous the plants were collected from the local inhabitants of the nearby Hyphomycetes” (Ellis, 1971, 1976), “Hyphomycetes” (Subramanian, area. Plants of small size were uprooted carefully and pressed as 1983), “Mycosphaerellea and its anamorph. 1 Names published in such. Care was taken to collect the plants in flowering/ fruiting the Cercospora and Passalora” (Crous and Braun 2003) and stage. At least, four specimens were pressed at the spot. On return several mycological papers (Deighton, 1976; Bhalla and Sarbhoy, to laboratory, all specimens were carefully checked and dried by 2000; Braun, 2009, 2000; Jain et al., 2002; Braun et al., 2003) placing under sun. The sheets were regularly changed for rapid which were useful in confirming the identity of various genera and desiccation. Dried specimens were poisoned with saturated solution species of hyphomycetes. of mercuric chloride and were then pasted on standard herbarium Beside aforesaid literature, the “Index of Fungi” published sheets. Fresh specimens were carefully studied under hand lens regularly from C.A.B. International Mycological Institute Kew and a detailed description of the individual taxon was prepared. An England, and two website www.mycobank.org/mycotaxo.aspx and attempt was made in every case to identify the plants with the help www.indexfungorum.org/names/names.asp were also taken in of floras (Duthie, 1903 to 1929; Hooker, 1872 to 1897; Raizada, account. In addition, some important references were also 1976; Dubey, 2004). consulted for example, “Morphology and taxonomy of fungi” The plants of doubtful identity were checked against their (Bessey, 1968) and “Introductory mycology” (Ainsworth and Bisby, authentic specimens lodge at the herbarium of National Botanical 1961). Research Institute, Lucknow. During this process, help of expert persons was also frequently taken. The medicinal plants specimens were collected for the preparation of herbarium. The voucher specimens were deposited in the Department of Botany, B. H. U. RESULTS Varanasi. The data on ethnomedicinal survey of the plants of Sonebhadra district is presented in Table 1. A perusal of Observations on foliicolous fungi infecting medicinal plants the survey report emphasizes that tribal people of the The diseased leaf specimens of medicinal plants were first Sonebhadra district use 143 species of the plants examined carefully with naked eye to have a clear picture of belonging to 56 angiospermic families as traditional 2730 J. Med. Plants Res.

medicinal plants for cure of their diseases. The most over exploitation of these plants by traditional commonly represented families with respect to ethno- practitioners. medicinal plants used by tribal people of the area are Moreover, some factors viz. deforestation, agricultural Fabaceae (16), Euphorbiaceae (9) and Asteraceae (8). expansion, overgrazing and frequent drought were Though, more than 154 different diseases were recorded observed by the authors as main threats for luxuriant to be cured by medicinal plants in the area, the most growth of medicinal plants. The effort to conserve reported use was for wounds, fever, cough and cold, medicinal plants in the district area was observed to be stomach infections and gastric trouble, skin trouble, very poor. Hence, efforts must be taken to protect these piles, rheumatism and snake and scorpion bite. species in this area involving the local communities in The results of growth form analysis (Figure 2) of preservation and conservation aspects; otherwise there ethnomedicinal plants of the area showed that herb made would be the possibility of losing this wealth of up the highest proportion being represented with 44 ethnomedicinally important plants of the area in near species (31%), followed by tree (42 species, 29%), shrub future. (22 species,15%), climbers (17 species,12%), under Although, some traditional practitioners have started to shrub (16 species 11%) and succulents (3 species 2%). conserve medicinal plants by cultivating at home This finding is similar to the general pattern observed in gardens, though the effort was minimal. Moreover, due to most medicinal inventories (Giday et al., 2003, 2007) lack of interest among the younger generation of tribes as where herbaceous medicinal plants dominate. Amongst well as their tendency to migrate to cities for lucrative 143 plant species surveyed for their ethnomedicinal jobs, this wealth of knowledge on ethnomedicinal plants value, 31 species were found to be infected by different of the area may be lost. Hence, proper attention is foliar fungi. urgently required to scientifically validate the information Details about the symptoms produced by these fungi gathered on ethnomedicinal plants of the area through on the ethnomedicinal plants are presented in Table 2. pharmacological and reverse pharmacological Amongst different foliar fungi, Pseudocercospora sp was investigations recorded to cause infection to most of the medicinal The area also appears to be nursery of phytoparasitic plants. Besides, some plants were found severely fungal forms. Most of the common medicinal plants were infected by sooty moulds covering the whole canopy of found severely infected by foliar fungi. The climatic the tree like Acacia catechu, Terminalia bellerica and condition of the area is congenial for the growth of other plants. Sooty mold is a charcoal black fungus that medicinal plants as well as for the foliar fungi also. appears as a black coating on the surface of leaves, Amongst different fungal forms Pseudocercospora sp fruits, twigs and branches of many deciduous and showed broad host range for infection to most of the evergreen shrubs and trees. This fungus is not medicinal plants. This may be due to its ability to tolerate pathogenic to plants but obtains its nourishment from a spectrum of secondary metabolites present in medicinal insect honeydew or on exudates from leaves of certain plants. The symptoms produced in severely infected plants. medicinal plants would cause damage of histological Typically, sooty mold growths are composed of fungal tissues and reduce the photosynthetic area of the leaves. complexes made up of ascomycetes and fungi imperfecti. Hence, there would be decline in quantity of active The dark color of sooty mold growth is due to the secondary metabolites and change in chemical profile of presence of melanoid pigments in the cell walls of the the ethnomedicinal plants due to host–pathogen hyphae that make up the sooty mold colonies. On leaves, interactions. There are some reports on such decline of this coat of mold screens out light and reduces the plant's quantity of active components of different medicinal capacity to produce food. plants used by pharmaceutical firms (D’Aulerio et al., 1995; Chutia, et al., 2006; Pati et al., 2008; Shivanna and Mallikarjunaswamy, 2009). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The survey report presented in Table 1 also emphasizes that the tribal people of the area mostly use The presence of such a large number of ethnomedicinal leaves of the ethnomedicinal plants as source of plant species indicates that the area has a very high medicine. Moreover, leaves are the main centre of the diversity of medicinal plants and is a site for various metabolic activities of the plants. Hence, such infections indigenous knowledge. The study also indicates that the may also affect the secondary metabolites of raw ethnic people of the area largely depend on the wild materials of other parts of ethnomedicinal plants. There medicinal plants for cure of their ailments. Due to the lack are also some reports on transformation of medicinally of the government health facilities in the district, the important active components to another undesirable form people are largely dependent on the traditional health due to fungal infection (Wakdikar, 2004). In view of these care system. This practice would definitely affect the facts, there is urgent need to investigate disease cycle of availability of these plants and some of the plants would the infected ethno medicinal plants of the area in become threatened in near future. Thus, the area faces collaboration with plant pathologists. In normal host Singh and Dubey 2731

Table 1. Documentation of ethnomedicinal plants in Sonebhadra district, India.

S/N Ethnomedicinal plant Family Habit Plant part Vernacular name Ethenomedicinal Uses Dysmenorrhoea, urine tonic, syphilis, bronchitis, 1 Abroma augusta L. F. Sterculiaceae Shrub Bark Ulatkambal diabetes.

Eczema, inflammation of gums, leucoderma, 2 Abrus precatorius Linn. Fabaceae Climber Seed, leaf Gumachi, Gunj, Ratti. scabies, sciatica, scorpion bite, skin disease, swelling

Cough diarrhoea, dysentery, febrifuge, gonorrhoea, Jhumka, Kanghi, Son- 3 Abutilon indicum (Linn) Sweet Malvaceae Shrub Root, seed headache, leprosy, piles, stomach complaints, patari wounds.

Astringent, bleed from nose, consumption, diarrhoea, Heart wood, 4 Acacia catechu (Linn.f.)Wild Mimosaceae Tree Khair, Kattha dysentery, leucorrhoea, menstrual complaints, pain in bark chest, sore in mouth, toothache.

Burns, cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, ear complaints, 5 Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Del Mimosaceae Tree Bark, gum Babul, Kikar, eye complaints, hair fall, headache, leprosy, liver complaints, skin disease, syphilis, throat infection,

6 Acacia sinuata (Lour.) Merr. Mimosaceae Climbing shrub Pod Shikakai, Rijoh Biliousness, constipation, skin disease.

Leaf, whole Asthma, bronchitis, cough, earache, expectorant, 7 Acalypha hispida Burm Euphorbiaceae Herb Khokali, Sultan Kuppi, plant scabies, skin disease, snake bite, sting of centipedes.

Abortifacient, antifertility in women, bleeding in delivery, boils, child birth, dog bite, , ear complaints, Adhajhara, Latjira, 8 Achyranthes aspera Linn. Amarathaceae Herb Root, leaf eye complaints, febrifuge, insect bite, leucoderma, Chirchiti. piles, scabies, scorpion bite, skin disease, snake bite, sore, toothache, wounds.

Cholera, cold, cough, , fever, headache, scars on skin 9 Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) Hook Rubiaceae Tree Bark, leaf Haldu, and yellowing of body, urine complaints,

Abdominal pain, abscess, astringent, cholera, Fruit, leaf, constipation, diabetes, diarrhoea, dysentery, eye 10 Aegle marmelos (L)Corr. Rutaceae Tree Bel, Sriphal bark complaints, fever, gastric troubles, heat in abdomen, jaundice, stomach disorder, tonic, vomiting,

2732 J. Med. Plants Res.

Table 1. Contd.

Ascites, dropsy, dysentery, syphilis, anthelmintic, 11 Agave americana Linn Agavaceae Succulent Leaf, root Chick-kuri, Rambans boils, burns, cut, wound, diarrhoea, skin disease.

Leprosy, muscular pain, piles, ring worm, scabies, 12 Ageratum conyzoides Linn. Asteraceae, Herb Leaf Ajgandha, Sadevi, skin disease, snake bite, sores, swell body, tumor, urine disorders, wounds.

Seed, bark, Boils, diarrhoea, dysentery, gonorrhoea, eyes sores, 13 Albizia lebbeck (Linn.) Benth Mimosaceae Tree Siris, flower gum ulcer, night blindness, piles, swelling.

Boils, breast tissue hardening, constipation, jaundice, Gheekumar, fever, liver complaints, menstrual complaints, piles, 14 Aloe barbadensis Mill Liliaceae Succulent Leaf Gwarpatha refrigerant, rheumatism, sexual vitality, skin disease, vermicidal, wounds.

Rheumatic pain, asthma, cough and cold, 15 Alpinia galanga Willd Zingiberaceae Herb Bulb Kulanjan aphrodisiac and stimulant.

Cholera, diarrhoea, fever, malaria, pneumonia, 16 Alstonia Scholaris R.Br. Apocynaceae Tree Bark Satian, Saptparni rheumatism, stomachache, ulcer of mouth , cholera, headache, neuralgia, pain in leg

Whole plant, Kanta-bhaji, Kateli- Blood purifier, cough, cold, colic, eczema, piles, 17 Amaranthus spinosus Linn. Amaranthaceae Herb seed, root chaulai, scorpion sting, snake bite.

Amorphophallus companulatus Constipation, earache, inflammation throat, 18 Araceae Herb Corn Jangali suran Blume respiratory complaints, pimples, piles.

Whole plant, Cholera, colic, diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, filaria, 19 Andographis paniculata Nees Acanthaceae Herb Kalmegh, Kariyatu leaf, root malaria, , stomach complaints, tonic,

Abdominal pain, carbuncle, cold, cuts, dandruff, Seed, leaf, diarrhoea, dysentery, fits, guinea worm, hysteria, 20 Annona squamosa Linn. Annonaceae Tree Sharifa, bark, fruit insecticidal, lice, menstrual complaints, purgative, spinal disease, syphilis, tonic, ulcers

21 Anogeissus pendula Edgew. Combretaceae Tree Bark Dhav, Dhaura, Dysentery, gastric disorders. Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb) 22 Rubiaceae Tree Bark Kadamb Antifertility, , cholera, dysentery, pimple, sores Miq.

Singh and Dubey 2733

Table 1. Contd.

Boils, arthritis, asthma, caries, eye complaints, Seed, latex, gum trouble, headache, inflammation, mouth 23 Argemone mexicana Linn. Papaveraceae Prickly herb Bhatkataia, leaf, root wash, piles, ring worm, scabies, skin disease, syphilis, toothache

Antidote, boils, diabetes, small pox, sores, 24 Argyreia speciosa SW Convolvulaceae Climbing shrub Leaf Samudrasok stomach complaints, syphilis.

Aphrodisiac, rheumatism, bleeding from nose, 25 Asparagus racemosus Willd.; Liliaceae Scandent shrub Tuberous root Satawar, Satmul galactagogue, lactation , gonorrhoea, impotence, leucorrhoea, menstrual complaints

26 Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Liliaceae Herb Seed Bbanpiyazi Toothache, diuretic.

Antifertility, antipyretic, antiseptic, blood purifier, boils, cancer, cholera, cold, debility, diabetes, , dyspepsia, febrifuge, inflammation gums, leprosy, 27 Azadirachta indica Juss. Meliaceae Tree Bark, leaf, fruit Neem malaria, measles, piles, post natal, scabies, skin disease, small pox, snake bite, ulcers, urine complaints, vermicide

Brahami, Choti Blood purifier, boils, epilepsy, eczema, nervine 28 Bacopa monneiri (Linn.) Pennell. Scrophulariaceae Herb Whole plant brahami tonic, rheumatism, tonic for hair, tonic general.

Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Shrubby or Stem, blacksoot 29 Poaceae Bans, Kanta-bans Abortifacient, antifertility, wounds, cuts. Willd. arborescent plant on clums

Vajradanti, Cough, dropsy, glands swelling, gum trouble, 30 Barleria prionitis Linn. Acanthceae Under shrub Leaf, bark Kansaraiya cold, piles, toothache

Basella alba var. rubra Succulent twining 31 Basellaceae Leaf Poi Constipation, syphilis, ulcer in nose. (Linn.)Stewart herb

Bark, leaf, Astringent, bone fracture, small pox, tumor in 32 Bauhinia purpurea Linn Caesalpiniaceae Tree Katmahuli, flower stomach, wounds, rheumatism, swelling.

Leprosy, malaria, piles, scrofula, skin disease, 33 Bauhinia variegata L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Bark Kachnar, snake bite, ulcers, worms.

2734 J. Med. Plants Res.

Table 1. Contd

Antiexcitement, antifertility, antiseptic, bilious fever, burns, convolusion, cramps, cuts, wounds as Chuimui, 34 Biophytum sensitivum (Linn.) DC Oxalidaceae Herb Leaf haemostat, fever, decreases sexual vigour, Lajwanti, diarrhoea, giddiness, headache, malaria, muscular and rheumatic pain, tonic

Burns, cuts, wounds, bronchitis, fever, piles, toe 35 Blumea lacera (Lour.) Merrill Asteraceae Under shrub Leaf Nirmudi, Purroh injury, urine complaints.

Jaundice, kidney complaints, liver complaints, pain in 36 Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Nyctaginaceae Herb Root, leaf Punarnava abdomen, piles

Acne, pimples, toothache, tubercular fistula, ulcer, 37 Bombax ceiba Linn Bombacaceae Tree Bark, leaf root Semal urine complaints,

Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Bark, resin, Cold, cough, diarrhoea, dysentery, toothache, 38 Burseraceae Tree Salai, Colebr. leaf wounds

Bronchitis, consumption, cough, diarrhoea, febrifuge, 39 Buchanania lanzan Spr. Anacardiaceae Tree Bark, seed Chironji, Piyar inflammation of gums, wounds.

Abortifacient, antifertility, menorrhagia, piles, Butea monosperma Seed, flower, Dhak, Palash, 40 Fabaceae Tree pimples, skin disease, stomachache, sun stroke, bark, leaf Tesu. (Lamk.) Taub.; vermifuge, wounds.

Caesalpiniacea Straggling, Colic, fever, intermittent fever, malaria, menstrual 41 Caesalpinia bonduc (Linn.) Roxb.; Seed Karanj, Kantkarej e thorny shrub complaints, skin disease, swelling, tonic

Caesalpinia pulcherima (Linn.) Caesalpiniacea 42 Shrub Seed Puraiphul Body ache, gum trouble, ring worm. Swartz e

Abortifacient, body ache, boils, burns, ear complaints, Latex, leaf, Madar, Safed 43 Calatropis gigantea (Linn.) R. Br. Asclepiadaceae Shrub ring worm, scabies, scorpion bite, skin disease, small root Aak pox, sprain, swelling, tooth ache, wounds.

Latex, leaf, Abortifacient , boils, skin disease, small pox, 44 Calatropis procera (Ait)R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Shrub Madar, Aak root swelling, tooth ache, tooth worms, wounds.

Singh and Dubey 2735

Table 1. Contd

Anthelminthic, bowel complaints, cold, cough, epilepsy, cuts, dyspepsia, ear complaints, hydrocele, 45 Cannabis sativa Linn. Canabinaceae Herb Leaf Bhang, Ganja, labour, laxative, narcotic, nervine stimulant, paralysis of tongue, sleep pills, sores.

Sraggling Appetizer, intestinal worms, tooth troubles including, 46 Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew. Capparaceae Leaf, stem Karil glabrous shrub pyorrhoea.

47 Carissa carandas L. Apocynaceae Shrub Seed, root Karonda, Karauna Itch, rheumatism, sores, wounds.

Leaf, fruit, Asthma, blood purifier, chest infection, constipation, 48 Cassia fistula Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Amaltas seed cough, swelling, toothache, vermicide.

Barkachakwar, Eczema, fever, gastric complaints, ring worm, skin 49 Cassia occidentalis Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Under shrub Leaf disease, throat infection, whooping cough, wounds.

Anthelminthic, antiseptic, boils, cuts, eczema, Leaf, seed, 50 Cassia tora Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Herb Chakwar root ring worm, scabies, scorpion bite, skin disease, sores, vermicide, wounds.

51 Chlorophytum tuberosum Baker. Liliaceae Herb Tuber Safed musli Expectorant, fever, leucorrhoea, sex tonic.

Root, leaf, Burn, cuts, dysentery, gastric complaints, sprain, to 52 Chromolaena odorata Linn. Asteraceae Shrub Gandhuri, Kusuri, whole plant stop bleeding, wounds

Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) 53 Cucurbitaceae Woody Climber Fruit Indrayan Abortifacient, galactagogue, purgative, stomachache Schrad

Cleome gynandra L. Asthma, cough, ear complaints, eye disease, fever, 54 Cleomaceae Herb Leaf, seed Hul-hul, headache, round worm, scorpion bite, skin disease, stiff neck, vermicide, wounds

Anthelminthic, boils, checks pus formation, ear ache, 55 Cleome viscosa L. Cleomaceae Herb Seed, leaf Jangali -hurhur, fever, headache, inflammation ear ,wounds

Anthelmintic, body ache, boils, burns, cuts, skin 56 Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. Verbenaceae Woody Shrub Root, leaf Bhant, Bhates disease, sores, swelling, ulcer, wounds.

2736 J. Med. Plants Res.

Table 1. Contd.

57 Clitoria ternatea Linn. Fabaceae Climber Root, seed Aparajita Abortifacient, goitre, stomach ache, swelling

Birihara, Hiran 58 Convolvulus arvensis Linn., Convolvulaceae Climber Root Purgtive. khuri;

Antihelminthic, chest infection, lung disease, cholera, cold, colic, constipation, cough, 59 Cordia myxa Roxb. Boraginaceae Tree Leaf, fruit Lisora expectorant, fever, headache, urine disease, urticaria

Abortifacient, asthma, cough, cuts, filaria, fever, Tuberous galactagogue, impotence, itching, leucorrhoea, 60 Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Amaryllidaceae Root, rhizome Kali musli geophilous herb nose bleeding, piles, bleed, tonic, unconsciousness of children, wounds.

Body ache, burns, cuts, cold, cough, diphtheria, displaced knee cap, fall of hairs, skin disease, 61 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Convolvulaceae Climber Whole plant Akasbel, Amarbel, stomach ache, swelling of leg, testicles and body, wounds.

62 Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. Poaceae Herb grass Whole plant Doob, Durba Snake bite, stops bleeding, wounds.

Bulb, root, Astringent, bowel complaints, heat stroke, sores 63 Cyprus rotundus Linn. Cyperaceae Herb grass Motha whole plant wound, urine complaints.

64 Dalbergia sisso Roxb. Fabaceae Tree Leaf, stem Shisham Eruptions, headache, leprosy, skin disease

65 Datura innoxia Mill; Solanaceae Under shrub Leaf, fruit Dhatura Asthma, boils, rheumatism

Asthma, blisters, boils, cough, cramps, fistula, Leaf, fruit, gonorrhoea, headache, hydrocele, leprosy, 66 Datura metel Linn. Solanaceae Under shrub Kala-dhatura, root mumps, piles, rheumatism, ring worm, small pox, tooth decay, urticaria, whooping cough, wounds.

Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f.) Stem parasite Stem, whole Abortifacient, antifertility, brain tonic, headache, 67 Loranthaceae Banda Etting. herb plant impotence

Root, whole Antidote to snake venom, asthma, bronchitis, 68 Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Fabaceae Under shrub Salparni plant cough

69 Dioscorea bulbifera L. Discoreaceae Climber Tuber Ratalu Abdominal pain, boils, dysentery, piles, jaundice Singh and Dubey 2737

Table 1. Contd

70 Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Ebenaceae Tree Bark, fruit Kendu, Tendu Dysentery, skin disease

Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Asthma, cholera, colic, constipation, post natal 71 Cucurbitaceae Tendril climber Seed, Shivlingi Jeffrey complaints, promotes fertility in women.

Putranjivah, Aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory, elephantiasis, eye 72 Drypetes roxburghii (Wall.) Huru. Euphorbiaceae Tree Fruit Jivputrak, infection, habitual abortion and sterility, laxative.

Root, whole 73 Echinops echinatus Roxb. Asteraceae Herb Gokrul Fever, malaria, skin disease plant

Leaf, whole Asthma, bronchitis, itching, jaundice, promotes hair 74 Eclipta prostrata L. Asteraceae Herb Bhringraj plant growth, toothache.

Burns, cough, cuts, eczema, excess lactation, eye 75 Euphorbia hirta Linn, Euphorbiaceae Herb Whole plant Dudhi, complaints, kidney disease, lactation complaints, pain in joints, postnatal complaints, wart.

76 Euphorbia hypercifplia L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Leaf Choti Dudhi Dysentery, diarrhoea, leucorrhea.

Root, leaf, Aphrodisiac,asthma, bronchitis, dysentery, fever, 77 Evolvulus alsinoides L. Convolvulaceae Herb Shankhpushpi whole plant leucorrhoea,

Diabetes, gum trouble, leucorrhoea, promotes hair Latex, arial 78 Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae Tree Bar, Bargad, growth, scabies, sex disease, skin disease, snake root, fruit bite, scores in mouth, spermator, tonic, tooth ache,

79 Ficus cairica L. Moraceae Tree Latex Anjir Boils, eruptions, skin disease

80 Ficus hispida L. Moraceae Tree Fruit, latex Kathgular, Emetic, purgative, ulcers in mouth

Astringent, blisters, boils, carminative, dermatitis, Latex, fruit, 81 Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae Tree Gular diarrhoea, dysentery, leprosy, menstrual bark complaints, piles, cracks on heel

Leaf bark, Blisters, boils, ulcer, scabies, skin disease, small 82 Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Tree Pipal fruit pox, snake bite, sores in mouth

2738 J. Med. Plants Res.

Table 1. Contd

Anthelminthic, blood purifier, body ache, diarrhoea, 83 Fumaria indica (Haussk.) Pug. Fumariaceae Herb Whole plant Pitapapra, diuretic, fever, flue, indigestion, liver complaints, skin disease

Abortifacient, infertility, facilitates child birth, 84 Gloriosa superba L. Liliaceae Climbing Herb Rhizome Kalihari gonorrhoea,

Blisters, boils, cuts, dysentery, inflammation, 85 Grewia hirsuta Vahl Tiliaceae Shrub Root Nagbala, wounds

Boils, cooling in fever, debility, stomachache, 86 Grewia subinequalis DC Tiliaceae Tree Fruit, root Phalsa inflammation

Eye disease, cornea opacity, diabetes, gastric 87 Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Woody climber Leaf Gurmar, disease, stomachache, urine complaints.

Cholera, cold, colic, cough, diarrhea, dysentery, Helicteres ixora Linn. Fruit, 88 Sterculiaceae Large shrub Marorphali ear complaints, eczema, intestinal germs, root,bark stomachache

Astringent, emollient, vulnerary and diuretic, ulcers, Infkorescence 89 Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae Herb Siriyari sores, wound, skin infections, stings of insect, ulitis ,whole plant and rheumatism

Indrajav, Constipation, diarrhoea, digestive complaints, 90 Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. Apocynaceae Tree Bark, seed Koraya dysentery, gastric disorder, stomachache, worms.

Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Boils, bone fracture, inflammation body, 91 Ulmaceae Tree Bark, leaf Chilbil Planch.; rheumatism, ring worm, scabies

Hygrophila auriculata (Schum.) Leaf, whole 92 Acanthaceae Herb Talmakhana Diuretic, dropsy, tubercular fistula. Heine. plant

Leaf, whole Ban tulsi, 93 Hyptis suaveolens (Linn.) Poit.; Lamiaceae Herb Fever, headache, toothache, wounds plant Gandhu phul

Kalmi-sag, 94 Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Convolvulaceae Creeping Herb Whole plant Karmua ka Boils, liver disease, purgative sag

Singh and Dubey 2739

Table 1. Contd.

Asthma, , bronchitis, cough, expectorant, febrifuge, 95 Justicia adhatoda Linn. Acanthaceae Shrub Leaf, root Adusa, Vasak malaria, pulmonary infection

Large scrambling 96 Lantana camara Linn Verbenaceae Leaf Galphusia, Itching, ring worm shurb

Burning sensation, headache, pain in muscle, 97 Lawsonia inermis Linn. Lythraceae Shrub Leaf, seed Menhdi sprain, weakness,

Cold, constipation, cough, diarrhoea, earache, eye Leucas cephalotus (Roth) Leaf, flower, 98 Lamiaceae Herb Gumbi, disease, fever, headache, malaria, piles, gum Spreng. whole plant trouble, wounds.

Asthma, bronchitis, body pain, diarrhoea, digestive 99 Limonia acidissima Linn. Rutaceae Tree Fruit bark Kaitha complaints, dysentery,

Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) Mac Flower, bark, Astringent, bronchitis, burns, chest pain, colic, 100 Sapotaceae Tree Mahua Br. seed oil cough, pneumonia, toothache, ulcer.

Mallotus philippinensis Muel Kamela, Anthelminthic, blisters, boils, skin disease, snake 101 Euphorbiaceae Tree Fruit, seed bite, sores, tonic for pregnant women, ulcers, Kampilak vermifuge

102 Skin disease, diarrhea, malaria, irritable bowel Mannihot esculenta Crantz Euphorbiaceae Shrub Leaf Kasava syndrome.

Child birth, diuretic, dysentery, epilepsy, fistula, 103 Mimosa pudica Linn. Mimosaceae Under shrub Root, leaf Chhuimui, Lajouni, gum trouble, headache, leucorrhoea, loose motion, piles, toothache, wounds

Pain in breast due to swell, piles, bronchitis, 104 Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. Cucurbitaceae Climber Root, fruit Bankarel, dysentery, diabetic problem

Night dreams, ring worm, round worms, scorpion 105 Mucuna pruriens (L.)DC Fabaceae Climber Seed, fruit Kevach, Konch bite, snake bite, sores, vermifuge

106 Nelumbo nucifera Gaerth. Nelumbonaceae Aquatic herb Seed, flower Kamal, Kanwal, Astringent, diarrhoea, cholera, tonic

Harsingar, Parijat, Cough, dysentery, fever, hiccups, intestinal injuries, 107 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Nyctaginceae Tree Bark, leaf Shihor malaria 2740 J. Med. Plants Res.

Table 1. Contd.

Cholera, cough, cramp, earache, fever, headache, 108 Ocimum basilicum Linn. Lamiaceae Herb Leaf Babui-tulsi stomachache

Oxalis debilis H.B.K. var. 109 Oxalidaceae Small herb Rhizome, leaf Khatti-booti Antidote toxicity corymbosa (DC.) Lour.

Peristrophe paniculata (Forsk.) 110 Acanthaceae Under shrub Whole plant Chirchiri, Fracture, sprain, rheumatism Burm.f.

Fruit, leaf, Burns, cold, constipation, diuretic, dysentery, eye 111 Phyllanthus emblica Linn. Euphorbiaceae Tree Aonla, bark trouble, indigestion, liver complaints

Bhui-amla 112 Phyllanthus fraternus Webst. Euphorbiaceae Herb Whole plant Gastric disease, jaundice

Leaf, whole 113 Physalis minima Linn. Solonaceae Herb Rasbhari Abdonimal disorder, stomachache. plant

Abortifacient, antifertility, diarrhoea, dysentery, 114 Plumbago zeylanica L. Plumbaginaceae Shrub Root Chitrak indigestion

Wood, bark, Bijasal, Vijay Cholera, chest pain, cooling, diabetes, 115 Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Fabaceae Tree resin Sal diarrhea,dysentery, fever

Abdominal pain, antiemetic, asthma, body ache, Tuber, Patal-kumra, chest pain, cholera, diarrhoea, fever, lactation, 116 Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC. Cucurbitaceae Climber root Ghoar-bel menorrhagia, rheumatism, skin disease, swelling, syphilis, tonic, ulcer.

Abortifacient, anthelminthic, antidote snake bite, Rauwolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. Sarpgandha, 117 Apocynaceae Under shrub Root blood pressure, checks vomiting, fever, insanity, ex Kurz. insomnia

Boils, burns, contraceptive, dropsy, heat stroke, Arandi, 118 Riccinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Small tree Seed, leaf hydrocele, injuries, joint pain, muscle pain, Rendi rheumatism, sciatica

Jungali 119 Rumex dentatus L. Polygonaceae Herb Whole plant Sunstroke palak

Singh and Dubey 2741

Table 1. Contd.

Burning sensation, chest pain, cholera, 120 Shorea robusta Gaertn. f. Dipterocarpaceae Tree Bark, resin Sakhu, Sal cramp, diarrhoea, skin infection, small pox, sores, fistula, tumor, wounds

Boils, dysentery, leucorrhoea, sexual 121 Sida cordifolia L. Malvaceae Under shrub Root, leaf, Bariyari , weakness , wounds

Boils, child birth, fever, gum infection, swelling, 122 Sida rhombifolia L. Malvaceae Under shrub Root, leaf Bariara, tonic, wounds

Antidote to opium toxic, boil, fever, goitre, piles, Fruit, leaf, 123 Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Under shrub Makoi sores, sprain, stomachache, swelling, ulcers in whole plant mouth, urine complaints.

Fruit, root, Cough, pyrrhoea, swelling, toothache, tooth 124 Solanum surattense Burm. f. Solanaceae Under shrub Bhatkataiya whole plant decay

Anhelminthic, blood purifier, cough, eye 125 Sphaeranthus indicus L. Asteraceae Herb Whole plant Gorak-mundi, Mundi disease, jaundice

126 Spilanthes acmella L. Asteraceae Herb Flower Akarkara Affections of throat and gums, toothache

Boils, cold, cough, eye complaints, muscular Leaf, fruit, 127 Tamarindus indica L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Amli, Imli pain, stomachache, sunstroke, swelling, seed syphilis, toothache

Blood purifier, bronchitis, fever, piles, 128 Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. Fabaceae Herb Root Sarpokha stomachache, toothache

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) 129 Combretaceae Tree Bark, leaf Arjuna Heart disease, tonic, wounds Wt. and Arn.

Cold, constipation, gastric complaints, Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) 130 Combretaceae Tree Fruit Bahera intestinal complaints, muscular pain, piles, Roxb. stomachache

Cold, constipation, eczema, measles, menstrual 131 Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae Tree Fruit Harra, complaints, sore in throat, stomach complaints.

Leaf, stem, Antipyretic, aphrodisiac, cough, debility, fever, 132 Tinospora cordifolia Miers Menispermacee Climber Giloe, Guduchi whole plant jaundice, malaria, sex strength, tonic

Blisters, boils, cuts & wounds, eczema, eye Leaf, whole 133 Tridax procumbens L. Asteraceae Herb Phulani, disease, leprosy, sores, stomachache, plant toothache, ulcers. 2742 J. Med. Plants Res.

Table 1. Contd.

134 Urena lobata L. Malvaceae Under shrub Root Boriyal Diarrhoea, dysentery, hyperacidity

Vanda tessellata (Roxb.)Hook. ex Bone fracture, earache & pus, eye disease, 135 Orchidaceae Epiphytic herb Aerial root, whole plant Banda, G.Don. rheumatism

Aphrodisiac, bronchitis, chest complaints, 136 Withania somnifera Dunal Solanaceae Under shrub Leaf, root Asgandh rheumatism

Bleeding in pregnancy, loss of appetite in 138 Woodfordia fruticosa (Linn) Jourz Lythraceae Shrub Flower Dhai, Dhavai pregnancy, menorrhagia

139 Wrightia tinctoria Br. Apocynaceae Tree Bark, leaf, latex Khirna Dysentery, piles, toothache, wounds.

Boils, herpes, piles, rheumatism, ring worm, 140 Xanthium strumarium Linn. Asteraceae Under shrub Root, leaf, seed Gokhru toothache

Blood purifier, dysentery, fall of hair, 141 Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk. Rhamnaceae Shrub Fruit, leaf Ber, Beri, stomachache, ulcers, wounds, whooping cough.

Zizyphus nummularia (Burm.f.) 142 Rhamnaceae Shrub Fruit, root, bark Jhar-beri Boils, inflammation gums, jaw ache Wt. and Arn.

Blood purifier, febrifuge, indigestion, piles, 143 Zizyphus oenoplea(L)Mill. Rhamnaceae Shrub Fruit, bark, leaf Makkay swelling, wounds.

Figure 2. Growth form analysis of ethnomedicinal plants of Sonebhadra district. Singh and Dubey 2743

Table 2. Foliar fungi causing infection to ethnomedicinal plants.

S/N Medicinal plant (host) Symptoms Fungus Leaf spot amphigenous, irregular in shape, greyish brown in center and blackish brown 1 Abroma augusta ( Linn) Linn Cercospora sp. towards margin, scattered on entire leaf surface, up to 8 mm in diam.

Leaf spot amphigenous, circular to sub circular, discrete, blackish brown, scattered on Mycovellosiella adinicola (Bhalla and 2 Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) Hook entire leaf surface, up to 8 mm in diam. Sarbhy, 2000)

Leaf spot amphigenous, circular to sub circular, later coalescing to form irregular patches, Pseudocercospora anogeissi (Braun et 3 Anogeissus pendula Edgew. discrete, blackish brown, scattered on entire leaf surface, up to 12 mm in diam. al., 2003)

Leaf spot epigenous, circular to sub circular, spreading along the veins, discrete, reddish 4 Argyreia speciosa SW brown, Aternaria sp. up to 10 mm in diam.

Leaf spot amphigenous, circular to oval, discrete, blackish brown at margin and pale 5 Bambusa brown towards center, scattered on entire leaf surface, 1-2 mm in diam. later coalescing Drechslera sp. to form bigger patches

Cercospora barleriicola (Payak and Leaf spot amphigenous, circular to sub circular, necrotic, dark brown on upper surface 6 Barleria prionitis Linn. Thirum, 1949) and grayish brown towards lower surface, up to 12 mm in diam.

Bauhinia purpurea Linn Leaf spots amphigenous, irregular, primarily discrete later coalescing, dark brown on 7 upper surface and light brown towards lower surface, spreading along the margin of leaf, Veronia sp.nov. appears like discoloration, up to 18 mm in diam.

Bauhinia sp. Leaf spots amphigenous, circular to irregular, primarily discrete later coalescing o form 8 big patches, pale brown in center and dark brown towards margin, minute to 15 mm in Pseudocercospora sp. diam.

Leaf spots amphigenous, sub circular to irregular, near mid rib of leaf let, necrotic, brown Corynespora bombacearum (Jain et 9 Bombax ceiba Linn in centre and dark brown at margin, forming concentric rings, up to 10 mm in diam. al., 2002)

Caesalpinia pulcherima (Linn.) Leaf spots amphigenous, dark brown, spreading from margin towards base, up to 5 mm 10 Alternaria sp. Swartz in diam.

Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) R. Leaf spots amphigenous, circular, velvety, discrete, primarily with pale green Passalora calotrpidis var. megalospora 11 Br. discoloration later become greenish black after sporulation, up to 14 mm in diam. (Braun and Crous, 2003)

2744 J. Med. Plants Res.

Table 2. Contd.

Leaf spots amphigenous, circular, velvety, discrete, scattered on entire leaf surface , 12 Calatropis procera (Ait)R.Br. Passalora calotropidis (Braun, 2000) greenish grey to black, 2-12 mm in diam.

Leaf spot amphigenous, angular to irregular, discrete, vein limited, reddish brown, Passalora assamensis (Chawdhury 13 Chromolaena odorata Linn. scattered on entire leaf surface, up to 4 mm in diam. Braun and Crous, 2003)

Leaf spots amphigenous, necrotic, circular to angular, spreading on entire leaf Cercospora apii f. sp.clerodendri (Sobers surface near veins, dark reddish brown towards margin and pale brown in centre, 1-6 and Martinéz, 1967) mm in diam. 14 Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.

Leaf spots amphigenous, necrotic, circular, forming concentric rings, reddish brown, Corynespora sp. up to 13 mm wide.

Leaf spot amphigenous, circular to irregular, necrotic, dark brown, up to 5 mm in Alternaria sp. 15 Dalbergia sisso L. diam.

Leaf spots amphigenous, irregular, discrete, blackish brown, scattered along the 16 Ficus benghalensis L. Pseudocercospora sp. veins, up to 8 mm in diam.

Leaf spot amphigenous, circular to subcircular, necrotic, blackish brown, forming 17 Ficus hispida L. Corynespora sp. concentric rings, spreading on entire leaf surface, up to 10 mm in diam.

Alternaria sp. Leaf spot amphigenous, circular to sub circular, necrotic, pale brown in centre and

reddish brown at margin, up to 4 mm in diam. 18 Ficus religiosa L. Cercospora sp. and

Leaf spot amphigenous, angular, discrete, brown, effuse, up to 2mm Pseudocercospora sp.

Grewia hirsuta Vahl Leaf spot amphigenous, circular to irregular, necrotic, light brown in centre and dark 19 Alternaria sp. brown towards margin, scattered on entire leaf surface, up to 10 mm in diam.

Leaf spot amphigenous, angular, vein limited, brown, necrotic, spreading on entire 20 Grewia subinequalis DC Alternaria sp. leaf surface, up to 4 mm diam

Leaf spot amphigenous, circular to irregular, discrete, brownish black, scattered on 21 Helicteres ixora Linn. Pseudocercospora sp. entire leaf surface, up to 15 mm in diam.

Lantana camara Linn Leaf spot amphigenous, angular, vein limited, discrete, blackish brown on upper Pseudocercospora formosa (Yamam.) 22 surface and light brown on lower surface, up to 7 mm in diam. Deighton, 1976)

Singh and Dubey 2745

Table 2. Contd.

Leaf spot amphigenous, minute circular to angular, discrete, dark brown on upper Mallotus philippinensis Muel Pseudocercospora malloti (Kharwar et al., 23 surface and grayish brown on lower surface scattered on entire leaf surface, up to 1967; Braun 2009) 2 mm in diam.

Mannihot esculenta Crantz Leaf spot amphigenous, circular to irregular, spreading along the margin of leaf 24 Alternaria sp. surface, necrotic, brown, approx. 4 mm wide

Leaf spots amphigenous, angular, discrete, spreading on entire leaf surface, 25 Mucuna pruriens (L.)DC Cercospora sp. reddish brown, up to 3 mm in diam.

Leaf spot amphigenous, irregular, spreading along the margin of leaf surface, 26 Nyctanthis arbor-tristis L. Cercospora sp. necrotic, brownish black, 4 mm to large coalescing patches

Leaf spot amphigenous, sub circular to irregular, pale brown in centre and dark 27 Riccinus communis L. Cercospora ricinella (Sacc. and Berl, 1885) brown at margin, spreading on entire leaf surface, minute to 4 mm in diam.

Leaf spot amphigenous, irregular, spreading along the leaf surface, necrotic, 28 Spilanthes acmella L. Alternaria sp. brownish black, up to 5mm in diam.

Leaf spot amphigenous, sub circular to irregular, blackish brown, scattered along Pseudocercospora tinosporae (Kamal et al., 29 Tinospora cordifolia Miers the veins, up to 16 mm in diam. 2003; Braun, 2000)

Leaf spot amphigenous, circular to sub circular discrete, pale brown on upper Pseudocercospora withaniae (Syd. and P. 30 Withania somnifera Dunal surface and brown towards lower surface, scattered along the entire leaf surface Syd.) (Deighton, 1976) ,up to 4 mm in diam.

Leaf spot amphigenous, circular to sub circular, necrotic, dark brown on upper 31 Woodfordia fruticosa (Linn) Jourz Pseudocercospora sp. surface and grayish brown towards lower surface, up to 8 mm in diam.

pathogen interaction, the infecting fungi secrete ble side effects to the tribes of the area if the 1995). Efforts should be also made by the different macerating enzymes for their establish- infected medicinal plants are used for cure of their government organizations to spray some pesti- ment in the hosts and later on they also produce ailments. There are also some earlier reports cides on these medicinal plants which are prone different types of toxins for degradation of living (Hosagoudar et al., 1997; Chakraborty et al., to infection. The collateral wild plants which help protoplast of the host. These fungal toxins are 2002; Shivanna and Mallikarjunaswamy, 2009) in perpetuation of the foliar fungi should also be systemic in nature and may be easily translocated emphasizing the increase in proline content of the eliminated time to time. The information gathered to different parts of the host. Such fungal toxins medicinal plants due to fungal infection. in this survey from the tribes of Sonebhadra secreted by the foliar fungi within the ethno- Proline is an important osmoregulator in plants district would be useful for protection of the medicinal plants would definitely cause undesira- enhanced under stress conditions (Sabry et al., medicinal plants of the area from fungal infections 2746 J. Med. Plants Res.

as well as in devising suitable conservation strategies. Duthie JF (1903-1929). Flora of Upper Gangtic Plain and of the Siwalik This is the first report on documentation of ethno- and Sub-Himalayan Tracts.Vol. 1-3 (Compiled by Parker R.N. and Turill W.B.) Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, India. medicinal plants of Sonebhadra district and the foliar Ellis MB (1971). Dematiaceous hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew. fungi causing diseases to these plants. Ellis MB (1976). More dematiaceous hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew. Giday M, Afsfaw Z, Elmqvist T, Woldu Z (2003). An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Zay people in Ethiopia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 85: 43–52. AKNOWLEDGEMENTS Giday M, Teklehaymanot T, Animut A, Mekonnen Y (2007). Medicinal plants of the Shinasha, Agew-awi and Amhara peoples in Northwest The authors are thankful to Prof B.R. Chaudhary, Head, Ethiopia. J. Ethnopharmacol., 110: 516–525. Center of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu Hooker JD (1872-1897). The Flora of British India. 7 Vols. L. Reeve & Co., London. University, Varanasi, for providing laboratory and library Hosagoudar VB, Krishnan PN, Abraham TK (1997). Biochemical facilities for the same. Dr. Archana Singh is thankful to Changes in sandal tree infected with Asterina conjesta Cooke. New Department of Science and Technology, Government of Botanist, 24: 27-32. India, New Delhi for providing financial support under Jain SL, Rai AN, Mehta P (2002). Additions to the genus Corynespora from India. Indian Phytopath. 55(1): 51-56. Women Scientist Scheme (WOS-A). Pati K, Sharma M, Salar RK, Sharma A, Gupta AP, Singh B (2008). Studies on leaf spot disease of Withania somnifera and its impact on secondary metabolites. Indian J. Microbiol., 48: 432-437. REFERENCES Purvis MJ, Callier DC, Walls, D (1966). Laboratory Technique in Botany, Butterworth, London. Ainsworth GC, Bisby GR (1961). A Dictionary of the Fungi (5th ed.) Pushpangadan P (1997). Ethnobiology: India. A status report. Ministry Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England. of Environment and Forests.Government of India, New Delhi. Alexiades M (1996). Collecting ethnobotanical data: an introduction to Raizada MP (1976). Suppliment to Duthie’s Flora of Upper Gangtic basic concepts and techniques. In: Alexiades, M., Sheldon, J.W. plain. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dheradun. (Eds.), Selected Guideline for Ethnobotanical Research: A Field Sabry SRS, Smith LT, Smith GM (1995). Osmoregulation in spring Manual. The New York Botanical Garden, U.S.A., Pp. 53-94. wheat under drought and salinity stress. J. Genet. Breed, 49: 55-60. Azaizeh H, Fulder S, Khalil K, Said O (2003). Ethnomedicinal Shivanna MB, Mallikarjunaswamy GE (2009). Fungal disease and their knowledge of local Arab practitioners in the Middle East Region. effect on phytochemical constituents of medicinally important Fitoterapia, 74: 98-108. Terminalia species in Bhadra wild life sanctuary, Karnataka, India. Bhalla K, Sarbhoy AK (2000). Addition and recombination of Indian Phytopath., 62:37-43. Mycovellosiella species. Indian Phytopath, 53(3): 261-265. Singh A, Singh PK (2009). An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants Bessey EA (1968). Morphology and Taxonomy of Fungi, Hafner Pub. in Chandauli district of Uttar Pradesh, India. J. Ethnomharmacol., Co. New York. 121: 324-329. Braun U (2000). Annotated list of Cercospora spp. described by C. Singh P, Shukla R, Kumar A, Prakash B, Singh S, Dubey NK (2010). Spegazzini. Schlechtendalia, 5: 57-79. Effect of Citrus reticulata and Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oils on Braun U (2009). New species, combinations and records of Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production on Asparagus hyphomycetes. Schlechtendalia, 19: 63-71. racemosus. Mycopathol., 170:195–202. Braun U, Crous PW, Kamal (2003). New species of Pseudocercospora, Siva R (2007). Status of natural dyes and dye yielding plants in India. Pseudocercosporella, Ramularia and Stenella (cercosporoid Curr. Sci., 92: 916-925. hyphomycetes). Mycol. Progr., 2(3): 197-208. Subramanian CV (1983). Hyphomycetes Taxonomy and biology, Carmichael JW (1955). Lacto-Fuchsin. A new medium for mounting Academic Press Inc. New York. Fungi. Mycologia, 47: 611. Vasudeva RS (1983). Indian Cercosporae, I.C.A.R. New Delhi. Chakraborty BN, Dutta S, Chakraborty U (2002). Biochemical response Wakdikar S (2004). Global health care challenges: Indian experiences of tea plants induced by foliar infection with Exobasidium vexans. and new prescriptions . Electron J. Biotechnol., 7: 214-220. Indian Phytopath., 55: 8-13. www.indexfungorum.org/names/names.asp Chutia M, Mahant JJ, Saikia RC, Barauah AK, Sharma TC (2006). www.mycobank.org/mycotaxo.aspx Influence of Leaf Blight disease on yield of oil and its constituents of Java Citronella and in-vitro control of pathogen using essential oils. World J. Agric. Sci., 2: 319-321. Cotton CM (1996). Ethnobotany: Principles and Applications. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, NY. Crous PW, Braun U (2003). Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs: 1. Names published in Cercospora and Passalora. CBS Biodiversity Series Utrecht. Dade HA (1968). Microscope Slides for Naturalist Part 1.Vict. Nat., 85: 41-47. D'Aulerio AZ, Zambonelli A, Bianchi A, Albasini A (1995). Micro Morphological and Chemical Investigation into the Effects of Fungal Diseases on Melissa officinals L., Mentha piperita L. and Salvia officinalis L. J. Phytopathol., 143:179-183. Deighton FC (1976). Studies on Cercospora and allied genera VI Pseudocercospora Speg., Pantospora Cif. And Cercoseptoria Petr. Mycol. Pap., 140: 155. Dubey NK (2004). Flora of BHU Campus, Banaras Hindu University. BHU Press,Varanasi, India. Dubey NK, Kumar R, Tripathi P (2004). Global Promotion of Herbal Medicine: India’s Opportunities, Curr. Sci., 86(1): 37-41.