The Political Economy of Eu

CEU eTD Collection

C AN

R ELATIONS

In P T OLITICAL OLITICAL partial fulfilmentpartial of therequirements for degree the of ofMaster Arts HE Department International of Relations and European Studies

E UROPEAN : Supervisor: Professor László Csaba

A E

C Central European University CONOMY OF ASE Word Count:Word Budapest, Hungary Andrea BarabásAndrea Submitted to M U S TUDY OF TUDY By NION ALI 2013

17,132

EU S

AVE

ENEGALAND

XTERNAL A FRICA ?

T HE

CEU eTD Collection further consideration. implic policy some offers versus bilateral between puzzle the and interests, decision flawed and incoherence institutional the by exacerbated further are countries these in conditions exi the that show results The 2002. since them to contributed actor external overview an namely cases, sub the towards relations economic external Union’s Abstract

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse analyse to is thesis this of purpose The - aig rcdr, h ielgcl ls bten eeomn am ad individual and aims development between clash ideological the procedure, making

of the main political, social and economic indicators and assesses how the EU as an an as EU the how assesses and indicators economic and social political, main the of Senegal and Mali. To find out the limitations of the EU policy, the thesis provides thesis the policy, EU the of limitations the out find To Mali. and Senegal

ations of the new international political economy of development of economy political international new the of ations and to find out the limitations of limitations the out find to and 1

utltrl oiy gna Fnly h thesis the Finally agenda. policy multilateral -

Saharan African region, by focusing on two on focusing by region, African Saharan sting unfavourable sting the European the

for

CEU eTD Collection faith in me notonlyduringthisfaith inme time. throughout thisyear. academic Melinda, fromlearning twoexcellent Greskovits professors, ProfessorBéla and Péter Balázs. Professor projectsince September in every in remain will CEU’ after ’life the regarding guidance kind and thesis my on remarks insightful His research. the of process the in received Acknowledgements

Last but by no means least, I extend my gratitude to my parents and family for family and parents my to gratitude my extend I least, means no by but Last fri my all for and Mihály, love, my for thankful particularly am I for Csaba László Professor to gratitude deep my express to like would I

Anna

and Tina and

who have always provided encouragement, support and great moments great and support encouragement, provided always have who

. Also, this ye

my heart. I thank I heart. my ar ar would not have been thesame been nothave would 2

Robin Bellers for his for Bellers Robin

ns epcal for especially ends, without the joy of of without thejoy the support I I support the precious all the all

help

CEU eTD Collection 2003 Appendix 8: Differencesin 8: Appendix of diversification theeconomy Mali, ofSenegal and 2010 Total 7. exportsAppendix Franc millions) ofMali (inCFA Miningproduction 6. ores gold Appendix regarding inkilograms concentrates and inMali, External 5. Trade ofSenegal Appendix GDP 4. Appendix Real Growth inMali 2003 GDP 3. growthAppendix Real rates2002 inSenegal Development Official 2. Appendix Assistance 2000 2011 toLDCs and between of Trade Share 1. Appendix with 4:Comparative summaryfurther implications and Chapter policy 3.Comparative researchChapter onEU 2.General outlookoftheChapter sub 1.Limitations external Chapter oftheeconomic relations EU Introduction Table of contents References - 2011 3.8: EU development aid in Senegal and Mali 3.7: EPAs and Senegal and Mali 3.6: insufficient The amount EU of investment relations with regard to Senegal and Mali 3.5: Immigration policy: an unfavourable spill 3.4: 3.3: Different 3.2: A stable democracy inSenegal and anunfavourable political environment in 3.1: Colonial and past current macroeconomic prospects in Senegal and Mali 2.1: Case selection andrelevance theresearch of 1.3: Conclusions 1.2: Threefurther 1.1: institutionalization The EUof trade and development policy Global trade relations of Senegal and Mali

......

...... social

...... interpretations of EU external economic policy constraints

indicators in the twocountries

...... –

why not s SSA, %ofSSA, total ...... -

Saharan African region and its and region challenges African Saharan ...... - Senegal and EU ign it? ......

...... -

over ...... - 3

2012 ......

......

...... - 2013 - ...... Mali trade and aid relations aid and Mali trade

......

...... Mali ......

......

53 52 52 52 51 51 51 50 50 44 23 17 40 39 37 36 28 28 25 23 21 15 10

6 1

CEU eTD Collection information of the Yaoundé I Yaoundé ofthe information ofthe1 framework the regionin ACP tomoney the allocated I Lomé programs: Eur on opportunities business enrolment school improving gradual the praises former sub predic latter The Report. IMF 2012 the that, before or 2013 March, of Economist the than rather growth attributable largely is which observed, is confidence investor average an with Africa of future cyclically, competition, o demands the with cope to try economies one latest a EU the of part the from the promotion, investment togeth monopolies domestic of abolition transactions, account capital of liberalization the privatization, marginal” been has growth develo economic “their then since ever and growth negative attained development, and trade both of terms stunning sum of sum stunning -

1 Saharan Africa would Africa Saharan

This sum was calculated from the data provided by the EC DEVCO and embraces the following large following large the embraces and theECDEVCO by provided thedata from wascalculated Thissum Despite the Despite p i gauly aln, s h oeal rd o Arc sit twrs non towards shifts Africa of trade overall the as falling, gradually is ope , 1

however, it however, - IV; Stabex and Sysmin and the and Sysmin and IV;Stabex n development n

78, 362 billion euros billion 362 78, continued exposure to European influence since the decolonization period in period decolonization the since influence European to exposure continued the outcome of external assistan external of outcome the . Parallel to these highly favourable voices, others claim that dependency dependency that claim others voices, favourable highly these to Parallel .

almost every four or five years, the general Western perceptio Western general the years, five or four almost every had limited effect on the region and continues to do so. While African While so. do to continues and region the on effect limited had - and of course, of and II has not been found. found. been has II not

y mrvn sca idctr sc as such indicators social improving ly be the world’s fastest growi fastest world’s the be

(Flint

and wider wider and

change

) . This phenomenon was accompanied by accompanied was Thisphenomenon . I h ps er oiieeooi attd coupled attitude economic positive a years past the In . gradually growing aid inflows, which approximately took approximately which inflows, aid growing gradually Introduction er with a philosophy of s of philosophy a with er from the from Cotonou Agreement (EC Devco, 2012). However, the amount of theamount However, 2012). (ECDevco, Agreement Cotonou n h 196 the in oie an mobile

te ol mre and market world the f 1 st

third

EDF until the 3 EDFuntil the ce as it turned out from the special issue of of issue special the from out turned it as ce 0s itre cvrg culd ih better with coupled coverage internet d ng region in 2013 and 2014 whereas 2014 and 2013 in region ng -

1980s

European Development Fund until the until Fund Development European ,

h sub the rd tate minimalism (Nixson minimalism tate

euig I peaec but prevalence HIV reducing EDF as well as any quantitative quantitative any as well EDFas pment in terms of per capita per of terms in pment - aaa Arcn region African Saharan

rwn internati growing

trade liberalization,trade to dom ns about the about ns estically - Europe ted that ted

322.) onal

- the led an an

CEU eTD Collection actor can contribute to the development of the sub the of development the to contribute can actor triggers moresu even it with relations democratizat of terms in outstanding country an as labelled v two paved have events economic and political years’ ten past the however, manner, comparative sub poorest Moreover the of some in limitations policy EU’s the explain neither measured; been not have altogether factors these far, trade favourable mutually relati the hinder can that weaknesses internal several identifies debate mainstream The efforts. development and trade EU of success of lack relative the for reasons substantialhas a the influence over affairs. continent’s War the that perception widespread a is there pl can outsiders and themselves countries poor by determined largely h what to Parallel changed. neighbourhood. situation economic Economist, Whereas remarkable. slightly less a the financial crisis have onthe effect seemto sub bad ( countries ery different ways for them, in them, for ways different ery

ner 1 ner ons as well as the effective allocation of development money to less developed regions. So regions. developed less to money development of allocation effective the as well as ons In the academic debate academic the In ri its EU, the of partner trading top the been never has Africa Although T he overall purpose of this thesis is to find out how the European Union as an external an as Union European the how out find to is thesis this of purpose overall he ) te no’ tra Union’s the , , Minto, 2012). Based on this observation, the widespread European donors’ fatigue and and Europeanfatigue donors’ widespread the observation, this on Based 2012). Minto,

which now is in the hands of its own people. Still, among other actors, the EU EU the actors, other among Still, people. own its of hands the in is now which h Erpa Uin suffers Union European the

waee ueul t ih be might it unequal whatever , pr fo tae eain, h ntr o dvlpet a as significantly also has development of nature the relations, trade from Apart n it and ms of EU aid and a modest a and aid EU ms of

fias cnm ejy a upeeetd success unprecedented an enjoys economy Africa’s e n ad fot twrs two towards efforts aid and de as been claim been as does not seem to tighten economic relations with its prospering prospering its with relations economic tighten to seem not does

different theories have been developed to better understand the understand better to developed been have theories different which the EU played a played EU the which ed by Rodrik et al et Rodrik by ed Western world lost its lost world Western

rm a from and largely unsuccessful largely and wees h rcn pltcl umi i Mali in turmoil political recent the whereas , 2

- Saharan African region but specifically, to specifically, but region African Saharan general

substantial role. substantial

ion, therefore the EU engages in engages the therefore EU ion,

in 2004, 2004, in onre hv nt en rcd n a in traced been not have countries

oiia dilemma political

authority over Africa over authority ae solutions have - Sah namely that “ that namely - ay only a limited role” ( role” limited a only ay aaa Afr Saharan aran Africanaran region. On one hand, hand, one On military engagement. engagement. military codn t the to according se is undoubtedly is se ,

en on to found been development is development cn countries. ican problematic a

(Johnson 1; (Johnson Senegal is Senegal

trade 137) still

CEU eTD Collection these priority shifts priority these which ( are policy development of modifications EU the from connected, strongly became policies two these decades, few last interpretation development official (including investments ( regulation” their and information services, money, assistance) goods, of exchange or movement acto still and been has way, another in it put to or 1.) of action the to refers trade relationstowards the of effects detrimental the on light sheds counterb generally are turmoil in EU the of presence military effective th the or negotiations, trade trade of absence unfavourable the from either resulting losses that namely provided, in multil a or bilateral a endorsing decision internal flawed The criteria. two these within countries income EU the of tools woul thesis this precisely, More Mali. and Senegal Woolcock

the two countries’ economic, political and social indicators. Another interesting observation is is observation interesting Another indicators. social and political economic, countries’ two the

rs ,

among other p other among as well well as state failed or fragile , ocpulzn te em f term, the Conceptualizing

162)

’s regards development policy policy development regards

( . T . 2) at a be taken been had part are are is the stronge the is . herefore the priori the herefore are are codn t Oel eooi policy economic Odell, to According

olicies, olicies, how it how oad a lower a towards far from being cleared, as now the EU seems to struggle with establishingwith struggle to seems EU the now as cleared, being from far - making, the unsettled institutional characteristics and the puzzle between puzzle the and characteristicsinstitutional unsettled the making,

region, which which region, is also conduct development policy policy development alanced by large sums of EU of sums large by alanced , ateral agenda do not result in posit in result not do agenda ateral

the process of international decision international of process the st tool of the EU. This EU. the of tool st hc mgt rv t b esnil fo essential be to prove might which oreign economic policy or economic diplomacy diplomacy economic or policy economic oreign s ties point toward an emphasis on emphasis an toward point ties ,

its international economic relations ( relations economic international its

- hypothesis is that the policy measures resulting from the the from resulting measures policy the that is hypothesis however ide income middle

a part of a wider policy plan i.e. the ‘External Action’ ‘External the i.e. plan policy wider a of part a as an integrant part of EU of part integrant an as the structural/transfor , tomyknowledge, acrig o h Lso Tet, the Treaty, Lisbon the to according , 3 d like to cast light on what on light cast to like d will only be an instrument. O instrument. an be only will

Odell Odell developmental ,

policy is shaped is policy

development money. The thesis also thesis The money. development 11 in 11 specifically ainl aue fE ad and aid EU of nature mational ive outcomes when intervening intervening when outcomes ive

Woolcock and Woolcock an under an and and h cs of case the

economic diplomacy. I diplomacy. economic - making. Undoubtedly, this Undoubtedly, making. various

ftr E poet in projects EU future r

EU’s foreign policy for policy foreign EU’s country and for a low low a for and country

refers to “production, “production, to refers by state and non and state by - Bayne and Woolcock and Bayne researched topic. researched

the effective policy effective the

ocre efforts concerted ne might see that see might ne

nenl political internal Nixs on of the EU EU the of

4 current ). T ). - n then state

his e

CEU eTD Collection relationship is based on power asymmetries, since the ACP group does not have the means to impose ‘appropriate ‘appropriate impose(Slocu 96 in Article defined as measures’ to means the have not does group ACP the since asymmetries, power on based is relationship Economic of contradictions the upon touches section this however, details, in elaborated be cannot agreements partnership to coo close in EUundertakes. that the activity thehumanitarian on alsoexpands thesis ofthis conceptualization tasks who her response, crisis and aid conducts humanitarian cooperation, international for Commissioner first the as appointed was p and social economic, Mali’s policy EU hinder macro the to repercussions its settlement, colonial early aspects: three regarding region, African Saharan conceptualized. EU the main the which analysing in by sources EU the of initiatives policy influential most the present to is section this of aim The region. ACP the with relations its regarding especially EU the of arrangement policy internal the trace to used are theories First, approaches. mainstream of types two present to but papers, policy EU and data statistical policy of set diverse the conceptualize aspects. new with articl several and releases own its interprets of provisions relevant the through relations. thesis this phenomenon, agenda. policy foreign EU’s policy arrangement. institutional coherent and clear a 3 2 measures those identified and subject the conceptualized theoretically having After The

Although humanitarian aid doe aid humanitarian Although Due to the shortness the to Due 2

situation some and intra as being equally important policies of the of policies important equally being as is chapter first atesis wih presuppose which Partnerships,

The second chapter chapter second The - making, a comparative a making, performance in the region. Secondly by using by Secondly region. the in performance

eadn te hoeia cnrbto, h tei mks n a an makes thesis the contribution, theoretical the Regarding

is o xmn E external EU examine to aims of this thesis, the evolving nature of the EU the of nature evolving the thesis, this of es

, the chapter further extends the limitations acknowledged by the EU the by acknowledged limitations the extends further chapter the ,

eue is ou t te as the to focus its reduces s prah oad is an ‘partner’ main its towards approach ’s Although generally, the EU’s economic diplomacy is a w a is diplomacy economic EU’s the generally, Although s not belong to the scope of DG development, from 2010, Kristalina Georgieva Georgieva Kristalina 2010, from development, DG of scope the to belong snot - ltcl niaos is indicators olitical eain ih nrs ilas D Pielbags, Andris with peration trade aspects along with ashortofthe with trade introductioncases. aspects along m

- EU treaties and strategy papers strategy and treaties EU Bradley and Bradley Bradley and Bradley s

n equal an - contains making by not only using primary sources in the form of of form the in sources primary using only not by making

empirical an empirical - making , balanced position, based on common objectives. Still, the the Still, objectives. common on based position, balanced ,

bodr areooi aayi o te sub the of analysis macroeconomic broader a This thesis This EU as well as the most prominent most the as well as EU 4

rvdd in provided

35). alysis of the EU intervention intervention EU the of alysis and problems arising from the institutional institutional the from arising problems and

cnmc policy economic

eset f EU of sessment

- ACP relations, from preferential agreements agreements preferential from relations, ACP also eve

other scholarly researches, press researches, scholarly other h following the regards omn Cmisoe. hs the Thus, Commissioner. lopment the thesis traces how the EU the how traces thesis the 3

h AP ein a be can region ACP the rm w age. First, angles. two from trade - sub - and development and chapter aaa African Saharan

Senegal and Senegal parts of the the of parts tmt to ttempt . orld

o this For - wide that - CEU eTD Collection arguments of the new political economyarguments ofdevelopment. political ofthe new The question. research the answer conclusion final the in used are implications policy alternative of set a with along measures Mali. and Senegal of development social and economic the ind the extent what to T thesis. this of coursethe in elaborated furtheris justification selection theory policy development and trade EU current the of development the to contribute deve and trade flawed EU’s the of demonstration empirical cases these of explanation countries. two the in Union European the cases, countries. the of indicators unfavourable i thesis this way outcomes in differences the for account might variables helping by comparison the identify to helps tracing from various sources. chapte this of part larger reliesreason, on thethesis The case study analysis study case The

process tracing is u is tracing process , which explains two macro phenomena macro two explains which , tns o esr te Us otiuin o h eitn fvual or favourable existing the to contribution EU’s the measure to ntends

ependent variables of the EU trade and development policy contributed to contributed policy development and trade EU the of variables ependent ndertaken in order to measure to order in ndertaken wl b dvtd t devoted be will r .

analysing analysing

Also, b Also, is built on a controlled comparative method, combined with process with combined method, comparative controlled a on built is y using the theoretical concepts, these case studies serve as an as serve studies case these concepts, theoretical the using y document policy considerations considerations policy

y raig ueos bevtos ihn hs two these within observations numerous creating By These observations are then linked to constitute an constitute to linked then are observations These quantitative o “ s whether differences other than those in the main the in those than other differences whether

. and text and Process tracing is essential in the sense that it that sense the in essential is tracing Process 5

s of theses countries two of the ”

( George and Bennett and George

lopment policy lopment outcomes of outcomes ehd, uh s ttsia analyses statistical as such methods, are are The consequences of these policy policy these of consequences The ae o te an theoretical main the on based he overall aim is to assess to is aim overall he different policy too policy different

in general general in

, nevertheless the , nevertheless the 81), which is the is which 81), and also, to also, and Case . ls of ls

CEU eTD Collection eradication (Trade, Growth and Wo and Growth (Trade, eradication Moreover partners trading its of development of level the on depending preferences. trade trad EU the Developmentthe Millennium Goals (MDGs). the EU, the to According trade. for (AfT) the meet develo for tool a as trade use to world the around people and countries helps actively which but Europe, in jobs creates and growth economic boosts only not that policy trade a pursuing to committed is EU “The assista financial particular in assistance, including states 5 Part under 214 to 206 Articles Lisbo the in down laid are aid’ humanitarian and countries third with ‘cooperation inte then performance, traces chapter this all, of First means. 1.1: rpretationsauthors. ofvarious Trade also has a significant place in the in place significant a has also Trade comme ‘common the regarding provisions current The policy economic external EU of evolution the demonstrate to intends chapter This

The The that “the Union shall carry out economic, financial and technical cooperation measures, cooperation technical and financial economic, out carry shall Union “the that initiative, which enables the developing countries to establish the infrastructure infrastructure the establish to countries developing the enables which initiative,

institutionalization of EU t EU of institutionalization developmental needs and situations of its trading partners through its ‘Aid for Trade’ for ‘Aid its through partners trading its of situations and needs developmental , the Strategy further confirms the EU’s effort to connect trade initiatives with poverty with initiatives trade connect to effort EU’s the confirms further Strategy the , Chapter 1 plc sol spot h poet cnme b providing by economies poorest the support should policy e h Srtg as cam ta te U odcs dfeetae approach differentiated a conducts EU the that claims also Strategy The

t ext it . L imitations of the EU external economic relations pment” ends

(EU Trade, 2009 Trade, (EU of these limitations with new understandings, remarks and and remarks understandings, new with limitations these se conditions can can conditions se rld Affairs rld ‘The External Action of the European Union’. Union’. European the of Action External ‘The rade rade

and development p development and h E’ on ecpin an perception own EU’s the current

5). The EU’s vision EU’s The 5). nce, with (…) developing countries” developing (…) with nce, 6

) . A . EU2020 Strategy. The Strategy contains that contains Strategy The Strategy. EU2020 significantly significantly lso, the EU’s trade policy trade EU’s the olicy olicy ca plc’ f h E and EU the of policy’ rcial contribute to the attainment of attainment the to contribute

rm h dvlpn wo developing the from through its trade policy aim policy trade its through

d assessment of its its of assessment d favourable is specialised to specialised is n Treaty, from from Treaty, n . Moreover, . Article 212 Article

nec unilateral by two by essary rld. s

CEU eTD Collection Cotonou Agreement between the EU and the ACP region. region. ACP the p and EU the between Agreement Cotonou was prevents and markets the bu dominant of functioning proper the guarantees that framework regulatory markets the to access and infrastructure improved standards, labour core for respect nets, safety services, social appropriate health and education improved policies, macroeconomic “sound by achievements, su how of vision general broader, labour know Communication The of establishment the or development, capital human governance, social externalities bega only 2002 in Communication partnership a to countries these donor hierarchical as toimprowell op gradually but countries, ACP for market EU the up open regions, two the between field playing EU the to According PartnershipEconomic Agreements the is EU the of instrument major one which for conditions, working better maintaining and at artnership, regional integration, flexibility and link to WTO. linkto and flexibility integration, regional artnership,

the integration of developing countries into the global the into countries developing of integration the

Also, a strong belief belief strong a Also, years ten past the in significantly changed has policy development and trade EU 4 expressed in this in expressed

ic ter e their Since n -

intensive goods” intensive oa, uh as such today,

en up ACP markets, help reduce help markets, ACP up en of combining of siness corruption and behaviour ve economic governance (EC, economicve (EC, governance 2010 tbihet n 02 EA hd elcd h eitn areet i te rmwr o the of framework the in agreements existing the replaced had EPAs 2002, in stablishment - eiin relationship recipient ,

, paper, however paper, also

particularly for population for particularly

EPAs promot EPAs hg tae ares hogot h wrd epcal i agricultural in especially world, the throughout barriers trade “high

or the high import tariffs ( tariffs import high the or in WTO in trad dniis h mi polm o te eeoig ol that world developing the of problems main the identifies

e with development efforts development with e - related trading rules and an an and rules trading related

- ( ae liaison based EPAs) csfl rd cn otiue to contribute can trade ccessful t raie h oeacig imp overarching the realize to n e development, foster r foster development, e ,

it soon turned out that out turned soon it

iig t usig tasomtv agenda transformative a pursuing at aiming 4

with African, Caribbean and Pacific countries Pacific and Caribbean African, with

and and

poverty and promote sustainable development as development sustainable promote and poverty

in rural areas and the effective enforcement of aof enforcement effective the and areas rural in appropriate e 7

). ae o srcua adjustment structural on based Their main aim can be summarized in four terms: terms: four in summarized be can aim main Their 9

- 11)

economy by helping poverty eradication poverty helpingby economy . ,

Here, the Here, such as more effective economic and economic effective more as such egional integration, establish integration, egional

nvironmental legislation”nvironmental (ibid the improved regulatory environment regulatory improved

sub

Communication sets out a a out sets Communication - Saharan African countries African Saharan

core labour standards (6). standards labour core rac o te positive the of ortance long - term development development term . they they The EU EU The

, from a a from , r well are towards

(ACP) a level a

only ). and

- .

CEU eTD Collection gains for African LDCs, they must be in a position to competitively produce and supply goods on world export export world on goods supply and produce competitively to position Report (UNCTAD markets a in be must they LDCs, African for gains otherk programme (EBA) Arms’ but ‘Everything th of up opening the was Communication incr are countries developing like issues broad addressing in the development, in trade of necessity the FDI, of effect the especially openness, decade struggle path, development their find to managed world the of parts 2007, of Strategy Africa the on based prioritie policy society civil and cooperation regional enhancing partnership the of importance 2007 in occasion, this For Strategy. issue than negotiation a trade of instrument broad a were 2002 in out set EU the that aims the all, in All policies, tax and macroeconomic addressing on development ( infrastructu or management, policy domestic of lack the to due system benefi to able not were and targets these meet to failed 15). 5 T Africa its reconsidered also EU the Communications, two the of span time the Between 6

However, under the EBA EBA the under However, and (3), integration regional and trade (2); rights human and governance democratic (1); security and Peace T e omsin Cmuiain n 2012 in Communication Commission’ he ey development issues (4). ( (4). issues development ey herefore the main goals were goals main the herefore

for most of the ACP states ACP the of mostfor d

on their way their on , compliance with WTO with compliance s was also - , specific and specific and

, 2012 despite the fact fact the despite set initiative, in order for such unlimited market access to translate into real economi real into translate to access market unlimited such for order in initiative,

5 ) .

5).

aigy iegn. lhuh h oealaheeet f h 2002 the of achievement overall the Although diverging. easingly comb development nd

- based relationship, strengthening the domestic governance, governance, domestic the strengthening relationship, based

oeig aif, and tariffs, lowering

tailored tailored approach. ( 2). 2).

i - mproving market access, poverty reduction and sustainable and reduction poverty access, market mproving , rules, including intellect including rules,

This latest version stresses version latest This changed those changed that h revi the the EU has been been has EU the Erpa mre fr h LC floe by followed LDCs the for market European e , 6

hc bscly ul oes h mre without market the opens fully basically which e Srtg cm it lf, hc srse the stressed which life, into came Strategy sed . In the rather ambitious Strategy, a Strategy, ambitious rather the In . de o lbl cnmc hfs f power, of shifts economic global to due , and the improvement of improvement the and 8

ined with a stronger support for support stronger a with ined more

priorities of ten years earlier years ten of priorities wrns of awareness t from the rules the from t general and and general the ual property rights, property ual sub main trading partner in the past the in partner trading main

- the positive externality of tradeof externality positive the Saharan African countries still countries African Saharan

h fc te cnme of economies the fact the transformative - ral and other weaknesses other and ral based multilateral based

the investment climate investment the a general focus general a lack of success of lack

. While some While . new order of order new , embracing , multilateral multilateral

trading

and and the c .

CEU eTD Collection AFT peaked in 2009, with 10,4 billion euros. billion 10,4 with in 2009, peaked AFT of amount The Goals. Development Millennium the of objectives the reach them help and environment economic d achieve coherent morepresentsa and elaborated thegeneralof failure alone theDevelopment Doha Round. LDCs for beneficial be to out turn always not does it that fact the despite agenda multilateral governance good and reforms domes like issues addressing as well as LDCs with relations trade harm that volatility price and conflicts internal disasters, natural of case in plans making on focused Commission the time This and measures responsibility social government may it hand, other the on a investors protects it as risky be might step This investment. rights more EU but strengthened, been has side investment the general the enhancementofsmall transactions also appeared have feasibility and income, their on based grouping sophisticated more by preferences, specific on more focused has Communication this decade, La emphasises Al LDCs. reaches 22% some only but needs, related trade supports now aid results. limited impo tin learning the to Due 7

h Ad o Tae Agenda Trade for Aid The - sing any tariff any sing America ( America

All in all, compared to its predecessor, the predecessor, its to compared all, in All transformative approac transformative vlpetl ol. t uprs eeoig onre t ahr t te ever the to adhere to countries developing supports It goals. evelopmental s that trade relations shoul relations trade that . The feedback mechanism established by this Communication this by established mechanism feedback The . Due to the Aid for Trade (AfT) initiative (AfT) Trade for Aid the to Due 8), nosigns of ad defends and ,

or quota ( quota or - , y on poes f h Uin ad the and Union, the of process doing by

such as the empowerment of sma of empowerment the as such even weaken the barga the weaken even

cs ahr cmlmnay omtet o trade to commitment complementary a rather acts 6). H 6).

the same initiative in sub in the same initiative

h and a lack of specificity on specificity of lack a and h hm gis te osbe rwak o a large a of drawbacks possible the against them Te U otne t epaie h iprac o the of importance the emphasize to continued EU The . monitoring schemes monitoring

owever, other achievements in this field have mainly delivered mainly have field this in achievements other owever,

d be conducted with and enhanced and with conducted be d . Nevertheless, the better targeted aid for. Nevertheless,aid thebettertargeted trade

agenda in order to establish a win a establish to in order unfortunate ining power of power ining 9

Communication

- is undoubte is Saharan Africa can be can Africa Saharan observed. , 7

more than a third of EU development EU of third a than more

ll and medium and ll

ly it ly the EU’s part. On the other the On part. EU’s the nd supports them financially, but financially, them supports nd

the grants ,

dly a significant step forward. step significant a dly

esn lan fo te past the from learnt lessons of 2012 is 2012 of in o mria program marginal of signs ( often rent often

- - only only changing rules of the global global the of rules changing related priorities in order to to order in priorities related

- regional integration in integration regional - win situation betweensituationwin

sized enterprises and enterprises sized along with corporate with along putting LDCs into a a into LDCs putting so, alth so, investors from the from investors

significantly well significantly - seeking - cl strategic scale ough the EU the ough

still shows a still shows a )

African African

hand, hand, ,

let let tic - ,

CEU eTD Collection Commission, which initiates the participation of the EU in international trade negotiations and negotiations trade international in EU the of participation the initiates which Commission, Second Ministers. of Council the through collectively member individual Me “Community uncontested. is affairs trade international over Commission structure overall the observing decision render might ‘learning spill a in result might (trade) area one in legitimacy that claiming view, of point intergovernmentalist EU. the within na flawed the and conflicts internal the tracing on focuses mostly agend multilateral the or bilateral the pursuing between clash ideological the and characteristics institutional arrangement; institutional line 1.2: foreign economic specifi these evaluate EU the how of overview brief a provided smaller marginal, the s LDCs’ the double to commitment the as well national institutional LDCs. the and EU the s

- Three further interpretations of EU external economic policy constraints policy economic external EU of interpretations further Three

vr o nte (fo another to over of Based on the literature provided by academics of political of byacademics political Based theliterature provided on - poverty reduction strategies reduction poverty by argumen - d changes and good governance ( governance good and changes plce, wd rne f ieaue demonstrate literature of range wide a policies, c oing’ process often results in a complex set of horizontal and vertical relations that relations vertical and horizontal of set complex a in results often process oing’

hd a Blwn us t (928 it puts Baldwin as thod” hl Muir n Nicolaidis and Meunier While policy faces tation s - firstly scale projects, scale - making even more bureaucratic and less appealing to member states. By states. member to appealing less and bureaucratic more even making

eg policy) reign Perhaps one of its most effective policy policy effective most its of one Perhaps of delegate Us rd ad devel and trade EU’s .

of institutional arrangement institutional

structural changes remain high on the EU’s agenda. agenda. EU’s the on high remain changes structural

in line with trade and development efforts in the LDCs the in efforts development and trade with line in

hi authori their twrs h AP countries ACP the towards a 20) i ses ht this that seems it (2006), 18) hare in global exports by 2020. Obviously 2020. by exports global in hare , improved domestic policy and country and policy domestic improved , 10

), s elc o ti apc fo a ahr liberal rather a from aspect this on reflect y o ocue rd agreements, trade conclude to ty

its own achievements and priorities and achievements own its s two is pet oiy a b observed be can policy opment ly , the Council delegates it to the European European the to it delegates Council the , , the authors cla authors the , - fold according to the authors. The The authors. the to according fold h ngtaig process negotiating The

economy, ingeneral other s o awy te ae a the as case, the always not is ture of multilevel governance multilevel of ture . implicat h frt ie f argument of line first The im that the that im challenges that the EU EU the that challenges ions

s its is leverage ofleverage the

three

, namely, namely, , by regarding ou on focus o the or , , despite , - specific Having acting

main ,

as CEU eTD Collection this follows that. this follows Yo them granted enjoy states ACP the transformedas lobb and participation active France’s on amo was policy trade of establishment the i o policy coherence prevents that the is it that the namely interpretation governments resourcesEuropean of as most the enth state member weakening (ibid). negotiations trade multilateral unanimity, of instead n by influenced are ( interests” of “heterogeneity a Commission the distributionbetween representswho theinterests solely (ibid). ofthe states member principal in f of directly composition intervene also can they but end, the at results the ratify and objectives the set conduct ts historical “compartmenta historical ts ung and Peterso and ung 8 ng member states, the evolution the states, member ng

By ’multilevel’, Woolcock understands the bilateral the understands Woolcock ’multilevel’, By Movi Nevertheles s bjectives such as such bjectives -

agent problem, since the Commission has to be seen as a credible, trusted negotiator negotiator trusted credible, a as seen be to has Commission the since problem, agent the negoti the g wy rm h isiuinl arrangements institutional the from away ng institutional chara institutional

special trade preferences and commodi and preferences trade special inal package package inal s n 4 n ations in the name the in ations , t , on

wo problems arise from this process. First, it results in a unequal a in results it First, process. this from arise problems wo aoiy oig ih dlvr etr eut i itrainl iaea or bilateral international in results better deliver might voting majority ) -

tt atr ad hold and actors state (363)

Elgström and Pilegaard claim that historical events contributed to th to contributed events historical that claim Pilegaard and Elgström those arising from its from arising those nature of decision of nature

lization” t lization” cteristics Meunier and Nicolaidis and Meunier . Moreover, the Moreover, . (Woolcock usia sm might prevent trade policy from policy trade prevent might sm

ed such as the abrupt decisi abrupt the as such

of development policy was more of a hasty process, based process, hasty a of more was policy development of lo Blwn fo a rcia cnieain rus that argues consideration practical a from Baldwin, Also,

hat prevents hat

to a certain extent a extent certain a to nd the Parliament (Baldwin Parliament the nd a privileged relationship with the EC, and later on the EU the on later and EC, the with privileged relationship a of the member states ( states member the of

389). According to the author, the to According 389). ig Fr hs esn te itrcl is a been had ties historical the reason, this For ying. y also claim that the Union is torn between different torn isbetween theUnion that also claim y - making, o making,

- ifrn co different multilevel approach multilevel

region have to take b totake have 11

effectively effectively

909) of the member state governments that governments state member the of 909) - to ty protocols. ty ther - region and multilateral matrix and therefore this therefore and matrix multilateral and region

nvi s, like Elgström and Pilegaard Pilegaard and Elgström like s, positive result positive on 909).

elt tos te uhr sget that suggests authors the ctions, combining combining

- making arrangement of the EU the of arrangement making - oad the towards tightening measures (

929

. Among others (Nixson (Nixson others Among 8 The member states not only only not states member The

The authors claim that it is it that claim authors The ); and secondly, d secondly, and );

this resembles this get its policy fields. While fields. policy its ting of a concerted effort concerted a of

access to further to access eod ie of line second

the classic the 930). ue to theto ue

power argue

340

the e ;

CEU eTD Collection eain, th relations, external EU’s in priorities of shift the to due blocks two the between relationship the of nature Flint, incoherenc internal in resulting thus weakened, significantly was Development DG while power, bargaining most the given undoubtedly was ofcent GNIform ina target of a re has EU The framework. macroeconomic stable Pilegaard and interests Th 2000. June, interests. ( maj with rhetoric (1 1980s countries. these in adjustments structural delivering of aim primary the with ( 1973 countries. these on impact little had still assistance foreign institutional legislations. different by trade of role the on put was emphasis and created were institutions c these that demonstrate authors the policy EU fragmented 2) n ad ta ad oiy eae usrin t te donor the to subservient became policy aid that adds and 326) relationship aid 341) olonies. ).

Nixson - 74 - it 1990s therefore 1990s hn t Then, , resulte

as well as between the different institutionalized sector interests within the EU EU the interestswithin sector institutionalized different the between as well as

h sub the Lomé, according to Nixson (340 Nixson to according Lomé, e incompatibility with the WTO regime and the development of a neoliberal neoliberal a of development the and regime WTO the with incompatibility e lsrm n Plgad ocue ht rfrnil mar preferential that conclude Pilegaard and Elgström also 364) d in a general disappointment as i as disappointment general a in d he EU EU he is or Westernexpressing donorsor -

aaa Arcn cnme wr ht ad y h goa eooi instab economic global the by hard hit were economies African Saharan aes h period the labels a mil bsd n cmrms o te ebr tts w states member the of compromise a on based mainly was and its main priority was poverty was priority main its and

changed over time towards a more orthodox donor orthodox more a towards time over changed - is characterized as “trade “trade as characterized is nrdcd conditionality, introduced making . Beginning with the with Beginning

decentralized cooperationdecentralized (

ee qal tuhn uo ad n tae oad former towards trade and aid upon touching equally were s en hallmarked being as - 343

desire to substitute private to desire ) , and e as

12 t was widely regarded as a turning point in the in point turning a as regarded widely was t - was relatively successful, as a number of joint of number a as successful, relatively was on fo soon committed itself to th to itself committed

development pol development Lomé Conventions between 1975 and 2000 and 1975 between Conventions Lomé

reduction and eventual eradication within a within eradication eventual and reduction a ore f disagreements. of source llow

y pro by W Nixson d y h Ctnu A Cotonou the by ed hen due to the oil price oil the to due hen - akt n anti and market icy” by Young and P and Young by icy” 343).

e acs ad significant and access ket omnt’ commercial community’s e achievement of 0.7 per 0.7 of achievement e At thisAt time capital flows for ODA ODA forflows capital - recipient relationship recipient

This time period time This A t diverging ith - reet in greement government government crig to ccording

DG Trade DG Trade

(Elgstöm (Elgstöm shock in shock eterson ility

of of , CEU eTD Collection integration model, the absence of African stakeholders in negotiations and the plethora of of plethora the and of as aid conditionalities as well negotiations in stakeholders African of absence the model, integration has Africa in policy trade EU The the precipitated underdevelopment oftheregion, equal because rulesfor unequal (…) Africa. from products export the on tariffs high imposing while unfair compe and shares low market prices, lost suffer products,itcauses to and farmersinAfrica its farmers subsidizes still Policy Agricultural Common its under EU, the While exploitation. and protectionism standards, Instituteof the Nigerian ofIn Director the Ogwu, Joy U. Prof. that surprise No initiative. this from benefit genuinely e sugar net the for unlikely it makes which 2013), Commission, (European 2015 market full the on clause safeguard its extended further EU the and regulations strict the while dom production, LDC boosting of statements EU’s the to due ( regions exporter had it thus, and market rice and sugar (banana, as well as countries dis to leads it that basis the on them excluded EU the as apply were LD quota and duty grant to is aim main initiative’s Arms’ but ‘Everything the namely region, SSA the on bargai toaweakened led ( agenda aid in consensus Cs without any quantitative restrictions. However, three commodi three However, restrictions. quantitative any without Cs

estic lobbying lobbying estic

ntal nto h itadi ssil usinbewehrte quota the whether questionable still is it and list the on not initially The professor also expressed hi expressed also professor The T theIn with Cotonou line e U rd plc twrs fia s o bsd n qa terms, equal on based not is Africa towards policy trade EU he 69 within the EU the within

- protecting its own domestic market. Flint argues that in none of these cases these of none in that argues Flint market. domestic own its protecting 73). Therefore the perception of EBA throughout the years has been mixed been has years the throughout EBA of perception the Therefore 73). ws there was ) ning ofcountriesACP power ( ermna conse detrimental Flint ternational Affairsternational said

12). Also, the idea of separating the AC the separating of idea the Also, 12).

the lack ofconsistency (6 Agreement, another instrument of the EU had ambiguous effect effect ambiguous instrument had of another theEU Agreement,

only hampered the effective utilization of this initiative. So far, So initiative. this of utilization effective the hampered only

miet het ht D cmoiis inunda commodities LDC that threat imminent s

concerns about the unfeasibility of European regional European of unfeasibility the about concerns une o dmsi mre afis s wel as affairs market domestic on quences - free access to all exports (except arms) from the from arms) (except exports all to access free 13

the following in 2005: in the following

(EBA) 74). ).

which was established in 2001. The 2001. in established was which opening by opening crimination among among crimination partners constitute inequality. characterized as it is, by double double by is, it as characterized ties, banana, rice and sugar and rice banana, ties, P states into 6 sub 6 into states P

reacs il ever will access free another six years, by years, six another xporter LDCs to to LDCs xporter developing e h EU the te a other as l - - General regions

tition,

CEU eTD Collection agenda is which Union, the of economy colonies ( decision internal challenged constantly a and policy development securitized commodities. and trade connect to EU the of inability the demonstrate clearly examples These Trade. DG the of hand the at this leaving negotiations, EPA the in interested not either were members EU coin, the of coun African seven pushes currently ( eroded largely been has region the of unity overall the therefore agreements, trade free real have to managed nevertheless co little very is there Since received they EBA the of framework the in agreement trade preferential the with satisfied were Conference la even organizations regional in memberships the how were reason, abovementioned the for weakened significantly embracing, were they fields policy broad however interim different only today, until entirely force into come not could they however policies, regulatory with agreements agreement Slocum 9

This argument is further empirically asserted while analysing the two case studies, Senegal and Mali and Senegal twostudies, while analysingcase the asserted empirically further is Thisargument ,

Last but not but Last (EPAs) Agreements Partnership Economic The labelled by Young and Peterson, as ‘development ‘development as Peterson, and Young by labelled gr eetet oad EPAs, towards resentment rger . - self rde ad rde 46 Bradley and Bradley

meant a significant change from non from change significant a meant oet alvain ept te iutnos eln i te rc o pr of price the in decline simultaneous the despite alleviation poverty - in Mexico. Not surprising, Not Mexico. in confidence All in all, the all, in All

least, the third the least, . agreements were signed based on the trade on certain goods. certain on trade the on based signed were agreements Moreover, ( Moreover, along with the growing bargaining power resulting from the overlapping the from resulting power bargaining growing the with along Slocu

EU is still regarded as a horizontally incoherent organization with a with organization incoherent horizontally a as regarded still is EU eec bten h EPAs the between herence m

) - the internal struggle over pursuing the pursuing over struggle internal the

rde ad Bradley and Bradley

Slocum

rpe i a ope wb f neatos ih t former its with interactions of web complex a in trapped factor is largely discussed among representatives of politi of representatives among discussed largely is factor tries to c to tries of the ACP states was growing at that time, leading to an to leading time, that at growing was states ACP the of the ACP countries put limited priority on EPAs as they as EPAs on priority limited put countries ACP the

- hc te dmntae i te WTO the in demonstrated they which Bradley and Bradley and Bradley omplete them (EurActiv.com 1 (EurActiv.com them omplete - 14 reciprocal trade preferences to reciprocal trade reciprocal to preferences trade reciprocal

40 as the other successors of the Cotonou the of successors other the as )

and continues to do so as the EU EU the as so do to continues and in in and

rd plc’ ( policy’ trade 42; Lorenz 42;

einl nerto, others integration, regional bilateral or the multilateral the or bilateral

24 ) . ) also demonstrate also ) On the other side other the On 3) - . ma

lhuh the Although ig system king The EPAs, The Ministerial .

imary cal cal . 9

CEU eTD Collection SSA SSA however praiseworthy, undoubtedly is EEAS, the DG Trade, DG of cooperation the involves world. developing the on impact overall the was what itself, evaluates EU 1.3: outside powers ( as is, agenda multilateral agenda WTO the not or following regarding development global addressing level. multilateral at a on problems aiming channel main the Agenda, Development Doha trad the of voices. positive WTO the of endorsement the by followed disappointment costs adjustment of transfer constraint, agenda. multilateral intere their to contrary developments policy with coincided has needs countries’ developing on focus political greater “a that belief widespread a be to seems there reason, this For agreements. trade preferential promote to efforts agreements. or regulations WTO following mandate ( representation” of “pooling The broader li broader The

Conclusions region have region

n a ucnetd eeae n lbl cnmc far, h E i tr between torn is EU the affairs, economic global in leverage uncontested an and ing system for some time to come” (399), come” to time some for system ing its

Therefore abiding by abiding Therefore

(i.e. (i.e.

18). According to According

mainly terature review provided here was trying to capture the dichotomy of dichotomy the capture to trying was here provided review terature the EU’s the

its performance, and how others perceive the EU to have performed and and performed have to EU the perceive others how and performance, its

lo Muiir n Nclii age ht i te ae f multilateral of face the “in that argue Nicolaidis and Meunidier Also, Flint resulted in resulted ol rmiig oe ses o i wt dtriig h sed of speed the determining with lie to seems power remaining only )

argues, is more like an internal urge rather than the enforcem the than rather urge internal an like more is argues, Woolcock, ene ad Nicolaidis and Meunier to

among global trade rules trade global u as But c un niu gatn te developing the granting ontinue t” Yug n P and (Young sts” successful policy outcomes policy successful

”bilateral trade agreements will remain a central feature central a remain will agreements trade ”bilateral hr ae o cnmc neet a sae o th for stake at interests economic no are there t taig ates ( partners” trading its Development and Cooperation, and Development , a reorientation of the EU’s political intere political EU’s the of reorientation a , 15 ,

, these transformative aspirations towards the the towards aspirations transformative these

established by the WTO the by established especially especially 0) ie te U n unprecedented an EU the gives 909) eterson hs ahr ope iiitv, which initiative, complex rather This - based m based due to the lack of success in the in success of lack the to due

) u t te uhn o the of pushing the to due 2) .

917). It is obviously a welcoming a obviously is It ultilateral agenda, ultilateral

world ept te general the Despite ECHO and recently and ECHO ,

impedes t impedes rfrnil trade preferential

there are there how the how he EU’s he sts to a to sts ent of ent EU e CEU eTD Collection slto ad n n qa foig ih te dmnin o frin eain, t woul it relations, foreign positive, butifwouldbe up,it itis eaten of dimensions other with footing equal an of on out and comes isolation development “if Development: DG the of Director former Frisch, Dieter by harde become objectives, economic than other “w namely conclusion, as serve might Baldwin by provided subordinated be to planned a issues development recently, and Trade, DG to given was and away taken was responsibility Peterson policies agenda treaty acc shifting been always have policy development and trade EU for step theEuropeangreat Union. ahead an that uncontested largely is a another reason, itaims t neglecting while policy one prioritizing of shortcomings the of aware that fact rguments are strongly diverging strongly are rguments Among the Among

dmsi rsoss o xenl events external to responses /domestic hne wti te EU the within changes “ 2013 , while pursuing an unique development agenda, agenda, development unique an pursuing while undermine any claim it may make make may it claim any undermine r to get things done” done” things get to r se o ev )

arguments, one arguments, seily o te ae ht ntal a ag pr o D Development’s DG of part large a initially that case the for especially aluate its decisionscreate aluate and to the to

institutionalized framework for cooperation has obviously been a a been obviously has cooperation for framework institutionalized

, regarding the regarding

more U rd pltc become politics trade EU of basket s el as well as ( 928)

might be might a disaster”a (Varrenti ,

which reflects the same rat same the reflects which multi o be to general . to h rslig otaitos n h E’ trade EU’s the in contradictions resulting The 16 - new fundsnew for various in faceted tasks of the EEAS. the of tasks faceted

h otoe o te rvosy pursued previously the of outcomes the common, namely that t that namely common, capo o development of champion a success o success the European Com European the hen trade policy is used for purposes purposes for used is policy trade hen 5

es ay o manag to easy less cites Friends of Europe, 2008 cites Friends Europe, of f these policy fields of the EU, the of fields policy these f rigt h institutional the to ording ionale behind what was said was what behind ionale

tasks. tasks. he priorities between priorities he mission be mission Another argument, Another Although the Although ” (Young and and (Young ” , , n i may it and e,

and for this this for and came

main main be d

). well well and

re re it

CEU eTD Collection rule of law, and are more li more are and law, of rule institutions better to leads which today, capita per GDP of levels institutions early strong with countries that conclude al. et Acemoglu case the in especially institutionalization of extent the affected largely extensiv on (based “settler” characterising by idea this elaborates arrangement, either colonial settler on or extractive based colonies former in developing institutions good of likelihood the measured conceptualization best the provide articlesal’s Acemogluet and Austin’s explanation, brief a For the continent. of path development cannot certainly that contribute totheir better development influential most how of emerges clearer picture a Mali, and Senegal of specifically, more and region this of features trade external and social political, economic, historical, main the assessing mentioned macroeconomic years ten past the from EU the with on repercussions sub the perceptions of

Chapter 2. When talking about talking When EU strongly a provided having After - aaa Arcn re African Saharan e mining) and “peasant” (promoting largely agriculture production) colonies, which colonies, production) agriculture largely (promoting “peasant” and mining) e li iain o E tae n dvlpet oiy a b eprcly observed. empirically be can policy development and trade EU of mitations

the ACP countries, this chapter countries, this the ACP global external actors has performed in the last ten years as well as how it might it how as well as years ten last the in performed has actors external global situation.

h cret economic current the

General outlookof the sub e vie a i sil a long has still it as avoided be

Then,

African economic development, the colonial legacy as such as legacy colonial the development, economic African kely to have higher GDP figures GDP higher have to kely in SA by (SSA) gion this chapter this . utn floig h ln o Aeol’ agmn who argument Acemoglu’s of line the following Austin,

is provided. is in thefuture

re i te ein Secondly, region. the in order challenges

introduces two case studies on which the which on studies case two introduces aims to presenting - 17 ete approac centred

This is This .

- Saharan African region its and further narrow the geographical space into space narrowfurther thegeographical

- fol em osqecs n h general the on consequences term rel te colonial the briefly lowed by the current the by lowed

( 1370) that respect property rights, property respect that culd ih h general the with coupled h

continue to maintain higher maintain to continue . Austin takes it further by further it takes Austin . of sub of

international the EU as one of the of one as EU the - Saharan Africa Saharan

eay n its and legacy

intra rd data trade

is a is - regional above

topic

(1) the the By - .

CEU eTD Collection oprd o h 12 blin vrl tae u (uott oktok 2002 Pocketbook (Eurostat sum trade overall ofits approx. for 3,2% continent accounted African overall billion 1828 the to compared from imports while states accordingthis eroding tothe IMF is 1) gradually forecast in2012(Appendix versa vice than continent African the for role influential more a plays still EU the that 147,272 the euros) (ibid) 2011 in euros million 3275,537 of balance trade global EU’s the by dwarfed is euros million 171 we as increasing gradually but states, ACP the and EU the between balanced relatively only not is relationship export the than billion) 2002 in back partner r a is which goods, in 6 the is region ACP relations trade Europe’s in actor institutions, early of guarding while competition c integrity their and to and learn to have economies African experiences historical ( export manufacturing enha measures, other among by, escaped be can weaknesses institutional inherent the that another. or group one into put being form of parts development asking 10 In 2002, trade trade 2002, In . As .

whether whether On a On success the on based experiences colonial neutral or negative substantially having Either

for the ACP countries, compared t compared countries, ACP the for it

general basis, the EU imports agricultural products and crude minerals from ACP ACP from minerals crude and products agricultural imports EU the basis, general developing countries are still concentrated on a limited range of pro of range limited a on concentrated still are countries developing exports manufacturing products especially machinery and primary products primary and machinery especially products manufacturing exports ll (EU Bilateral Trade 2 TradeBilateral (EU ll this between both regions amounted to 58,3 billion € (ACP € billion 58,3 to amounted regions both between million euros turnover euros million th di the

. 10 elatively downgraded position from position downgraded elatively largest trading partner of the EU, accounting for more than 5,3% of trade of 5,3% than more for accounting EU, the of partner trading largest stinction 123

The current overall import overall current The s countries of countries

8,%, eutn i 158 ilo ers Atog te import the Although euros. billion 185,8 in resulting (86,7%), ). er French colonies and what and colonies French er

The general conclusion regarding this question is, that based on theiron based that questionthisis, generalregarding conclusionThe

has contributed to a to contributed has

even after decolonization after even

Africa Subramanian Subramanian )

still, the ov the still, , albeit albeit , xlsvl ihte Union the with exclusively o their overall trade balance in balance trade overall their o ultural (Mailafia heritage 13

18 trade and being itsand 4 trade not to the same extent, same the to not et al. seem al. et s

erall trade turnover, which was approximatelywas which turnover, trade erall

between the regions is slightly hi slightly is regions the between better understanding of the slightly various slightly the of understanding better

the advantages or disadvantages or advantages the

having been the fourth largest trading largest fourth the been having . According

to contradict this argument, statin argument, this contradict to - EU Trade Relations Key Facts 2002) 2002) Facts Key Relations Trade EU th -

2007), therefore its trade with the the with trade its therefore 2007),

largest trading partner. trading largest dp t te lbl market global the to adapt

to allows making allows

EU ). remained a substantial a remained .

2012 statistics, the statistics, 2012 2011 (646 million (646 2011 ducts that are are that ducts

gher (99,2 gher , however , h claim the were - export export ncing ncing . EU EU . of g CEU eTD Collection h fnnil ep Fo te te pit f iw te U a as be so i developing in slow been also has EU the view, of point other the From help. financial the development of field suspension and sanctions aid faced countries ACP the years the under region African 10 ta was ODA EU of euros) billion (25.3 43% that fact the given increased, only has then since ODA of sum overall the of out Africa to money allocated the of percentage the and role Europe’s 59). Assis Development Overseas ( do development largest the EU the making annually, million 880 € approximately of average 2 to 2001 in Commission Conference Ministerial Doha the From considerations. this to contrary various its on based sticks, or carrots either using of tool a as function to likely is regions the in EU the of power trade As needed. is flows development of extent the of assessment overall an still, policy, development than growth partic many surprisingly, att to seeking C (EC growth productivity services. expanded commodity labour unskilled mainly use exploi the from mainly derived aig Trade Making rg eted to Africa already in 2011 2011 in already Africa to eted

ularly primarycommoditiesularly (ibid Parallel to the gradual increase of development funds targeting the SSA region, in the pastthe in region, SSA the targeting fundsdevelopment of increasegradual the to Parallel As

- a age bfr, hl tae oiy s iey o ae oe mat n econom on impact more have to likely is policy trade while before, argued was exporting African countries have also done well well done also have countries African exporting

allocated a total of around € € around of total a allocated at prpit ivsmn (i investment appropriate ract

, ok o Dvlpet 2008 Development, for Work in theory in

ACP states have become increasingly dependent on a few export products, export few a on dependent increasingly become have states ACP

eetees tee ciiis hwvr poie iie prospec limited provide however, activities, these Nevertheless, as well well as development policy should be based solely on non on solely based be should policy development th European Development Fund2). th European (Appendix ommunication, 2002, 2002, ommunication, because their failed to comply with EU c EU with comply to failed their because

ac ( tance tation of natural resources natural of tation n h pouto chain production the in (ibid), out of which a sum of 571 million is given to the West the to given is million 571 of sum a which of out (ibid), ODA ).

) conditionalities, conditionalities,

5.3 billion to trade to billion 5.3 et o fia Fnnig o Dvlpet 2012 Development, for (Financing Africa to went bid . ewe 20 ad 01 2% f oa EU total of 28% 2011, and 2004 Between ). 19 i peaet mn AP countries. ACP among prevalent is )

) Also, 9). Fr hs esn sm non some reason, this For . or subsidies from l from over the past decade and have even have and decade past the over a weak bargaining position when when position bargaining weak a not only in only not - related assistance. This means an an means This assistance. related ow value added products added value ow incentive , onditionalities attached to attached onditionalities

trade policy but in the in but policy trade

0, h European the 006, - profit maximizing maximizing profit ad sanctions, and s - i and oil s for ts Not that nor ic ,

CEU eTD Collection prophecy, considering the is theregion economic that prophecy, China’s presencein fact prevalent. now Asia and emerging trade the alternative with create ties diplomatic and relations external their diversify should countries African labour permits, work securing as such ways many in businessenvironment favourable truly a realize to order in tackled favour more and more becomes environment intra that arguing by idea build th prosperity and trade regional stimulating themselves, amongst barriers trade lowering through long rationa economic popu educated increasingly their and energetic through Africans, of entrepreneurshi responsibility the mainly was economies peasant the in well went “whatever that claiming argument, of line this follows Austin ch own their “make to have Africans post the as that claims Mailafia perspective, deterministic more and colonial a from this approaching Again, region. towards theSSA developmentincreas assistancethe more tworegions, the decreasesthe betweengradually trade abovementione the This community. donor well the as money ofthe allocation best the contributionto effective states’ tw a as regarded be might development case, people and reduction poverty for strategies systematic

- term development path. Also, developing countries can achieve relatively h relatively achieve can countries developing Also, path. development term The third issue that deserves attentio deserves that issue third The - needne aaim f tt ad ii scey ald o ie p o t promises, its to up live to failed society civil and state of paradigm independence rough p” (1 p”

intra d argument, d ).

mobility and integratio and mobility As the continent the As -

continent trade and investment. Elumelu and Oppenheimer support this this support Oppenheimer and Elumelu investment.and trade continent trade and development data between the EU and SSA regi SSA and EU the between data development and trade - African trade transforms trade African namely that the more trade relations erode and the amount of of amount the and erode relations trade more the that namely oi ces and assume responsibility for responsibility assume and ces

is “blessed with abundant natural resources and a young, a and resources natural abundant with “blessed is n countries (Mailafia (Mailafia countries n lation “(Economist 1b “(Economist lation n in neighbouring countries ( countries neighbouring in n n is the intra the is n able ( able o - ee gm ta qal rqie h developing the requires equally that game level 20

3), however, more soft issues still need still issues soft more however, 3), the region gradually as the general business general the as gradually region the - oriented development. Therefore in this in Therefore development. oriented - trade co trade 5) wih s well a is which 254), ), it has everything to step on a on step to everything has it ), nnection of nnection

their own destiny own their 6). Others also add that add also Others 6). - conceived conceived

igh welfare gains gains welfare igh the SSA region. SSA the on supports on plan of theof plan - del and lity ” (254). (254). ”

ivered to be to ing

CEU eTD Collection development path should, theoretically in an essential case be more or less the same. Moreover, same. the less or more be case essential an in theoretically should, path development Union the of members being and structures economic same an income population, size, country in variability their groupdespite ashomogenous a totreat likely is world Western Countries the (LDCs)whom a comparative cont a provide EU’stowards relationsthe development,analysing social and economic meas policy development 2.1: price orillegalexport trafficking dependence, volatility ( costs, adjustment to paid attention sufficient de without and rules, governance, unfair corrupt and of inequalities context a within conducted when conflict of root a be also can trade Commission, EU the to According features. negative these amplify might world Western listed lac a inadequate or more, services and is infrastructure What environment. macroeconomic the for uncertainty of source a be o impact the with coupled area the in risks economic improved of socio and insecurity includes 2012 of Report IMF the by provided prospectslist The performance. real the endanger that features hindering seriously those Afric West the especially and continent the of development economic

Case s Case ext of sub of ext

as the la the as

o e be o et the test to able be To the regarding future brighter a to contribute that features those listing from Apart (WAEMU) convincing argument. These two countries, b countries, two These argument. convincing election and relevance of the research the of relevance and election dvantages of export products. They both belong to the group of L of group the to belong both They products. export of dvantages rgest hindering factors. Moreover, theoretically good measures like trade with the with trade like measures good theoretically Moreover, factors. hindering rgest - Saharan Africa Saharan ad aig h Erpa Uin s hi lret rdn prnr their partner trading largest their as Union European the having and , rs hl itreig n h bodr sub broader the in intervening while ures

are significantly determined by determined significantly are hypothesi o aeut sil bt also but skills adequate of k , hc i the is which s, f the recent drought in the Sahel countries, which can which countries, Sahel the in drought recent the f 21 d other measures (Flint measures other d

2010).

West African Economic and Monetary Monetary and Economic African West geographical the of members both eing

iie success limited

their trade affiliation in terms of of terms in affiliation trade their

orig oiia features political worrying - aaa Arcn region’s African Saharan Senegal and Mali seem toseem Mali and Senegal an region, there are still are there region, an

48) f h E tae and trade EU the of . Also, sharing the sharing Also, east Developed east p social ep - political

are

CEU eTD Collection counterparts and development of amount assistance.humanitarian substantial a with coupled intervention French limited very a rela whereas 2012) (Ashton, region” the in stability and democracy of “beaconthe being Senegal, with eagerly more and more war stagnating, and Senegal countrie like countries developing of path divergent gradually the by recently ‘orientation’, political significant Papers 2007 however, a occupy both they Apparently, while future the in frontrunners p would Shaw Besides, factor’ institutional ‘the Afri of Index Ibrahim the in ranking different their or 2015 by Goals Development Millennium the reaching of prognosis current their by captured be partly can which paths, developmental different rather followed a political and institutions that argue name under thecommon whichbreakupof Mali a Federation, wassoon in1960. by followed samehistorical experienc the share they 11

According to Acemoglu et al. and Austin, French colonies were treated differently compared to their British British their to compared differently treated were colonies French Austin, and al. et Acemoglu to According eetees te hv be tetd ifrnl drn ti pro, s cmgu t al. et Acemoglu as period, this during differently treated been have they Nevertheless, s like Mali as argued by Shawn (2012) or (2012) Shawn by argued as Mali like s neither of these two countries are listed among the f the among listed are countries two these of neither

they are not granted not are they ,

based on t on based which resulted in largely different development paths (2010). (2010). paths development different in largely resulted which a rather a - 2013). While While 2013). ut it, the “lion kings” ( kings” “lion the it, ut cont heir settler mortality settler heir

roversial state roversial The following chapterThe following has t can governance ‘sustainable economic opportunity’ section. opportunity’ economic ‘sustainable governance can rrangement than Mali than rrangement he EU favours he EU

tions with Mali, due to the on the to due Mali, with tions

las lyd sgiiat oe n hi eooi development. economic their in role significant a played always

the same trade and development incentives development and trade same the

h cret iuto i Ml fis o ie oe o te same. the for hope give to fails Mali in situation current the

M rather l hs oty en granted been mostly has ali - 841), still; Senegal has better chances to keep up with t with up keep to chances better has Senegal still; 841), building effort building es of the 20 the of es

Senegal with more and deeper trade relations and more relations and trade deeper more with and Senegal

agnl oe n th in role marginal rates,

elaborate . T . Senegal is Senegal 22 Haan et al. 8 al. et Haan th

hese two countries after their breaking away breaking their after countries two hese

century, having been both a French colony both a having been century,

under the auspices of France of auspices the under s

on thenature ofthese relationships. - going conflict, going now now

astest growing African states African growing astest EU’ e , the EU is engaging in business in engaging is EU the , expected to have better current better have to expected

eeomn assac and assistance development frin cnmc policy economic foreign s

have been restricted been have (EU Country Strategy Country (EU . As a result of result a As . Therefore

- or as or torn

he to 11

CEU eTD Collection prpit exam appropriate an was Mali higher, is, still and was, exports agricultural of promotion the and economy’ ‘peasant a considered was former the Whereas Senegal. of case the in than extent larger a to probably ve footprint colonial the that, to Contrary certain to industrialization forced population. residentEuropean large A West French of centre commercial and administrative the as and colony “peasant” a as labelled was Senegal past, colonial the of conceptualization abovementioned the on Based groundnuts of tonnes of thousands Cameroon to Senegal from Austin, to According groundnuts. and fisheries Coloni 3.1: an cases, two these regarding assessment of the thechapter. end providedat is policies EU of characteristics the comparing By Earth. and on observing countries poorest the of one towards and path development sustainable a for lower a towards years ten past the in been has strategy ill how of examples empirical several current its as impli well as policy economic external EU of elements essential contains economy, Chapter 3.

ain truh t EA ntuet ih hs to onre. hs hpe as presents also chapter This countries. two these with instrument EPA its through cations Senegal has always been considered as a mixed exporter country abundant in phosphate, in abundant country exporter mixed a as considered been always has Senegal world the in positions Mali’s and Senegal’s provided briefly having after chapter, This al past and current macroeconomic prospects in Senegal and Mali and Senegal in prospects macroeconomic current and past al

Comparative research on EU and palm oil have been transferred for sale to Europe throughout history (2010). history throughout Europe to sale for transferred been have oil palm and l o a oe xrcie ooil eiae rslig n set a in resulting heritage, colonial extractive more a of ple

extent, mechanised transport and investment in infrastructure. in investment and transport mechanised extent, Generally, ‘friendly Senegal like colonies’ Generally, - ocie te U utial dvlpet n trade and development sustainable EU the conceived relations y uh eemnd ais cnmc development, economic Mali’s determined much ry

23 -

Senegal EU and

- middle income country w country income middle - Mali and trade aid

were enhanced by by enhanced were a ith the prospect the ith

- frica it had ahad it frica p f early of up CEU eTD Collection Outlook2012). could Europeans where those than today poorer substantially settledown. are rates higher with colonies those that claim and 2011 in 40,6% from grown it dollars) to14,495 6,858 GDP as thereal growthratessupports further (from 2011 and 2000 between doubled than more has GDP Senegal’s 2011). in dollars (1127 i rate growth GDP Although Sahel. the in drought 2011 the to due year this in growth slower of prospect the by threatened also was country The (ibid). Europe” to notably and economies advanced the to exposed most countries expected is 2012 in slowdown global ”the that claims Senegal, connection close having 2012), Outlook Economic Regional (IMF income capita per minimum of threshold the competitiveness reached external achieve to reforms f structuralNevertheless, of importance the stressed and T the in best the traditionally are performances Senegal’s criteria, (WAEMU) convergence Union Monetary and Economic African West the against measured that arguing Country Bank World the to according hopeless being from far but impoverished, relatively as categorized was Senegal individual its of efforts.commitment tojointEU regardless countries, the of both for relations aid and trade affects still and countries. t towards approach development and trade Union’s the by exacerbated then was tendency (2010). al. et Acemoglu by argued as institutions, exploitative he IMF reports until 2008 have mainly been sceptical about the country’s development path development country’s the about sceptical been mainly have 2008 until reports IMF he 12 13

The external debt external The provi authors The Senegal’s debt was 33, was debt Senegal’s looki particular, In

Also, France as a historic player and a current bilateral partner significantly affected significantly partner bilateral current a and player historic a as France Also,

rom 2012, Senegal is a part of the lower middle income group, group, income middle lower the of part a is Senegal 2012, rom

de de doubled (from 4725 million dollars in 2002 to 7259 million d million 7259 to 2002 in dollars million 4725 (from doubled

Classification. The African Economic Outlook of 2006 supports this idea, this supports 2006 of Outlook Economic African The Classification. data about Mali (2940) and Senegal (approx.165) (approx.165) Senegal and (2940) Mali about data s to the EU market. However market. EU the to s g t t gnrl rwh niaos vr h ps tn er, n 2004 in years, ten past the over indicators growth general its at ng

1% of annual GDP in 2004 but due to the rapid economic growth, economic rapid the to due but 2004 in GDP annual of 1% 13

to 56% of annual GDP of 2012. Albeit according to the IMF IMF the to according Albeit 2012. of GDP annual of 56% to

s around 4% to 6,7%; GDP per capita is still strikingly low low strikingly still is capita per GDP 6,7%; to 4% around s 24

, the Outlook, by providing the example of example the providing by Outlook, the , 12

o uti got, seily in especially growth, curtail to settler mortality rates rates mortality settler fe ter needne this independence, their After in Appendix 3. in Appendix ollars in 2011 I 2011 in ollars

sub - region (p. 473). (p. region and has only only has and (2001 p. 1398) 1398) p. (2001

MF Regional Regional MF hese .

CEU eTD Collection 3.2: A stable democracy in Senegal and an unfavourable political environment in Mali in political the in disappointment general a with coupled country, the in widespread environment is corruption others for model a political and Africa in democracy for victory unfavourable an and “a meant EU, the to according elections, Senegalese latest The period. colonial the in established Senegal in democracy stable A 3.2: turmoil political the internal 2011 the although 2012, in growth from GDP its of reason the recovery is drought a Outlook, Economic Regional IMF the to According 2008. from indicator every almost in decline general a was there as consequences negative its to exposed still t issues. Mali, on effect security detrimental direct no food had 2008 domestic in crisis financial or the Although fluctuations price market world as such shocks external an growth this However, sectors. tertiary and primary the in boom the to attributable mainly was growth Its 2004. since growth GDP annual its triple almost to managed Mali 2010, In sustainable. more but 132). p. 2002 Kraay, and (Dollar problems agricultural and health challenging and costs transport high “ a having by characterised widely nations. poorest ten world’s the among constantly been has it time long a for and Report, Development Human 2013 the to according countries 186 182 as ranked was country The 2012. in Africa on Report Economic the to according private of amount same the by consumption. followed years, few past the in levels, consumption sustainable government above well is deficit fiscal fisc nevertheless, its 2012, of Outlook Economic Regional

However, Mali’s annual GDP growth GDP annual Mali’s However, eea’ pltcl niomn vr mc ses o olw h pltcl arrangement political the follow to seems much very environment political Senegal’s hand, other the On d the country’s economic diversification remain highly constrained and vulnerable to vulnerable and constrained highly remain diversification economic country’s the d

al tightening is needed. Partly, the external debt can be attributed to the doubled the to attributed be can debt external the Partly, needed. is tightening al

(Appendix 4). (Appendix ai s cuty n ebr f West of member in country a is Mali poor geography”, namely a distance from markets, inherently markets, from distance a namely geography”, poor

is bigger than Senegal’s, whose growth seems limited limited seems growth whose Senegal’s, than bigger is 25

ai unlike Mali,

o olw (Fessy, follow” to this number was driven back due to due back driven was number this - fias o incom low Africa’s t nihor eea, is Senegal, neighbour its

2012 he country was country he . Although ). nd group e

out of out

CEU eTD Collection hundreds of thousands of ‘internally displaced person’ (IDPs) within the country, as well as tens as well as country, the within (IDPs) person’ displaced ‘internally of thousands of hundreds Tuareg a by harassed was rebellion country the as escalated rapidly turmoil political the 2012, early Mali. in deteriorated slightly institutions political the while improvement, modest a through 2012 until arrangements political 53 being 2006, in back fav more a occupied Mali fact, In democracy. African model a labelled be to used presidential successive four and the of path. trust and approval the has leadership developmentsustainable a to essentialancondition undeniably is which community, international country’s the show, results these As p.3). increas to president the by efforts nascent fair and free as well as power, to of rotation peaceful “owing a in resulted Free that elections parliamentary and to presidential Free Partly from su moved to country the seems that Survey demonstrating this House changed Freedom elections latest recent The the however, perception. indicators, governance its on based mobility six 20 p. 2012, Index (Ibrahim average continent the than higher significantly is law of rule the Exceptionally, ranking. country average overall the than position better slightly a 24, Ibra latest the of results the at Looking rule. civilian and system multiparty a by characterised is arrangement political one. full of a or coup speaking been have many Afr West in country only though the remains Senegal Interestingly, unlikely, was spring” “Senegalese a leaders, - year change, the political tension and uncertainty in 2011, it shows a tendency of downward of tendency a shows it 2011, in uncertainty and tension political the change, year

On the contr woe ciiy b ipsn Ilmc a uo toe ra udr oto, eutd in resulted control, under areas those upon law Islamic imposing by activity, whose , - blown civil war reaching the heart of the country the of heart the reaching war civil blown ary, Mali has enjoyed political stability since the National Conference in 1991 Conference in1991 political theNational stability since enjoyed has Mali ary, rd him index, Senegal’s overall score is 16 out of 52, and its HDI ranking is ranking HDI its and 52, of out 16 is score overall Senegal’s index, him

in overall ranking while Senegal was 59 was Senegal while ranking overall in elections (ADF elections Sne hn codn t te bai Idx Sngl went Senegal Index, Ibrahim the to according then Since . e government accountability and transparency” (2013, transparency” and accountability government e

26 1 Report Appraisal

ica never to have suffered a military military a suffered have to never ica

(BBC News Africa, 2013 Africa, News (BBC th th pr te nta optimism, initial the pport which indicated their similar their indicated which ). The country, like Senegal, like country, The ). ). Based on this this on Based ). ourable place ourable /a ). Its ). In In CEU eTD Collection affiliation as it was stated in the ‘Strategy for Security and Development Sahel and inthe Security for ‘Strategy in the wasstated it affiliationas Move al (Mujao); Africa West o neither albeit 2000s 1 (Fessy 20 a made just we've Camara, Mahamadou politician, Malian a by made Free’ ‘Not to ‘Free’ from downgrading situation was latestpolitical Senegal’s interesting An comparison 2013). to (Freedom World inthe World, the in Freedom of history the in declines th of one Mali giving by situation political internal the of repercussions police of Malian forces thetraining with (The aim Europe a launched also EU the France, with accordance In soon. withdrawing of prospect little with country, the in deployed are troops French 4000 Currently others. among The intervention. French the to legitimacy “restorat the provided have 2085, Resolution Council Security UN the as well as Hollande, Monsieur to letter Traore Dicounda minister’s, interim the th three than more its with along camps, Islamist for haven safe a become could Mali as considerations con security for only not Tuareg intervene to decided recently underFrance rights. fundamental areas in citizens the and president elected (Con hostages its for pay to be willing to out turned Italy with along country, the as France, by financed partly was activity their There ransom. for kidnapping by support financial significant gained and targets Western totalling (50,000) refugee of thousands of

14 ment for Azawad (IMA) (BBC News Africa, 2013/b Africa, News (BBC (IMA) Azawad for ment

The most influential actors in Mali terrain are currently the Ansar Dine, Movement for Unity and Jihad in in Jihad and Unity for Movement Dine, Ansar the currently are terrain Mali in actors influential most The niey h GP oeat, h Fedm os sre coey olwd the followed closely survey House Freedom the forecasts, GDP the Unlikely on focusing was who Tuareg the of rule the under came Mali of parts Northern The .Teeoe i em htte w cutissae h sm pltcl reo n the in freedom political same the shared countries two the that seems it Therefore, ). ion of the country’s territorial integrity and authority” was therefore just another reason another just therefore was authority” and integrity territorial country’s the of ion 174 - -

ad i te Islamic the in Qaeda year jump backwards (…) we are almost jealous of our S our of jealous almost are we (…)backwards year jump 053 te hd h ms tasaet oiia laes Aduae ae for Wade (Abdoulaye leaders political transparent most the had them f s in neighbouring Mauritania (74,100), Burkina Fa Burkina (74,100), Mauritania neighbouring in s people in January in people

ousand expatriates in the country ( country the in expatriates ousand

ference

ahe (QM; h Signed the (AQIM); Maghreb , 2013 (unhcr.org). , 2013; bbc.co.uk, 1 bbc.co.uk, 2013; , ) although the EU is mainly concerned with the al the with concerned mainly is EU the although ) 27 claiming that "While Senegal moves forward, moves Senegal "While that claiming

but to protect its various business interests interests business various its protect to but an Union and theSahel and Union an

b ). The coup d’état deposed the deposed d’état coup The ). - in rl ee ervd f their of deprived were trol - Hallinan, 2013 Hallinan, Blood Battalion and the Islamic Islamic the and Battalion Blood ’ (EEAS, 2013). ’ (EEAS, training mission (EUTM) (EUTM) mission training so (49,975 so gets single greatest e enegalese brothers" enegalese 2).

). In addition, In ).

) and Niger and ) - Qaeda Qaeda - fore year CEU eTD Collection efforts efforts Mali and Senegal of relations trade Global 3.4: mortality remains can (CPI), hardly and prevalent with coupled habitat, i natural degrading the poverty, in the population of number high the of because Moreover, unlikely. remains criteria Goals Development ineq income meeting and reduction poverty on effect little had performance economic recent Mali’s Nevertheless, 2000s the during risks security food to exposed less and betterthantheone considered much indicatorsa health with along 2012, Yearbook, (Africa people million 5 than more of up made is population age working the that meaning people, countries million 2 by increased it two 2011, to 2002 From population. the active economically in indicators social Different 3.3: the EU. especiallycommunity,international the of eyesthe watchful by followed electionsnextits have to 7 until wait to has and tensions internal from suffers Mali while year, last election fair and free a hold to able was again Senegal Mali). for Touré Toumani Amadou and Senegal mproving corruption according to the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index Perception Corruption International Transparency the to according corruption mproving

15 only

Since 2007 (2.8 118th/180) and 2008 (3.1 96th/180) which improvement is mainly due to the government government the to due mainly is improvement which 96th/180) (3.1 2008 and 118th/180) (2.8 2007 Since to tackle corruption. totackle 15

On the contrary, Mali’s social indicat social Mali’s contrary, the On indicators, social Senegal’s at glance a Taking

the country has very limited chances for chances limited very has country the be observed in the field of education, health and acce and health education, of field the in observed be 31). Also, the ratios of life expectancy, expectancy, life of ratios the Also, 31). a pressingissue.a uality in the country (ibid). Thus, the prospect of fulfilling the Millennium Millennium the fulfilling of prospect the Thus, (ibid). country the in uality

re gradually improving. Senegal’ one Senegal’ improving. gradually re

- fourth ave ors show a fragile growth as the country became less became country the as growth fragile a show ors rage across( region. theSSA

structural improvement. R improvement. structural 28

one might observe the gradually the observe might one

adult illiteracy and school enrolment, enrolment, school and illiteracy adult Ml Ipeetto Rpr 2009 Report Implementation (Mali - ss third of woman employment employment woman of third

o rnig ae, but water, drinking to elatively positive signs positiveelatively 191).

of July of n

increasing Statistical , 2013, ,

child is ). CEU eTD Collection exports in the past ten years ten past the in exports of size growing the despite declined sharply have exports of amount the France, and Italy Spain, states, member EU the for As 2011. by 15% over grown has amount this while 2002, a Mali members. with confronted unf highly thus are They demand. international dynamic by supported not are and/or fishe and (groundnuts exports Senegalese drive that sectors The diversification. poor its to due economy, local the of fabric weak the to points that progression Sene manuf and industry of terms in improve North its from away far rather is it still but growing, modestly a communications and transport wholesale of are features activity lucrative economic most Senegal’s The GDP. of share the of 60% approximately dominates which development shift to begun just has Senegal 2012). Yearbook Statistical (Africa 2011 and 2002 between changed slightly only diversification the demonstrates, manu of export the on dependent behi falling by characterised is Senegal infant, as labelled is industry latter’s (E terms both in scale lower the to belongs which ov the of middle the in still is country The iodizers. salt sea and phosphate of consists mostly production mining its Besides, years. ten past the in production food and agricultural increased by characterised pro groundnuts its on relies mainly country the

gal’s trade deficit has more than tripled as a percentage of GDP since the end of the 1990s,a the of theend since GDP percentageof a as tripled hasthan deficit more tradegal’s The external trade of Senegal mainly targets five countries, out of them, three EU EU three them, of out countries, five targets mainly Senegal of trade external The butstill,maize and ricecassava, millet, groundnuts, agriculturalare exports main Senegal’s avourable avourable pricesworld (

to a more sophisticated one, based on based one, sophisticated more a to bsorbs most of its exports, accounting for 7% of Senegal’s overall exports in exports overall Senegal’s of 7% for accounting exports, its of most bsorbs rl idsraiain n is rwh efrac lvl s el ha o Mali, of ahead well is level performance growth its and industrialization erall

(Appendix 5). (Appendix d ulc diitain Sngls cnmc efrac is performance economic Senegal’s administration. public nd 476). atrd erlu pout ( products petroleum factured

acturing. According to the to According acturing.

- Based on the data, data, the on Based eal rd, etuat ad oes manufacturing; hotels; and restaurants trade, retail 29 uto a a ige ah rp Te onr is country The crop. cash single a as duction conomic Report of Africa 2011, Africa of Report conomic to the detriment of of detriment the to

the promotion of the third, services sector, services third, the of promotion the - African counterparts as it needs to to needs it as counterparts African three tendencies three 2. s t sectoral its As 52). is ae eoig exhausted becoming are ries) African Economic Outlook, Economic African agricultural nd

and it and can be observed be can

46). While the While 46). and industrial industrial and

is strongly is dispersion dispersion Senegal’s . CEU eTD Collection goods togoodsSenegal. t undeniably is this EU the and country micro Italian 233 to can which euros 2007, between million 1421 from imports, its doubled still it Senegal, with business imports. actually it than Senegal to more significantly f is them between Trade chemicals. and animals live food, equipment, transport and machinery lubricants, fuels, mineral exports EU The increased. had products primary of terms in imports EU while euros million 10 for accounts equipment millions) (12 oils vegetable an EU than EU of those India or China Nigeria, th of 41,2% for accounting balance, trade Senegal’s in feature importantmost the is presence economic EU’s the as attention EU relations, commercial weakening the Despite system. parity b Also, still decisions Bank European and changes financial phosphate production Senegalese of terms in India with relations commercial tightening case, this in especially world, beca region geographical years. ten past intra of amounts the growing the Secondly, in declining been gradually have Europe of interests relative the Firstly, ml (2 mlin euros), million (225 imals 16

In 2011, the EU imported 0,3 imported EU the 2011, In oth Senegal’s and Mali’s currency, the CFA Fra CFA the currency, Mali’s and Senegal’s oth Senegal’s fishing industry constitutes the country’s biggest export product. Between the Between product. export biggest country’s the constitutes industry fishing Senegal’s European Burying - Mali imports. The main imports of the EU from Senegal in 2011 were food and live and food were 2011 in Senegal from EU the of imports main The imports. Mali - - Mali, but this amount has grown in 2011 to an extent that is almost 10 times bigger bigger times 10 almost is that extent an to 2011 in grown has amount this but Mali, finance interestsfinance country. inthe also substantial are

has Te EU The . e oe n mr substantial. more and more me

- gradually increased gradually mainly be mainly fia rltos s hwvr rte peaue s is o al the all, of first as premature rather however, is, relations African

e country’s overall imports and 14,9% of its exports its of 14,9% and imports overall country’s e ( EU Bilateral Trade with Senegal 2013, Senegal with Trade Bilateral EU

rd mtra, xldn oil excluding material, crude - 0,4 billion euros’ worth in goods but it exported 1,6 exported it but goods in worth euros’ billion 0,4 -

eea tae eain ue t b sm 4 ie lre than larger times 4 some be to used relations trade Senegal

attributed - trade among th among trade e igs suc o cnlc, s el s significant a as well as conflict, of source biggest he .

to the growing overall EU imports. Belgian and Belgian imports. EU overall growing the to 30

significantly significantly ar from being balanced as the EU exports exports EU the as balanced being from ar nc is pegged to the euro through a fixed a through euro the to pegged is nc e neighbouring countries and wit and countries neighbouring e 16

Thirdly, hl te U os o mk more make not does EU the While 6 mlin uo) n aia and animal and euros) million (61

determine the ACP economies. economies. ACP the determine rd wt ohr at o the of parts other with trade - 6 eea tae tl deserves still trade Senegal ). Mac ). - 2,7 billion euros’ wor euros’ billion 2,7 hinery and transport and hinery

ahead of Mali, Mali, of ahead 0 million million 0 hin the the hin th in in th - CEU eTD Collection poor governance (ibid). (ibid). poor governance o dictation its as well as rules, and standards (Slocum states ACP individual and theCommission between agreements ‘bilateral’ by governed currently are fishing on relations ( resources marine and fish of hunting excessive serious in resulting borders, EU beyond sourced are states member EU by consumed resources fish of 40% now and coast stocks, African the off own fish to them allowing their agreements make to managed abolished nearly having after Europeans the ownership, and partnership the dialogue, the countries, developing in factor reduction poverty the highlights which initiative, susta of concept the prio internal its on impact external “the it put would authors the as or Senegal, in migration growing incoherence policy where field, substantial One time. same the e to wants EU the Vogler, and Bretherton to According considerations. development and interests commercial EU’s the between controversy the namely country, the and EU the of relations fisheries the to widely is one another factor, this from Apart reflects m Also, 337). D DG the by managed is states ACP in sector fisheries the to aid the while Trade,DG by conducted fisheries is part resources thetradeand Fisheries Policy, Common EU’s are main Three institutions. EU various of set complex another just is policy fisheries common the view, of From point sinceEU 2000. an policy development trade ofEU and of thelimitations hallmark

rities ( policies” and What w What h ichrne n dvrig neet i policy in interests diverging and incoherence the a s are involved according to according involved are s ember states, the Council and the EP also have their say. This say. their have also EP the and Council the states, ember mphasise sustainability towards the Third World and its own economic growth at growth economic own its and World Third the towards sustainability mphasise ere the impacts of EU EU of impacts the ere is the significant correlation between the domestic decline in f in decline domestic the between correlation significant the is inable development through its ‘Policy Coherence for Development’ Development’ for Coherence ‘Policy its through development inable 406

) .

- Bra dley and Bradley and dley

Carbone. Bilateral fisheries agreements are managed by the by managed are agreements fisheries Bilateral Carbone. fisheries f how remuneration is to be spent, is characteristic of characteristic is spent, be to is remuneration how f empirical evidence supports the theories about EU EU about theories the supports evidence empirical discussed in the academic literature as it also applies applies also it literatureas academic the in discussed policy on the ACP states? Apart from prioritizing prioritizing from Apart states? ACP the on policy 31 Bretherton and Vogler Vogler and Bretherton

44), t 44), he EU’s failure to implement consistent implement to failure EU’s he - aig rcse ad oiy actors. policy and processes making 408 subdivision subdivision ) evel . Albeit Albeit isheries and the and isheries opment (200 opment ACP strategy – EU 9, CEU eTD Collection towards the EU, which is highly unfair given the fact that LDC exports constitute only a fraction a only constitute exports LDC that fact the given unfair highly is which EU, the towards restric access market the Therefore ships. foreign of licences undermined o based reports, These 2008). (ActionAid, crisis theEU fromThey alsotoreconsider warned its seriously the food ashinders EPA it the recovery economy. Senegalese the on negotiations these of effects detrimental the of perception general expired in2006.agreement actual the and vessels, EU from industry domestic its protect to order in 2002 in Commission the with negotiations the cancelled government Senegalese The well. as inadequate and ideational turned soon development sustainable of idea the therefore them, needed really who those reach to unlikely be to proved payments compensatory Nevertheless, royalties. annual can to supplies ( jeopardized and disrupted, been been has have sector stocks domestic crisis: the deep depleted, a experience to begun sector fishing Senegal’s cooperation, documentat legal h and industries fishing local the in jobs their lost n were workers domestic the thus y For compete. to unable being companies fishing local led boats fishing EU of presence strong the while, a after Nevertheless, l the which of out compensatory or reciprocal forms, first its of one (Slocum Senegal was and partners agreements access fisheries negotiate to begun firstly had Commission 90 exploit to unable be to proved country (Carbone food and

Various NGOs, having r having NGOs, Various liveli of source a as fish on heavily relies resources of variety a in rich being Senegal

the EU’s credibility. In 2012 the new new the 2012 In credibility. EU’s the 87 - 88). Soon, a compromise was born, in the form of 16 million euros to Senegal, in Senegal, to euros million 16 of form the in born, was compromise a Soon, 88). ion 334). The firstfish334). The -

o ok o ohr ok ( work other for look to

- Bradley and Bradley and Bradley ears, the exact amount of catches went vastly underreported, and and underreported, vastly went catches of amount exact the ears, eturned from their fieldworks in Senegal have also supported the supported also have Senegal in fieldworks their from eturned ot fully paid for their work ( their forwork paid fully ot eries agreement with Senegal wasSenegal with agreement eries - 95% of its ex its of 95% 32 ave thus been forced to migrate migrate to forced been thus ave 5. s rsl o ti, fe 1 yas of years’ 15 after this, of result a As 45).

Senegalese Senegalese 87). tee Gs fed xeine further experiences field NGOs’ these n The agreements in general can take two take can general in agreements The te ws odce wt te country the with conducted was atter clusive marine coastal zone ( zone coastal marine clusive 44). Labourers from ACP countries ACP fromLabourers 44). in would tions government entirely cancelled the cancelled entirely government

establishe

pl to apply ning

d in 1997 as theas 1997 in d - u ob only be to out factories were were factories

often wi often e exports key 331). The 331). thout thout hood .

CEU eTD Collection mines have entirely suspended their production on the Northern side of the country. Thus, it is it Thus, country. the of side Northern the on production their suspended entirely have mines m ranking gold in governance reduction Index general a Ibrahim decline, the to parallel 2008 from Nevertheless, country. the in FDI European mainly also has It exports. its of 70% for accounted and GDP overall producer gold largest third the Mali made which 2006, in peaking boom, a enjoyed production Its mining. gold is business reserves gold the depleting Report (Mali Implementation r sectors two These secondarya fromsufferedsector the while 4,9%, and 13,2% of rates growth sectors. tertiary and primary the to due mainly is economy the of performance The exports. commodity on dependence high with along diversification poorer em picture 1 fi the renewing towards resentment hard more a for promise the and of byforeignvessels Presidentstocks fish depletion to further The avoid of commitment thenew especiallythe market, countri neighbouring focus theAfrican on targeting alsoshould Senegalese the economy times, many pronounced demands.As security food meeting better a (Acti Europeans” by run and financed primarily are which but flag, Senegalese the flying boats of numbers increasing “senegalis term the is gravity actual the Vogle and (Bretherton EU the targeting exports overall the of ) certainly shows) certainly thecommitment toreverse consequences detrimental of policy. the theEU

Besides exporting phosphate, kaolin salt and limestone, Mali’s undeniably most lucrat most undeniably Mali’s limestone, and salt kaolin phosphate, exporting Besides different slightly a relations, trade external and diversification economic Mali’s Regarding step ahead of development in terms of keeping this asset in domestic hands, and parallel, and hands, domestic in asset this keeping of terms in development of ahead step re ta i te ae o Sngl Te onr’ eooy s hrceie b even by characterized is economy country’s The Senegal. for case the is than erges onAid

at that time. By law, the government holds 20% of ownership in all mines all in ownership of 20% holds government the law, By time. that at

9). Undoubtedly, developing the Senegalese fishing industry would be would industry fishing Senegalese the developing Undoubtedly, 9). after South Africa and Ghana (Williams Ghana and Africa South after - line policy in the near future along with the public and political and public the with along future near the in policy line sheries agreements either in Mauri in either agreements sheries nn hs lo en aig lc. ic te op some coup, the Since place. taking been also has ining ation of boats” established this time, meaning the “the the meaning time, this established boats” of ation 33

2009, 10). resulted in a substanti a in resulted r 78). Another example, depicting example, Another 78).

1 ). It contributed 15% to its to 15% contributed It ). tania and in Morocco (Pala Morocco in and tania es with no coastal sides. sides. es withnocoastal - 4,6% decline due todue decline 4,6% al amount of amount al ecorded ecorded

ive CEU eTD Collection fia wih xeine mr ta sixty than more experienced which Africa, South and years) ten past the in third a to fell exports the (however, Switzerland are destinations the However, thisconsequences year. in bevisible ofthis only stepthe long policy will place take to planned is support, domestic European of reduction a as well as Mali and Senegal su export of elimination the as change to likely is policy EU detrimental the Fortunately, countries. 4 Cotton as poor as not undoubtedly are countries these that claim Gree points similar make officials Commission European hand, sub and EU the between built projects. marginal other realize ( clinic health a build to able also were they and children for enrolment schoolboost to be to proven has money extra this guaranteed, is costs minimal the beyond price minimum to 2002 in rate growth 19,5% (from agriculture in shrinking substantial the to significantly contributes production cotton in Decline a producers, pla taking cotton been European subsidised the has decline to general a reason, this For prices. due market world the down drives which part phenomenon large a to is This measures. ‘Cot the of member a as Mali, to developi in security food and production agricultural on effect adverse term long a had has which subsidies, of use the through markets surplu of dispose and considerations development sustainable case, this In imbala political domestic and fluctuations price market world both to subject is sector this that obvious aig od cto ad ietc a is m its as livestock and cotton gold, Having

ce and Spain, who are relatively poor by European standards. Doyle rightfully makes the makes rightfully Doyle standards. European by poor relatively are who Spain, and ce nces Besides gold mining, Mali’s other main export products are products export main other Mali’s mining, gold Besides

(Appendix 6) h Cmo Arclua Plc (A) ocs h Uin o otaee its contravene to Union the forces (CAP) Policy Agricultural Common the e fetn a ag lyr f oit wo eed haiy n rwn cotton. growing on heavily depends who society of layer large a affecting ce .

- Saharan Africa in order to encourage this process. On the other other the On process. this encourage to order in Africa Saharan oevr ti rud htafi rd spl hi sol be should chain supply trade fair a that argued is it Moreover, ton 4 countries’, it becomes visible through cotton through visible becomes it countries’, 4 ton - ,% n 01. Gs lk Fitae li th claim Fairtrade like NGOs, 2011). in 1,4% ng countries (Bretherton and Vogler Vogler and (Bretherton countries ng - w tms igr ais xot i 21 ta it than 2011 in exports Mali’s bigger times two 34

i epr pout Ml’ mjr export major Mali’s product, export ain -

saying the subsidies help farmers in farmers help subsidies the saying s agricultural products on world world on products agricultural s

cotton, livestock and cereals. and livestock cotton, sde o cto for cotton on bsidies p. 82). With regard regard With 82). p. Doyle 1 Doyle - - production term. t f the if at )

and CEU eTD Collection of imports, while for exports the country occupies the 97 the occupies country the exports for while imports, of 156 the being ranking, bottom the occupies Mali imbalanced. trade Therefore million. 697 of amount the in exported it machinery, and materials crude animals, live food, of forms the in mainly 2011, in Mali from worth euros’ million 45 imported EU the While little. insignificantly imports but Mali community’s assistanc donor the and sector agricultural its on heavily relies time same the at and mining gold excessive e any through go not did Mali growth, rapid towards step favourable a obviously is which sector, services and manufacturing its to priorities 2012 Africa on Report Economic (2,5 Manufacturing indus of share their while Senegal’s, than elevated less even significantly it tra overall Mali’s continent. the of outside produce to likely intra regional the in embedded more be to seems Mali Korea. Franc are partners import main Its food. and machinery chemicals, materials, building petroleum, are products import main Mali’s has the tomeet regulatory trade requirements and ofint it export, to able be to and products, such offers that country only the not is it However, etc.). beans, green mangos, particular (in East Middle the and Europe in demand considerable is there out several produces also Mali country. the in development economic of field the in intervention EU successful of prospect the hinders further Exp 2002. in back received mot mr ta i atal eprs Ml’ idsraiain n got promne is performance growth and industrialization Mali’s exports. actually it than more imports hl Ml’ eprs nrae b 62 i 2008 in 6.2% by increased exports Mali’s While

According to the statistical data issued by the European Commission, European the by issued data statistical the to According - % i sil ey eo te ecmr o 2% of 25% of benchmark the below very still is 3%) e

(Appendix 8) (Appendix orts with Senegal, the Ivory Coast and China have also revived, which which revived, also have China and Coast Ivory the Senegal, with orts . Whereas . e, Senegal, the Ivory Coast, Togo and Benin, China and South and China Benin, and Togo Coast, Ivory the Senegal, e, .

Senegal began to diversify its economy, shifting the shifting economy, its diversify to began Senegal xport diversification since 1991 (EC), it continues it (EC), 1991 since diversification xport - of

35 ewe te onr ad h E i highly is EU the and country the between - season exotic fruits and vegetables for vegetables and fruits exotic season

Apni 7) (Appendix ernational markets (IMFernational 2010). Report, th

de indicators show an imbalance since imbalance an show indicators de place among the EU’s trade partners. trade EU’s the among place th

- trade partner of the EU in terms in EU the of partner trade trade than Senegal, who is more is who Senegal, than trade is mot rs b 11.5%. by rose imports its ,

try is roughly the same. the roughly is try D acrig o the to according GDP

the EU exports to exports EU the which

CEU eTD Collection implications on domestic growth. growth. ondomestic implications in and France return, their in assist or home them keep to order in Europe, reach to trying while migrants Senegalese dead of numbers horrific the to Due France. in dissatisfaction caused also counterparts. resulted phenomenon European This the affects significantly also problem immigration The issue. this of reconsideration the for calls L nine in inflows FDI and ODA both exceeded Italy. by followed France, is second the while Gambia, is first the corridors, emigration the Regarding 10%. surpassed number this 2010 by but GDP, World the to According GDP. boosts significantly it as Europe from immigrants from remittances on dependent largely is economy Senegalese the reason, this For 2012). Africa on Report Economic la are factors two these Together high ‘brain the is substantial so is Senegal from immigration why reason Another border illegal encourages that fish of overexploitation EU. the and country the between agreements fishing trickle the of one are Europe to Senegal from immigration countries’ spill impa huge a have can actions own states’ member the with along policies EU where unfavourable an policy: Immigration 3.5: for of 22,6% its trade. overall China. and Korea South most the imported Mali 17 -

skilled workers are mainly that layer of the society the most willing to leave the country. the leave to willing most the society the of layer that mainly are workers skilled The UNCTAD LDCs Report of 2013 provides an excessively detailed chapter on LDC remittances and their their and remittances LDC on chapter detailed excessively an provides 2013 of Report LDCs UNCTAD The

Development Report of 2013, from 1995, the remittances accounted for 3% of the annual annual the of 3% for accounted remittances the 1995, from 2013, of Report Development Senegal, Senegal,

cnmc development. economic along with Mali, is a transit country to the EU. the to country transit a is Mali, with along

All in all, the all, in All rm U n 00 1% f t oeal D) bt xotd any to mainly exported but GDP), overall its of (14% 2010 in EU from

belled by belled

neetnl, h polm o te widespread the of problems the Interestingly, EU27 was Mali’s main trading partner in 2010, accounting 2010, in partner trading main Mali’s was EU27 Haan et al et Haan DCs” among them, in Senegal ( Senegal in them, among DCs” 36 - over

in diplomatic tensions with Spain in 2006 and and in2006 Spain tensionsin diplomatic with . as the “diver the as .

Immigration is partly attributable to the to attributable partly is Immigration “Over 2008 “Over - cross - on fet o te unfavourable the of effects down age b AtoAd (2008). ActionAid by argued ,

This is typically a policy field, policy a typically is This – ( migrants” of sification 2010, rec 2010, orded remittances remittances orded - 53), which clearly which 53), ri fco’ i.e. factor’, drain ct on SSA SSA on ct low - 103; skill CEU eTD Collection areooi niomn hsscedd n eaiey nraigivso ofdne which confidence, investor increasing relatively in succeeded has environment macroeconomic investor the regarding Report Business’ ’Doing Accordi 2011. Africa on report Economic the by argued Nigeria after Senegal in highest second the is investment/business doing of cost the Surprisingly, 2012. and 2004 between GDP Senega to sta Senegal investmentsof in amount the 2012, outlookof economic regional regard IMF the to According spillovers. with development further to contribute also can it but domestic economy, relations the boost can only not which countries, these to investment Europe from mainly investments EU of amount insufficient The 3.6: Management Cent and Information Migration the Europe, to migrants of number small relatively well the on impacts negative the Eu to the of deterioration attributable was EU the from coming remittances the in drop significant a However, non the and people of country’s the to due EU the to emigrate to tend Malians many as not phenomenon, Senegalese the to Contrary 2012). Report, (LDCs 2011 and 2002 between rate growth annual its of 20% almost for accounted remittances Mali’s fields. almost is emigrants int skilled Malian of negligible. number the Senegal, of case the in unlike however, and France Nigeria, D’Ivoire, Cote to emigrate to tend Malians Senegal. of case the in as significant entrepreneurship Partnership facilitation programmes Framework general such the as yea few past the

re (CIGEM) was established theEU by in2008 in e aohr cnmc oiy il sol b mnind nml te mut of amount the namely mentioned, be should field policy economic another Yet not probably is EU the and Mali between phenomena immigration the with Tackling rs Italy as well established a plethora of local development initiatives and other other and initiatives development local of plethora a established well as Italy rs ra - ropean labour market during the financial crisis in 2008 in crisis financial the during market labour ropean redy niomn. eea’ ssanbe et oiin n a stable a and position debt sustainable Senegal’s environment. friendly - - ein irto fo as significantly also flow migration region ot f 8 c 183 of out , existence of an emigration corridor which is possessed by Senegal. Senegal. by possessed is which corridor emigration an of existence - en i Ml (ai mlmnain eot 20) Dsie the Despite 2009). Report, Implementation (Mali Mali in being ountries,

land - locked geographic position, the impoverishment the position, geographic locked

37 ai a generally has Mali

Bamako in order to ‘handle the inordertoBamako ‘handle

gt Sngls plantation Senegalese rgets better results than Senegal Senegal than results better gnated at 30% of itsof 30% at gnated - 2009, which had which 2009, l and and l Document.

problem’. ng to the to ng Mali as

CEU eTD Collection political turmoil coupled with the Tuareg intervention in some strategically important gold gold important strategically areas. mining some in intervention Tuareg the with coupled turmoil political 153 162 from places, 9 up moved Mali 2010, and 2008 between it, to Thanks 2004). (Williams, com unfavourable its despite international major attract to order In infrastructure. years poor and tariffs high position, geographical ten past the in investment European of amount substantial Economist the to according setting of time costsand of terms environmentin investment better a boost the to power normative its use could EU the where area significant a be probably would this Nevertheless, country. the in business up set to willing (exc states member EU that conclude might one country, the to coming FDI of amount the at looking by However, confidential. as many treated cases, in or competence state to belongs strictly information this as Senegal, into investment vulnerable totheextremely sideeffectsfinancial crisis ofthe European field specific this relations, European deep the is country The future. money near and slow by characterised the in environment business the more boost a would with FDI along diversified improvements structural that claims also Report The resources. natural beattribu can FDI this that argues 2008 of Report IMF The GDP. overall the to compared stagnation the of double the in resulted rd

panies to invest in new opportunities, a new investment guide was issued by the government the by issued was guide investment new a opportunities, new in invest to panies

( ADF Report Report ADF Regarding its investment opportunities and its effect on European stakeholders, Mali has has Mali stakeholders, European on effect its and opportunities investment its Regarding of amount exact the about found been has data no far, So

European investment moodinthefutureEuropean

table to a smallof number toa table 2011, d amount of FDI in less than five years, corresponding to the previous data data previous the to corresponding years, five than less in FDI of amount d 12 ), however, this ranking will definitely deter definitely will ranking this however, ),

nelgne nt n 01 Ml’ gl sco hs trce a attracted has sector gold Mali’s 2011. in Unit Intelligence - consuming business administration administration business consuming

multinationals in the areas of infrastructure, s ofinfrastructure, multinationals intheareas ept for France, to substantial extent) are still not still are extent) substantial to France, for ept epcal the especially , 38 enhance cutting the red tape red the cutting enhance .

nrsrcua ivsmns are investments infrastructural - up a business than Senegal,business than a up process and also, based on based also, and process

uoen ebr state member European iorate due to the internal internal the to due iorate , which , ervices, and and ervices,

is likely to likely is nd

CEU eTD Collection Ps ic wt ti seii plc maue te eeomn efc o E tae would trade EU of effect development the measure, policy specific this with since EPAs the sign to Senegal for unnecessary is it reasons these For ‘partnership’. term the of use the about large shock fiscal relatively (ibid). for Senegal ( year on elimination tariff that argues further Report The objectives. development ignores and interests Report specific the Senegal’s to according EPA The liberalization. tariff asymmetrical from revenues aga competition huge a face would farmersdomestic economy, Senegalese the of heart the at being agriculture, of field the regarding o markets foreign to access improved in result would EPA are Europe from imports protectionEuropean its significant applies to Senegaltaxed. heavily their while duties, average low face also today EU the Senegalese to LDCs, exports most to applied generally is it as First, reasons. various for agreement the prote further centralizing at aimed Assembly, anti an of establishment December in Lisbon in but established, were EPAs the reason this For WTO. the of rules the with incompatible become Agreement EU the by granted been have initiative (EBA) Arms’ But ‘Everything the and agreement Cotonou the of framework the in Mali and Senegal both since surprisingly, Not 2008). inSub thestrongest voices of one become as attention, deserves and actors three the between field policy influential most Mali and Senegal and EPAs 3.7:

5. eie, ul n imdae rd lbrlzto udr n P wud osiue a constitute would EPA an under liberalization trade immediate and full Besides, 45). eetees te U s n much a in is EU the Nevertheless, (EP Agreement Partnership Economic the of issue the probably Nevertheless, ih ‘non with European imports would lead to revenue losses of about about of lossesrevenue to lead importswould European

President Wade expr Wade President - reciprocity’ - EPA coalition, led by the first vice first the by led coalition, EPA

07 wih a floe b a rts mrh n aa ad the and Dakar in march protest a by followed was which 2007,

– since

why not sign it? sign not why inst subsidized European farmers and loss of government government of loss and farmers European subsidized inst essed his discontent to them to discontent his essed

2001 - Saharan Africa against Saharan Africa

st marches in Brussels ( Brussels in marches st stronger bargaining position, which raises doubts doubts raises which position, bargaining stronger Hwvr ltr n tae rfrne udr the under preferences trade on, later However, . 39

nly for the European Union ( Union European the for nly - president of the Senegalese National Senegalese the of president

EPAs (IMF Report onSenegal, (IMF Report EPAs

during the EU the during imports, which meansthat animports, which p 40). Senegal refused to si to refused Senegal 40). referential tradi referential 1.5 per cent of GDP per GDP of percent 1.5 - Africa summit Africa eea has Senegal ng schemes ng A) is the is A) 9). Also, Also, 9). gn CEU eTD Collection 3.8: EU development aid in Senegal and Mali and EPA to due aid, required The country. Senegal in aid development EU 3.8: overall, seriouslywhich, questions and thecredibility sustainability ofits 5 system” financial developed “insufficiently an with a market, Common the to link weaker a by characterised is therefore economy Malian The market. European the to access free have to country the allows which Agreement, Cotonou the of 8 Article by characterized ( treatment different the over blocs’ ‘two these between arise may tensions therefore Mali, like states, weaker even compensate effect detrimental a have possibly would EPAs the of provisions the as 2008 during agreements the Nevertheless market. European the to connected more and investment more services, andbetterenvironmental policies attention towards labour rules. in trade more of possibility the integration; regional all”, of “evil the EU the labelling before Nevertheless, sector. agriculture the in trends the of surveillance close a an with liberalization trade multilateral gradual needs petroleumtherefore Senegal losses. revenue minimalizing protect to as well as devices, related other and machinery inputs, industrial its products, agricultural its protect to namely country, the for recommendations policy provided study, extensive an on based time that at IMF The less theadjustment well as from t as efficient economy, facilitating the of sectors dynamic most the in investments increase to used be could loss revenue the for vanish undoubtedly

on the domestic economy of Mali as well. There are no available resources to effectively to resources available no are There well. as Mali of economy domestic the on EU development efforts are closely related to the successful establishment of EPAs inthe efforts tothe establishment successful development of related EU closely are a not is perhaps Mali some positive effects of EPAs on Senegal can also be traced such as deepening as such traced be also can Senegal on EPAs of effects positive some . As tariffs are gradually reduced, additional aid from the EU to compensate to EU the from aid additional reduced, gradually are tariffs As .

poor diversification, an exposure to global market fluctuations coupled fluctuations market global exposureto an diversification, poor epsd o h on the to exposed s Traid craft - related revenue losses, varies according to the outcome of outcome the to according varies losses,revenue related

22).

h E’ pltcl ilge ih ai s still is Mali with dialogue political EU’s The

40 , the country took part in the protests against against protests the in part took country the ,

- on ngtain a negotiations going

Arcn cnmc ulo, 2006 Outlook, Economic (African ohr iea pout, ln with along products, mineral other d

o more efficient - Sngl a i i less is it as Senegal, s 5,5% annual g 5,5% annual

industries ( rowth. , 337) 49).

CEU eTD Collection ope wt te uoen omsins alr to failure Commission’s European the with coupled roads the of state proper the maintain to nation the of incompatibility the given unsuccessful infrastructure the euros) million (419.6 EDF the from funds rec highest third the being Mali despite Auditors, of Court European the of (EU corridors” r to general of form the in strategy) reduction (poverty CSLP the of implementation the for aid and support budget sectoral the “developing on focused Fund 9 the of framework the in assistance The country. the in poverty of extent large the to due intertwined closely are aid humanitarian direct and purposes development pa the throughout programmes and initiatives different po direct re to promised has Pielbags Andris commissioner, Development EU as sums, development lower the of part a as Senegal, least, not do almost also has Assistance Development Official of extent The 2012). (Globaledge, investments capital and expenditures current both including spending government overall of 23% about represented 2007 in which Se world. developing the for offered is little efforts, development noble its overwrite interests commercial individual EU’s the where cases those in that demonstrates which agenda, development the in attention little received sector fisheries the Intere mobilized. additionally is million 9,8 of sum another and period this for allocated 2008 of period the for Senegal negotiatio EPA the orer regions (EurActiv.com

a ifatutr fo te 8 the from infrastructure oad aid from middle from aid Regarding the most marked issue between the EU and Mali, one can find a plethora of plethora a find can one Mali, and EU the between issue marked most the Regarding - Mali Country Strategy Paper Strategy Country Mali ns ( ns - budget support” (EuropeAid support” budget IMF Country Report Report Country IMF income countries to address water and other humanitarian needs in even in needs humanitarian other and water address to countries income ubled from 457 million to 931 million in US dollar in 2010. Last butLast2010. in dollar inUS million 931 to million 457 from ubled ).

- 2013, in the framework of the 10 the of framework the in 2013, th

road infrastructure, aid for decentralisation in the form of of form the in decentralisation for aid infrastructure, road n 9 and - middle income group might be deprived of additional of deprived be might group income middle th

2008 2008, D ad fot wr cnetae o regional on concentrated were efforts and EDF 41 - 2013

). A sum of 228.4 million euros was allocated was euros million 228.4 of sum A ). 47). According to the to According 47). negal depends heavily on foreign assistance, foreign on heavily depends negal

od h gvrmn conal fr the for accountable government the hold ). However, according to the latest report report latest the to according However, ). t e yas I te ae f Mali, of case the In years. ten st - ulig rjcs ee highly were projects building th

EDF, 288 million euros are are euros million 288 EDF, th

European Development European Country Strategy with with Strategy Country ipient of road of ipient stingly, - sector - CEU eTD Collection international community international neighbo in and Mali in conflict the Humanitarian Commission European the 2012 in (ECHO) to Department According 2013). Release, Press (EC needs I humanitarian meeting for aside set were eurosmillion 250 some when 2013 February, in resumed year. that allocated amount the froze EU the 2012 March in as turmoil political Mali for exception, no 7 the is is who Senegal, example, Mali to commitment Their assistance. development to comes it when is it this, a states member that obvious on Based itself. EU the and Sweden France, Spain, as Denmark, such Belgium, states Germany, member several of participation the with issued been has effectiveness aid of Harmonizat Greater on Arrangement‘Framework A of difficulties alone highli are which let factors allocation, effective and mobilization case, this in questionable highly is effectiveness aid real and money Imple (Mali donors external by covered are costs’projects development the of 80% about country, the In reduction. poverty and alloca this of aim main The Senegal. for than larger significantly sum a euros, million 583 to amounts 10 the under Mali for foreseen allocation total EC's The (ibid). vain in spent 2012 Auditors, of a (Court 2001 between country the in euros million 362 29, of sum a totals which projects, De (Guardian roads built 18

is the13 only

The 10 The ted amount of money is economic development, better integration into the world economy world the into integration better development, economic is money of amount ted h alcto o dvlpet oe t Ml hs lo en vci t te domestic the to victim a been also has Mali to money development of allocation The th

EDF is in effect f EDFis in effect th

receiving euros 89million between 2007 (French 2008 and 2011). Strategy, ,

), however, however, ), France and the EU will also host a donors’ conference for additional for conference donors’ a host also will EU the and France eomn Network velopment

or the period of2008 theorperiod ct individually, regardless of the joint actions undertaken by the EU, the by undertaken actions joint the regardlessof individually, ct - 2013, th

etto Rpr 2009, Report mentation recipient of French ODA, receiving 120 million euros whereas whereas euros million 120 receiving ODA, French of recipient uring countries (Aid in Action Action in (Aid countries uring

it due to the missing technical support this money largely is largely money this support technical missing the to due has so far allocated far so has - 2013. . h sm apis o U ae ad sanitation and water EU to applies same The ). 42

ion’ in accordance with the Paris DeclarationtheParis accordance with in ion’

5. oriain of Coordination 15).

157 million 157 ghted by the Mali government ( government Mali the by ghted -

Mali ). In order to mobilize the mobilize to order In ).

e uros to assist victims of of victims assist to uros th

hs mut of amount this EDF funding EDF t was only only was t d 2010 nd 46).

CEU eTD Collection French ‘company’. French ‘company’. prolonged in result eventually will which intervening, when consideration of lack the on due Confe the of participants the as success, clear a than failure more considered widely is mission The enough. quickly not albeit, events, recent to humanitresponded EU the still, unlikely, highly considered be to used France and from intervention assistance development of level the on remain largely extent, of Mali need. in highly a in funds different bureaucra and from decentralized institutions EU several by allocated also is it country, the into money development of pumping the for not was it if As 2013). Sahel, the in Development populati the for consequences serious has which environment, security deteriorating the to due assistance development and humanitarian the of the initsover expressedhardships lateststrategy its However, concerns 2013). theEEAS (EEAS, 50 additional an granted is country the framework, this in and 2011, since existingamount. the increase Brussels in commitments development

As can be seen, EU beseen, As can Mali is also the part of the ‘Strategy for Security and Development in the Sahel’ InitiativetheSahel’ in Security Developmentfor and the‘Strategy of thepart also is Mali

- Mali relations apart from trading in natural resources to a very limited very resourcesa innatural Mali relationsfrom apart to trading tic system, which might result in actually benefitting less the citizens citizens the less benefitting actually in result might which system, tic

in May, 2013, and they will possibly decide whether to whether decide possibly will they and 2013, May, in rence on the EU’s success in Mali, have broadly agreed, broadly have Mali, in success EU’s the on rence 43 n n ed EA Srtg fr euiy and Security for Strategy (EEAS need in on

ilo o E aid EU of million ra ad Direct aid. arian - cut CEU eTD Collection neetnl, hl hr te Us ihre plc hnee is fot t pooe sustainable promote to efforts its hindered policy fisheries EU’s the here while Interestingly, clashes constantly which fisheries, of case the in especially Senegal Also, considerations. this With aid. transferred the reducing gradually while agenda trading multilateral tothe into it trying squeeze and capabilities trade Senegal’s overestimating by activity economic key its hinders with country democratic income, lower a represents case first The demands. domestic own countries’ the with dialogue in relati trade and assistance EU the which for paths development develo provided by with derived be can conclusions several studies, case the Regarding success. modest adjustment structural a achieve to is governments countries’ As bi money. of sums huge relatively with coordination better and measures policy effective of replacement the agenda, trade multilateral the of endorsement the relations, trade th of approach flawed overall the demonstrated Mali and Senegal of observation empirical The region. the from cases two on diplomacy economic external EU of the effects the measured thesis either the Then, region. SSA the towards agenda institutionalbilateral the pursuingor multilateral between namely, clash groups, internal the three and into characteristics institutional them incoherence; clustered and policymaking aid and trade

tp te U contravenes EU the step, EU trade and and trade EU Chapter 4: Comparative summary and further implicationspolicy hs to cas two These th on Based

a as dmntae, h polic the demonstrated, also was pment economists inthis chapter ltrtr rve, h tei ietfe te an nenl rbes f EU of problems internal main the identified thesis the review, literature e eeomn plc. ln wt te ocuin, aiu tere ae also are theories various conclusions, the with Along policy. development s r te ot prpit i the in appropriate most the are es - U rd i caatrsd y rte epottv relationship exploitative rather a by characterised is trade EU

t oiia cmimn, aey t ssanbe development sustainable its namely commitment, original its

so ad tay eeomn popc, hr te Union the where prospect, development steady and slow a am eid U eeomn tases o these to transfers development EU behind aim y 4 4

as a sortas a with with

es ta te bt rpeet two represent both they that sense of , the EU’s d EU’s the

ons did not adapt to and engage and to adapt not did ons alternative policy agenda. agenda. policy alternative oee, t a ol delivered only has it however, e EU, due to the weakening weakening the to due EU, e evelopment initiatives. evelopment aea development lateral n connection in -

middle

CEU eTD Collection economic issues than issues economic future. ( institutional through poor, the including innovatio investors domestic for opportunities business socio the maintain to order still, m a the mainstreamliterature, ( neighbours” a let themselves, Europeans with credibility lost now have strategies financial previous on based effective, migration strict its of control. help the with rights human and liberties civil uphold to commitment considerimplementingcould inSenegal. in assisting 2009;). Rosenzweig, and that compara the with export more on focusing and institutions improving of mix policy a in growth economic sustained to key the find authors the reason, this For (ibid). them to countrie wealthy countrie poor in poverty that further hampers that issue rec policy possible progress.One bilateral cotton the especially ACP, the is it case, Mali’s in development, 2005,

there is a positive association between trade volumes and growth ( growth and volumes trade between association positive a is there esn arclua sbiis n poetoim n h Wsen ol hls alleviating helps world Western the in protectionism and subsidies agricultural ceasing 146) might be an effective way to keep at home both high both home at keep to way effective an be might 146)

oevr wt rgr t migra to regard with Moreover, In the second case, The European Union’s relations toward relations Union’s European The case, second the In tpig irto b “hoig oe a te problem” the at money “throwing by migration Stopping n that are tailored to local political and institutional and political local to tailored are that n iesfigte omdt dependenc commodity the diversifying 94). s’ economies can only deliver limited growth to the poorest countries poorest the to growth limited deliver only can economies s’ tive advantages” (Stiglitz 232 (Stiglitz advantages” tive Whereas remittances rarely sustain long sustain rarely remittances Whereas

nte ae fSngl seilyde ote eeteet n h EU’s the and events recent the to due especially Senegal, of case the in

s with primary commodities ( commodities primary with s Supporting - economic structures in the rapidly ageing Union. Besides, “creating Besides, Union. ageing rapidly the in structures economic

North ore favourable immigration policy will soon be badly needed in needed soonbebadly will policy immigration ore favourable the country to to country the - fia example African

ommendation is provided by Subramanian et al. namely al. et Subramanian by provided isommendation in h E contravenes EU the tion ). Many development economists commonly agree commonly economists development Many ). 45

e are yet another policy option policy another yet are e reduce the high costs of trading of costs high the reduce 140 s . ). Moreover, financial aid and opening and aid financial Moreover, ). n aan te E eooi and economic “EU the again, And - s term economic growth according to according growth economic term

of manufactured go manufactured of realities” proposed by Rodrik et al. et Rodrik by proposed realities” -

and low and s Mali are less li less are Mali s Falvey et al, 2012 al, et Falvey

(Hollis t lbrl democratic liberal its - skilled workers in the in workers skilled 4 will 84) oe ih their with lone ods “consistent ods

kely to cover to kely htte EU the that

as well as well as according

; n Rodrik t be ot CEU eTD Collection prudence coupled with a frequent use of use with frequent a coupled prudence states failed 2013). separatism, (Hallinan, militias'” ofarmed theiron law and favour they contrary, the On state. democratic and solid a built never have Mali] [like wars real undermines that factor the is community donor the of learning of lack the that argues large to Mali flows in aid its particularly increases permanently EU the that demonstrates evidence empirical theory, to certain in towork state is failed unlikely ofa transformative case inthe aid g should engagement war of reconstruction including countries, by broadened inappropriately been recently has aid as dono of interests commercial or strategic the serve may it purposes; 2005 Subramanian, correla Anders Foghhead Rasmussen ( NATO to credibility,its according organisationlose the might thisactingbylike however, power, see It agenda. EU that, of consequence a as and fractionalization, state The country the into aid development affairs domestic Malian in engagement military

was 19 20 - ‘soft power’ or or power’ ‘soft

building process due to the to due process building For example, example, For “ Dominique de Villepin, de Dominique tion between aid and economic growth (Easterly, 2009; Moyo, 2009 Moyo, 2009; (Easterly, growth economic and aid between tion well demonstrated well eea well Several

sector nevertheless s 19

German foreign policy towards Mali is characterised by a combination of “maximum military military “maximum of combination a by characterised is Mali towards policy foreign German have largely have

ms the Brsd ad olr 2000 Dollar, and Burnside ; - dev known o effectively hand in hand (433 hand in hand effectively o

ht h E wns o vi soig cin r actions showing avoid to wants EU the that h cam, f state if claims, he , general reluctance of the member states with no interests in the country, the in interests no with states member the of reluctance general elopment aims of the EU the of aims elopment

in the case of the French intervention to Mali. According to Easterly, to According Mali. to intervention French the of case the in former prime minister of France recently wrote in the Journal du Dimanche: 'These 'These Dimanche: du Journal the in wrote recently France of minister prime former

antem eeomn terss iey ge uo te ak of lack the upon agree widely theorists development mainstream -

cl hmntra ad eeomn poet. hra E Whereas projects. development and humanitarian scale produced highly pos highly produced

even more generous development money and a prioritization of prioritization a and money development generous more even Rettmann 1 Rettmann

its check book” (Hettyey book” (Hettyey itscheck complexity of the country’s political arrangements and ethnic and arrangements political country’s the of complexity

but restrict military engagement military restrict but ).

building

46 ) as aid is not given only for developmental developmental for only given not is aid as ) are clear, clear, are Mali itive and beneficial results ( results beneficial and itive

). ed t b dn, hn i ad military and aid then done, be to needs - 7).(translationme) by U r EU The author further claims that claims further author The however, however, ltos any consist mainly elations ,

however, marg however,

rs (Burnside rs to the lowest possible level. possible lowest the to they are followed by a failed a by followed are they elated to the use of hard hard of use the to elated

; Birdsall, Robrik and and Robrik Birdsall, ; 406 inal interventionsinal

and Dollar Dollar and - 413).

f pumping of increasing Contrary asterly - 849) torn torn 20

CEU eTD Collection should build an even stricter monitoring mechanism of how the forthcoming sum forthcoming the how of mechanism monitoring stricter even an build should fuel it as aid of sums large receiving even become can institutions bad however, 2000), Dollar, and (Burnside efficiency ( country a of instit Subramanian observations. be to proved it as politics and governance institutions, contin to access market favourable integration. without extensively and emphasising reciprocity welcomed more be would probably it view, of point ( replacement temporary a least at negotiate to pressurized extensively were and agreement an without 2007 of end the at Union European the to access Medium sign. to incentives no have obviously They services. and goods European to markets own their the under fo ready being from far are Mali and Senegal both that given unrealistic, seems system trade world the Africa North labo any discouraging by also and products agricultural not goods manufactured of flow the favouring by agreements; trade free its through imbalances beginni implementing consequencesnecessary itspolicy. regarding development ofderiving the by incapable of theis ‘learning apparently being champion doing’ EU, a efficiency, ork t al et Rodrik

utional legacy is (20 possible legacy utional g f goa rblnig (847 rebalancing global a of ng In the mainstream development literature, special emphasis is given to the issue of of issue the to given is emphasis special literature, development mainstream the In in success of lack the is countries two the and EU the among issuepolicy overlapping An - r mutual market liberalization. market mutual r noe onre lk Sngl o te te hn, xeine restrictio experienced hand, other the on Senegal, like countries income ‘ Everything but Arms but Everything .

(2012 n v and nentoa trade international 143). It has also been demonstrated than good policy environment fosters aid aid fosters environment policy good than demonstrated been also has It 143). ). c versa ice In particular In et al. et s el s t a srosy itr te existi the distort seriously can it as well as ’

10, initiative. For them a free trade agreement would mean opening mean would agreement trade free a them For initiative. even goes further to argue that argue to further goes even

, c , agreements omplyin 166 s corruption (Easterly corruption s

LDCs like LDCs ). ). Aid obviously can change theinstitutional arrangement obviously). Aid change can ols lis ht h E agenda, EU the that claims Hollis g with WTO demands and fostering integration into integration fostering and demands WTO with g Acrig o Shaw to According . 47

Mali already enjoy free access to EU markets EU to access free enjoy already Mali

seta i te at eae’ empirical decades’ last the in essential

Johnson, 2008 Johnson, 385). Therefore the European Union European the Therefore 385). u r mobility r breaking away from a country’s a from away breaking ,

e rnig hs countries these granting ue t lal dmntae the demonstrated clearly it has ). g oiie initiatives positive ng From a development a From pathetical

y raig trade creating by

ns in market market in ns of 4,3 b 4,3 of

ly failed in failed ly os by worse illion ,

but CEU eTD Collection offers butmore business aid and less loans opportun itswants more tokeep intheregion comparative advantage thenitshould “China because engage amount the surpass soon will it that chance fair a is there however, West, the of that with comparable yet not is it quickly, growing is investment China’s Although stakeholders. Korean South and Chinese by occupied is economy Mali’s of ma Indian the explores Senegal As Asia. with trading of possibilities the realize to began economies infant diversified, poorly these Even well. as countries too these in precisely t to parallel g the by affected significantly be and diplomacy to club thetraditional adapt order in notto shouldsociety strengthened be civil considera development ultimate decades’ self of promotion the trade, international and interregional the path, development entrepreneurial the Moyo, Dambisa economist, international d Western of sub the in growth of determinant the the is more prevalent,been even emphasis should putonthat. be always has institutions of improvement the EU, the of agenda development of points key the like is democratization flourishing proba increasing that argues, author The of spillovers the namely Groot, de of finding empirical euros

in the form of a ‘recovery project’ project’ ‘recovery a of form the in promoting of regionalism and domestic and regionalism of promoting The last issue that the EU could address, and which undoubtedly has positive externalities has positive undoubtedly which address, could and theEU The issue last that

he institutional change might give a reason to observe more positively Mali’s future. Mali’s positively more observe to reason a give might change institutional vlpet fot (ork ; atry 440 Easterly 4; (Rodrik efforts evelopment rda dces o Erpa cmeca itrss n h rgo ad more and region the in interests commercial European of decrease gradual iiy f mrvmn” ( improvement” of bility “ ihr ees f reo i nihorn cutis a la t an to lead may countries neighbouring in freedom of levels higher lobal financial crisis ( crisis financial lobal ly to have a triggering effect o effect triggering a have to ly - Saharan African region parallel to the limited performance limited the to parallel region African Saharan is spent in Mali in spent is tions (2009). tions 1) n oenne Therefore, governance. in 418) positive positive - - driven development as it has been to a large part large a to been has it as development driven development and domestic banking are the next the are banking domestic and development

48 of European trade and investment. If the EU EU the If investment. and trade European of 843). These changes are already taking place, taking already are changes These 843).

ities” to the continent (Spears ities” tothe continent nlec o neighbourin of influence According to Shaw to According

(BBC News Africa/c) News (BBC

. codn t th to According ). n Mali as well. Although among Although well. as Mali n , Africa’s non Africa’s , n theory, in . Nevertheless, the Nevertheless, . cutis n the in countries g rket, a great share great a rket, Zambian e

1 ).

- Senegal’s Senegal’s state and and state - born CEU eTD Collection leaders.political institutions po its in priorities the reconsider to EU the for alarm African an as served events Malian of current the and Spring arrangements Arab the Both countries. political internal the neglected mainly has years twenty past the in marginal o policies development and appropri thesis this in governments Malian and Senegalese interaction the with institutions of set complex the observing by demonstrated policies development programm trade and aid multilateral the alongside importance, of be to continue will states member EU of programmes s is that way complex a in interact which global and domestic both factors, many of outcome the is development “economic argues, Nixson mainly on t of aim marginal a by rather but consideration structural transformative, studies,the case policy theappropriate aims these be ofthe might EU region. SSA the in systems political existing to approach 132 Kraay encouraged fragile/ income low while investment and trade more from benefit would lower theory, this to According development. of economy political new

h Erpa Unio European The sum To way ate way

institution

nta o mkn bsns ad half and business making of instead o develop to Besides, s that comprehend that s

. Therefore up, these two countr two these up, - h E hs lt o osdr oh n em o tae gemns n its and agreements trade of terms in both consider to lot a has EU the building building yial ehbt ih degre high exhibit typically

rpr elh ae n ifatutr wti their within infrastructure and care health proper s f h E isl. ( itself.” EU the of es , having learnt from past mistakes, from learnt past , having f the European Union need Union European the f a a etra atrs oiy steps policy actor’s external an as n

n rd issues trade and

these countries’ these iy i ad devo and mix licy ies provide a good example of the classic premises of the of premises classic the of example good a provide ies in these countries, according to their needs. As needs. their to according countries, these in 349 49 home aid bilateral The (…) understood. fully not till - infamous with efforts development hearted - es of complementarity” (2009, (2009, complementarity” of es 35

- ) Rdi e a. argue al. et Rodrik 0). to be reconsidered be to grown e oe teto t rbidn state rebuilding to attention more te

Based on the empirical the on Based

the priorities within the set of trade oftrade theset within the priorities

development paths. development s

of various EU policies and and policies EU various of

hud e udd y o a not by guided be should

in thefuture - middle income countries income middle

ransformati let o awy i an in always not albeit

failed states should be should states failed and delivered in many in delivered and

borders (Dollar and and (Dollar borders

ht “appropriate that . evidence from evidence

Also, the EU the Also, on, focusing on, ) as 4)

was was CEU eTD Collection Appendix 2. Appendix 1. IMF Minto, 2012, Source: 60 p. Development, for Financing on 2012 Report Accountability EU Source:

Share with % SSA, of of Trade total Official Development Assistance to LDCs between 2000and toOfficial LDCs Development Assistance 2011

CEU eTD Collection however the recent political situation is likely to have a detrimental effect on the country’s growth onthecountry’s effect detrimental a have to is likely political situation therecent however s destination Appendix of 5.External Senegal Trade 2012 Region theSSA for Outlook Economic 7,.. 2003 GrowthAppendix GDP 4.Real in 2003 Mali 2002 growthAppendix inSenegal GDP 3.Real rates

Overall Overall Spain Italy France India Mali Main Mali Sources: 2012 Outlook, Economic Regional also IMF and 2013 Report, LDCs UNCTAD Source: 4,8 2002 21

s o 21, at ers oeat peit n approximatel an predict forecasts year’s last 2013, for As

- 2008

2,3 2004

730 549 730 419,7 50 412,5 58 813,8 72 640,6 85 56923,5 2003

Implementation Report 2009; African Development Fund Appraisal Report 2011; IMF Regional IMFRegional 2011; Report Appraisal Fund Development African Report 2009; Implementation

6,1 2005

2,1 2009 797 447 797 520,7 44 816,7 48 080,6 66 559,3 96 83070,8 2004

5,3 2006 99945,2 117274 2005 832 440 832 46249,9 41515,1 69401,8

4,1 2010 21

4,3 2007

833 471 833 38980,5 37024,5 60936,5 41351,2 137132 2006

2012 51 5,0 2008 802 211 802 37081,5 37562,4 70878,3 49699,3 159966 2007

2,6 2011

- y 5,5% growth (IMF Regional Outlook 2012), 2012), Outlook Regional (IMF growth 5,5% y

2013

4,5 2009 987 862 987 627,5 21 103,4 17 739,4 56 7 121151, 213119 2008

5,8 2010 3,8 2012 990062 20728,0 24485,0 51666,0 73157,7 213119 2009

5,3/2,7 2011 1046840 877,2 28 185,8 23 786,5 47 103789 247716 2010

prospects

4,5 2013

. 5,5/6,0 2012 1200500 960,0 34 604,0 32 041,0 53 168169 180990 2011

CEU eTD Collection 2012) Africa on Report Economic (Source: Mali Senegal Country Appendix indiversification 8:Differences A Source: 539262 2003 Appendix millions) of (in 7.Totalexports Mali CFA Franc Africa Source: 53 597 2003 2003 Mali, Appendix 6. (2012 Yearbook Statistical theAfrican from compiled data Source: In(Millions) Francs France from imports exports Imports Overall

frica

44 2004 Value Value GDP) the of (% Agriculture 515835 2004 - n n 2011

1 1 343283, 1354827

Statistical Yearbook 2012 Yearbook Statistical p. 235 2012 Yearbook Statistical Mining production regarding gold oresMining andgold kilograms concentrates regarding production in in 311,7

36,5 16,7

580673 2005 52 2005 8 373157, 1488007

- - Change 120,4 57,7 7,4

1723837 8 387225, 810671 2006

61 346 2006

nuty % of GDP) (% Industry 24,2 22,1 Value

3 448864, 1890992

745860 2007 55 600 2007 of the economy Mali,2010 of the ofSenegal and 56,1 70,5 Change

7 498941, 2264100

939129 2008 51 900 2008 39,1 61,1 Value Servicesof GDP) (%

5 455457, 2842500

49 500 2009 918200 2009 19,8 - Change

23,5 0 425484, 2211900

p. 287

46 000 2010 989169 2010

). 3,1 12,8 Value GDP) of (% Manufacturing

8 441402, 2250806

46 200 2011 1115541 2011 670,9 87,6 Change 0 460349,

…

CEU eTD Collection http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world BBC CountryProfile” Last Available: “Senegal 2013. News Africa: Modified: 18April, Web. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world BBC “Mali News Africa: PublishingAshgate 2 Company, 2007) Economic inInternational Series Relations” Negotiation and Finance (Hampshire: Global and Nicholas Bayne, Woolcock, Stephen: Diplomacy. Decision “TheNew Economic 926 13:6, “EU politics Matthew: Baldwin, trade 2013) May, Policy Austin, Development “African Legacies” Gareth: Economic Colonial and 2013) 20May, (23:08 http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/132905.pdf Outlook Economic Studies African Country 2006 http://www.oecd.org/dev/emea/40578262.pdf Outlook Economic Studies African Country 2006 %20Yearbook%202012.pdf http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/African%20Statistical Statistical African Africa: 2012. Web. Yearbook Available: Bank Commission Development African Commission Group,Union for Economic African and Operations/MALI%20 http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project Programme Fund: Development GrowthAfrican and Strategy “Second Poverty Support Reduction 2013) May, Available: Web. contribute tothedecline offish May, thefoodcrisis exacerbate 2008. and stocks inSenegal” “SelFish theEconomicPartnershipActionAid: How Europe. further would Agreements pp.1369 2001) No. 5,(Dec Development: Investigation”Comparative AnEmpirical Origins Daron, Robinson,JamesThe and A: Johnson,Acemoglu, Simon Colonial of

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