Publishing in Feminist Economics

Günseli Berik Editor, Feminist Economics

Preconference IAFFE Conference, Berlin, July 15, 2015

Key Questions

• What are the characteristics of a good article? • How can you enhance your chances of publication? • Common submission mistakes • What does a good empirical Feminist Economics article look like? • What does the editorial process of Feminist Economics look like?

Common Starting Points

Crafting a paper from: • A PhD dissertation or a Master’s Thesis • A Report • A paper rejected from another journal !Revise paper originally developed for an audience different from Feminist Economics From: international agency, a government report, specialist group, conference, etc.

To: international, interdisciplinary feminist economist audience Developing Your Article: A Good Article

What are the characteristics of a good article? (any journal) • A well-focused research question, situated within the literature • Makes the case for the importance, originality, and potential impact of the article • Is a good fit for the journal: • Genre (scholarly) • Mission • Current debates

Developing Your Article: A Good Fit for FE

How to judge whether your paper might fit: • Review the Journal’s website http://www.feministeconomics.org/ • Examine the Journal’s mission • Look at past regular and special theme issues • Consider whether you could connect your paper to articles published

Developing Your Article: Share Your Draft Paper with Others

• Form a network of peers (e.g. join a Thematic Group, formed at Berlin conference 2015) • Present your paper at IAFFE conferences • Respond to the advice you get • Ask others to comment on your paper • Consider a co-author

Developing Your Article: For Non-native English Speakers

• Short sentences • Use grammar and spell check • Solicit advice on usage/language • Consider professional editing help Developing your Article: A Good Article • Make sure paper is clearly developed and tightly argued" Be Concise!

• Consider level of detail appropriate for your audience (no need to cover familiar ground at length)

• Do not oversell your contribution/overclaim your results in the Abstract/Conclusion sections

Developing your Article: A Good Article

See powerpoint section on the structure of an empirical FE article under “Author Instructions”" “Helpful Hints” at http://www.feministeconomics.org/

A few highlights:

Structure of a Research Article Overview of a Research Article Developing your Article: A Good Article • Introduction: makes case for the paper (the research question; why important; how will analyze; likely contribution). Not the place for lengthy literature review. Present overview and get to the point in 2 pages!

• Literature Review: critical and thematic evaluation; move from general to narrow literature *Contribution: indicate in the Introduction, Literature Review, Conclusion sections

*Caution: Do not claim as original, research/ results that has been done before. Developing your Article: A Good Article • Methodology and Analysis: • Does not have to be formal/econometric analysis (research based on mixed methods, interpretive/qualitatitive methods is welcome)

• In econometric paper must acknowledge and deal with: • Causality questions (endogeneity) • Selection bias

• Report the most relevant results

• Aim to communicate methodology and results to a broad audience " avoid excessive jargon.

FE Questions to Reviewers

1. Does the manuscript make an important contribution to feminist economic scholarship?

2. Does the manuscript build upon and adequately reference the appropriate literature?

3. Is the manuscript clearly written and accessible to a broad audience with any tables and figures clearly laid out?

4. Is the manuscript’s length appropriate to its purpose? Are there an appropriate number of tables and/or figures?

5. Is the manuscript appropriately worded for an international audience e.g. with specific country references and institutional definitions included where necessary? (Please see the journal's policy on international orientation.)

6. If statistical techniques are used, is the journal's policy on statistical reporting adhered to? (Please see the journal's policy on statistical reporting.)

Developing Your Article: Statistical Reporting Nutshell: • Report standard errors

• Discuss economic importance (not solely statistical significance) of coefficients

Check Miller and Rodgers (2008)

• http://www.feministeconomics.org/pages/author- instructions/editorial-policies/

Developing Your Article: International Orientation • Do not treat a phenomenon as though a particular country's experience is universal/do not speak in general terms • Explain country-specific economic behaviors and international relevance (Why should readers from elsewhere care?) • Include citations to contributions from other parts of the world to indicate wider relevance • Specify geographical context of any cited studies Common Submission Mistakes

• Submitting a paper rejected elsewhere without recasting it for FE (“fit” problem)

• No/cursory engagement with feminist economics literature

• Not conforming to manuscript length policy

• Don’t include excessive tables/figures

• If accepted, you can put online in publisher’s website

• Rare: Not hitting “submit” on Manuscript Central!

Follow procedures to the letter to avoid reviewing delays and rejections

Editorial Process

• Layered: Manuscript Central " Journal office check " Journal editors " Associate Editor " Reviewers

• Time frame

• If a “Major Revision” or “Reject & Resubmit” decision: the revised paper goes back to original reviewers (restart the process). After the Review

Resubmission stage: • “Minor Revision”: in 90 days; “Major Revision”: in 1 year for revision. If you need extra time to revise alert the editors as soon as possible. • Don’t ignore revision requests • Be sure to include detailed response to each reviewer • if you disagree, explain your position thoroughly and respectfully

After Acceptance

• Copy editing process: • Keep in mind journal’s copyediting process is meant to improve paper’s readability and citations • Two tracks: “fast track” to publisher and “in-house + publisher” track • Respond punctually to queries and proofs, send in publishing agreement. • Don’t expect that paper will appear in next issue (on- line publication is ahead of print copy)

After Acceptance: Participating in a Community of Scholars

• Serve as Reviewer: • Offer to review papers, and if invited to do so, accept and do a careful, timely job

• Acknowledge the help of others in your paper(s)

Consider submitting to FE From: Conrad, Cecilia [email protected] Subject: FRB: Conference Program Date: July 16, 2015 at 6:34 AM To: Joyce Jacobsen [email protected]

I had promised the link to the Fed session on diversity in economics to a participant. Here it is.

http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/conferences/national-summit-diversity-economics-profession-program.htm

Cecilia A Conrad Vice President, MacArthur Fellows Program Women, Work, & Feminist Economics

IAFFE Pre-Conference Workshop Berlin 2015 Topics Related to Women’s Work

• Early focus on the Gender Gap in Pay, Parcipaon in Formal, Paid Labor Force by Women • Care Labor • Sexual Division of Labor in Home • Work & Policies to Promote Women’s Equality • Women’s Work and Economic Performance Median Earnings of Women as % of Median Earnings of Men in the US, Year Round, Full Time Workers 100.0

90.0

80.0 76.5 71.6 70.0

59.2 59.2 60.0

50.0

40.0 Year 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 Data Source: United States, Bureau of the Census, Table P-40. Women's Earnings as a Percentage of Men's Earnings By Race and Hispanic Origin: 1960-2012. hp://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/people/ Retrieved June 15, 2014 Gender Gap in Pay

Japan Estonia Germany Czech Republic Finland Slovakia United Kingdom United States Switzerland Netherlands Hungary Cyprus Spain Denmark France Latvia Sweden Greece Lithuania Australia Ireland Bulgaria Portugal Belguim Romania New Zealand Italy Poland Slovenia 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Source: O’Reilly, Jacqueline, Mark Smith, Simon Deakin and Brendan Burchell, “Equal Pay as a Moving Target: Internaonal Perspecves on Forty-Years of Addressing the Gender Pay Gap,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 2015, 39 (2), Figure Seven: LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION BY MARRIED WOMEN in the US, 1920-1970

60

50

40

30 52.5

20 39.7 32.5

10

6.5 0 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970

WHITE NONWHITE

Data Source: Goldin, Claudia. “The Female Labor Force and American Economic Growth, 1890-1980,” in Long –Term Factors in American Economic Growth, edited by Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman, University of Chicago Press, 1986. Figure 1: Trends in female labor force parcipaon, 1890-2005

Source:Olive, Claudia, “The Female Labor Force and Long-run Development: The American Experience in Comparave Perspecve,” Unpublished Paper, May 2013.

Figure 2: Female labor force parcipaon and economic development: 1890-2005

Source: Olive, Claudia, “The Female Labor Force and Long-run Development: The American Experience in Comparave Perspecve,” Unpublished Paper, May 2013 Women in Different Jobs Technological because of Differences in Change/ Tastes Structural Growth Change (In in US, At Least as Early as Demand Increase in 1900) for Wage Women Increase in Offers to OH Hours Workers Women Worked By Workers Women

Claim: US Real gap began to narrow in the 1900s - Smith & Ward Access to Investment Technology to in Human Control Move into Capital By Reproducon Professions Women

Increase in Wage ANOTHER NEOCLASSICAL Increase in OH ECONOMICS Hours Worked, PERSPECTIVE Parcularly Highly (Goldin & Katz) Educated Women Acve Policy Intervenon/Change in Wage Seng NEW (In US, Title IX & OCCUPATIONS EEOC) OPEN HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENTS

FEMINIST ECONOMICS PERSPECTIVE Increase in Increase in OH Wage Hours Worked

WOMEN ARE NOT STUPID. THEY DO NOT FLOCK TO LOW PAYING OCCUPATIONS. THEY ARE EXCLUDED FROM HIGH PAYING OCCUPATIONS, AND VERY LITTLE HAS BEEN DONE TO ENFORCE THE LAW AGAINST THAT EXCLUSION.

BARBARA BERGMANN, 1983

Methodological Approaches

• Carefully constructed descripve studies, including case studies, of specific occupaons, industries, cultural contexts • Cross-seconal Econometric studies that include “gender” as explanatory variable • Analyses of historical paerns over me • Comparave/cross-naonal studies Care Work in US

Women Men Childcare Workers -0.41 -0.12 Primary School teachers -0.12 -0.04 Secondary School Teachers -0.06 -0.07 Higher Educaon professors -0.26 0 Doctors -0.1 -0.17 Other medical 0.08 0.04 Other care labor 0.01 -0.11

Source: England, Paula, Michelle Budig and Nancy Folbre, “Wages of Virtue: The Relave Pay of Care Work,” Social Problems, V. 49, #4 (November 2002), pp 455-473 Division of Labor Within Household Time Spent on Child Care

Father Mother Average Average HK Index Denmark 19.11 31.44 0.37 France 11.2 31.43 0.6 Germany 15.48 38.19 0.56 Italy 10.1 27.91 0.59 Spain 11.1 30.73 0.61

Inmaculada García-Mainar , José Alberto Molina & Víctor M. Montuenga (2011) Gender Differences in Childcare: Time Allocaon in Five European Countries, Feminist Economics, 17:1, 119-150. DUELING ECONOMISTS: WORK AND POLICIES TO PROMOTE WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EQUALITY

WOMEN ARE NOT STUPID. THEY DO NOT FLOCK TO LOW PAYING OCCUPATIONS. THEY ARE EXCLUDED FROM HIGH PAYING OCCUPATIONS, AND VERY LITTLE HAS BEEN DONE TO ENFORCE THE LAW AGAINST THAT EXCLUSION.

BARBARA BERGMANN, 1983

If because of the dead hand of custom and discriminaon half of our populaon have a quarter of their producve potenal unrealized – and that may be an understatement – then by simple arithmec a gain of between 10 and 15 percent in living standards is obtainable, by ending these limitaons and discriminaons. Paul Samuelson Film Clip hps://youtu.be/bm3YfMtgEdI Macroeconomics and Gender Inequality

Yana van der Meulen Rodgers Rutgers University

International Association for Feminist Economics Pre-Conference July 15, 2015 Organization of Presentation

• Introductory Remarks • Feminist and Mainstream Perspectives on Inequality and Macroeconomics • Feminist Project of Engendering Macroeconomics: Main Contributions • Pathways by Which Macro Aggregates and Gender Inequality Interact • Gender-Aware Policies • Take-home Points Introductory Remarks

• Since early 1980s, gender-aware analyses have shown adverse effects of gender-blind macroeconomic policies on livelihoods and well-being of women in developing countries

• Feminist project of engendering macroeconomics – Makes visible the way gender relations permeate the workings of the economy

• Studies in the field of feminist economics have contributed: – Gender-aware macroeconomic theory – Gender-aware macroeconomic methodology – New research findings on gender-aware policies with demonstrated links to macroeconomic outcomes – Links with international dialogues on financing for development Introductory Remarks • Economists ought to develop knowledge and policies that create conditions for people to provision for themselves and their families.

– Analysis should not just explore how economies function – Macro fundamentals (price stability, robust growth) are not enough – Inequality is a constraint on achievement of human well-being, and it translates into unequal power that affects resource distribution. – Any systematic form of stratification based on group characteristics inhibits ability of subordinate group to achieve human well-being.

• Human well-being. Key requirements: – Capabilities (ability to provision for oneself and the family with meaningful, secure work and with adequate social safety net) – Agency (ability to participate in decision-making). Introductory Remarks • Need to emphasize equality of opportunities as well as equality of outcomes

– Inequality makes it difficult for those at bottom of distribution to provision for families

– Social norms that assign women responsibility for childcare contribute to pervasive gender inequality in labor market (and to costs for society as a whole)

– Social hierarchy that justifies inequalities in material outcomes also inhibits equality of opportunities in access to education, health, jobs, and voice Introductory Remarks • Equitable expansion of people’s capabilities is synonymous with development – Depends crucially on how proceeds of growth are utilized. – Growth enables expansion of capabilities, but is not a guarantee

• This presentation aims to:

– Reflect on the ability of market-oriented reforms and economic growth to generate broadly shared gains in well- being and a reduction in inequality.

– Explore various channels through which gender equality and development affect each other

– Discuss examples of gender-aware policies with links to macroeconomic outcomes Feminist and Mainstream Perspectives on Inequality and Macroeconomics • Growing body of research on links between gender inequality and growth, with contrasting views

• Mainstream: emphasizes equality of opportunity (i.e. formal, legal equality) but not equality of outcomes.

– Promoting equality of opportunity can achieve economic efficiency (“prosperity”); inequality of opportunity linked to poorly functioning markets that must be fixed by promoting greater competition.

– This approach led to policy prescriptions that privilege market liberalization and privatization, within an idealized society of small producers as the economic agents to spur economic growth.

– Seeking equality of outcomes is argued to undermine efficiency. Feminist and Mainstream Perspectives on Inequality and Macroeconomics

• Feminist economics perspective: The mainstream view ignores that markets encompass unequal bargaining power and that operation of markets reproduces the inherent inequalities.

• Major point of divergence between the mainstream economic perspective and the feminist economics perspective:

– Mainstream: support Washington Consensus policies (trade liberalization, investment & financial liberalization, privatization, deregulation)

– Feminist economists: these policy reforms have worked against development and have generated inequality. Liberalization should not be an end in itself. Feminist and Mainstream Perspectives on Inequality and Macroeconomics • Feminist economists seek equality of outcomes. – Market processes do not alleviate inequality, they exacerbate it. – Labor market example:

! designating men as “breadwinners” provides rationale for hiring them into jobs with upward mobility

! women slotted into low-wage insecure jobs

! competition in labor markets stacked against women who have unpaid housework and caring responsibilities.

• Gender-aware lens on the macroeconomy highlights the reciprocal relationship between inequality and macro aggregates – Macro policies have gender differentiated effects and shape the possibilities for gender equality

! Macroeconomy acts as a structure of constraint in the achievement of broadly shared well-being ̶ Gender inequality has macroeconomic effects Feminist Project of Engendering Macroeconomics: Main Contributions • Understanding of macroeconomy as a structure of constraint has shaped large body of feminist research.

– This research grew well before recent calls for a new international financial architecture and move away from unfettered liberalization.

– Research often found that reforms generated uneven burdens and economic inefficiency.

– Led to new gender-aware macroeconomic models that incorporate the unpaid reproductive economy

– Highlighted the deflationary bias and commodification bias of macro policies that disproportionately hurt low-income women

! Through budget cuts for basic services (deflationary bias)

! Through the need to rely more on cash incomes and markets for provisioning of livelihoods (commodification bias)

Feminist Project of Engendering Macroeconomics: Main Contributions

• Feminist research has produced macroeconomic models and empirical approaches that: – Define the economy as a totality of interconnected paid and unpaid activities that are necessary for provisioning of human beings – Pay attention to gender differences that shape choices and well- being – Provide a yard-stick for evaluating macroeconomic policies

! Yardstick based on social justice criteria – Embrace pluralistic research approaches, including theoretical models, SAMs and CGE analysis, regression analysis, case studies, and qualitative methods.

• Macroeconomic policies labeled as sensible are less so when viewed through a gendered lens. Pathways by Which Macro Aggregates and Gender Inequality Interact • Area 1: Trade liberalization and expansion.

– Feminization of foreign exchange earnings through female-labor intensity of export production – Growth of informal employment without job/income security – Poor working conditions with few if any labor rights

! Employment gains for women, but under unfavorable conditions and precarious conditions in LDCs. Firms turning more to flexible and informal work arrangements

! Also tendency to sub-contract to smaller-scale, home-based operations

– Rising discrimination with trade competition Pathways by Which Macro Aggregates and Gender Inequality Interact • Area 2: Financial liberalization.

– Greater integration in world capital markets contributes to vulnerability to financial shocks and exchange rate shocks – Financial liberalization can potentially help women and men through greater access to capital and new job opportunities in multinational factories – Women can bear disproportionate share of burdens associated with shocks and footloose capital due to:

! Women’s unpaid workloads and caring responsibilities

! Women’s relative lack of bargaining power in industries where they are concentrated

• Women often sequestered into mobile, labor-intensive industries – “Soundness” of financial liberalization is undermined by the macroeconomic instability it generates. Pathways by Which Macro Aggregates and Gender Inequality Interact

̶ Restrictive monetary policy can have gendered effects through three channels:

! Labor market. Some evidence that labor market contraction from inflation reduction had disproportionately negative impact on women’s employment rates due to male breadwinner bias.

! Access to credit. In principle, reduction in supply of credit can disproportionately affect women if they have more uncertain credit histories or less collateral. Higher debt service costs can also squeeze women out of credit market.

! Consumption. Women and low-income earners may be helped if restrictive monetary policy succeeds in reducing inflation

̶ Very little published evidence that isolates gendered impacts of monetary policy from other macroeconomic reforms; area for new research. Pathways by Which Macro Aggregates and Gender Inequality Interact • Area 3: Fiscal austerity, deregulation, and privatization. – Cuts in subsidies on essential items and reductions in government services disproportionately affect women

! Women hold more responsibility for purchasing food and necessities for their families, and demand for education and health services is relatively sensitive to price and income shocks. – Women’s relative lack of ability compared to men to respond to new opportunities in private markets

! Examples of constraints: lack of clearly defined property rights, inadequate transportation, poor marketing structures – Higher gender wage gaps following public sector downsizing

! Public sector a major source of jobs with higher wages and benefits, especially for women

! Women experience more difficulty securing similar private-sector jobs – Fiscal policies labeled as sensible are less so when viewed through a gendered lens.

Pathways by Which Macro Aggregates and Gender Inequality Interact • Area 4: Economic growth

– Growth affects gender inequality

! Growth has led to reductions in disadvantages faced by women, especially in educational attainment, life expectancy, and labor force participation.

! Yet growth does not necessarily mean inequality will decline, especially if women continue to face constraints in obtaining new, well-paid employment opportunities – Gender inequality affects growth

! Can enhance short-run growth

! Women’s low wages hold down production costs in manufactured exports; FX generated by exports funneled into imported capital goods

! But inequality in education and employment can act as a drag on long-term growth Gender-Aware Policies • Three examples of gender-aware policies with demonstrated links to macroeconomic outcomes

1. Labor standards enforcement through positive trade incentives ̶ Model program is Better Factories Cambodia ̶ Origins: Bilateral Trade Agreement btw U.S. and Cambodia (1999-2004) ̶ Positive trade incentives to increase quota limits if proven compliance with labor standards ̶ Factory inspections by International Labor Organization (first time in this role); results posted on-line; factories named ̶ Evidence that working conditions in Cambodia improved without employment losses.

! Leaving labor standards enforcement to market forces has resulted in persistence of poor working conditions in Bangladesh Gender-Aware Policies 2. Public sector investments that reduce women’s unpaid labor burdens and promote remunerative work

̶ Infrastructure expenditures on roads, clean water, and power ̶ Provide financial assistance for out-of-home child care ̶ Offer business-development services ̶ Strengthen property rights (e.g. land titling programs) ̶ Expand women’s access to credit (microfinance, rural banking reforms)

! Evidence shows positive impact on food production in SSA, which reduces reliance on food imports and conserves FX

! Also linked to increased entrepreneurial activities among women with potential for employment creation

! Strengthens women’s bargaining power in the home Gender-Aware Policies 3. Mobilize domestic and donor resources for investment in human capital. Examples include: – Promote skill development through better education and vocational training – Support small-scale farmers with extension services to improve productivity. – Fund conditional cash transfer programs

! Research showing that women spend a greater proportion of their income on health and education inputs than men

! Common conditions: (1) children must be in school, and (2) children must be immunized and have regular health check-ups.

! Examples: Opportunidades in Mexico, Bolsa Familia in Brazil

! Success of these programs indicates that small budgets can go a long way if they are properly targeted. – Requires a new approach to fiscal budgeting recognizing that returns from human capital investments are realized over the long-run Take-home points

• Gender-aware analyses have shown that growth is not sufficient to improve gendered well-being in all its dimensions.

– Macroeconomic policy reforms can have contradictory effects on well-being of women and men

– Pursuit of macroeconomic stability has come at a high cost

– Soundness and sensibility of macroeconomic policies should be based on extent to which they integrate social objectives into their macroeconomic goals Take-home Points

• These approaches promote equity, raise productivity, and improve long-run growth and well-being.

– Higher incomes generated as a result of such investments can be used to pay down accumulated debt used to fund such investments. – Incorporate gender goals into financing for development – Financing gender equality thus generates financing for overall development.