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Assessment of Sgd in Karstic Coastal Massif: Aiguadolç Beach (Garraf)

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Assessment of Sgd in Karstic Coastal Massif: Aiguadolç Beach (Garraf) ASSESSMENT OF SGD IN KARSTIC COASTAL MASSIF: AIGUADOLÇ BEACH (GARRAF) Pau Navarro Maestro Dídac Navarro Fernández Tutors: Jordi Garcia Orellana Mario Zarroca Hernández Degrees: Environmental Science and Geology geoWASU Environmental and February 2019, Bellaterra water surveys ABSTRACT Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important source of freshwater and nutrients to Mediterranean Sea, but is also related with anthropic pollution. Since the last decades a new emerging and successful ways to trace SGD appeared, as they are natural radioactive isotopes (223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra and 222Rn) and electrical surveys (electrical resistivity tomography , ERT). Other methods have been less employed, but they have a great potential as electric induction (EI). This project describes and quantifies SGD and its nutrients driven input with these methods, never used before in Catalonia to asses SGD, in an anthropized coastal karstic massif. The study zone is Aiguadolç beach (Spain), the most southern beach in the Garraf massif, and the obtained SGD flows there were 9.7 ± 2.0 ·106 m3·km-1·yr-1, with the associated fluxes of DSi, DIN and DIP, which were 63 ± 13 mmol·m-2·d-1, 78 ± 16 mmol·m-2·d-1, -2 -1 + -2 -1 and 432 ± 91 μmol·m ·d , respectively. A NH4 flux of 74 ± 16 mmol·m -d was also estimated due to a + high concentration of NH4 in groundwater. This concentration exceeds the legal limits of drinking water legislation. This high contamination suggests an anthropogenic influence of the aquifer which could be due to waste water leaking from urban, agricultural or livestock activity or the Garraf landfill itself. The study also evaluates the social conflict framed in Aiguadolç due to some issues that affect the beach in relation with SGD and outlet emergences, and propose some management actions that could improve the situation. KEY WORDS: Submarine groundwater discharge, nutrients, geophysical surveys, radium, Garraf massif, karst, social conflict. i ii INDEX 1. Justification ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1. Submarine Groundwater Discharge ............................................................................................................. 3 2.1.1. Definition of SGD ......................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.2. Significance of SGD for marine ecosystems .................................................................................... 5 2.1.3. SGD identification and quantification ............................................................................................... 5 2.1.3.1. Geophysical techniques ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.3.1.1. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT)……..... ...................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.3.1.2. Electromagnetic Induction (EM) ............................................................................................ 7 2.1.3.2. Physicochemical parameters ........................................................................................................... 7 2.1.3.3. Radium ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.3.4. Radon ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1.3.5. Nutrients ................................................................................................................................................ 11 3. Introduction to study area ........................................................................................................................................ 13 3.1 Regional geography ........................................................................................................................................... 13 3.2. Environment characterization ..................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.1. Flora and fauna ......................................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.2. Climatology and meteorology ............................................................................................................ 17 3.2.3. Oceanography and coastal geomorphology ................................................................................ 18 3.2.4. Anthropogenic impacts ......................................................................................................................... 19 3.3. Territorial planning and legal framework .............................................................................................. 23 3.4. Aiguadolç Beach .................................................................................................................................................. 24 4. The Geology of el Garraf ............................................................................................................................................. 26 4.1. Karst development in El Garraf .................................................................................................................... 29 4.2. Hydrology and hydrogeology ....................................................................................................................... 31 4.2.1. Surface hidrology..................................................................................................................................... 31 4.2.2. Hydrogeology ............................................................................................................................................ 32 5. Objectives ......................................................................................................................................................................... 38 iii 5.1. General aims ......................................................................................................................................................... 38 5.2. Specific objectives .............................................................................................................................................. 38 6. Methodology.................................................................................................................................................................... 39 6.1. Field work and sampling ................................................................................................................................. 39 6.1.1. Geophysical methods ............................................................................................................................. 39 6.1.2. Physicochemical parameters ............................................................................................................. 39 6.1.3. Radon ............................................................................................................................................................ 41 6.1.4. Radium ......................................................................................................................................................... 41 6.1.5. Nutrients ..................................................................................................................................................... 42 6.1.6. Interviews ................................................................................................................................................... 42 6.2. Analyse and mesurament ............................................................................................................................... 42 6.2.1. Geophysics analyse ................................................................................................................................. 42 6.2.2. Radon analyse ........................................................................................................................................... 42 6.2.3. Radium analyse ........................................................................................................................................ 43 6.2.3.1. RaDeCC ................................................................................................................................................... 43 6.2.3.2. Gamma spectrometry ....................................................................................................................... 44 6.2.4. Nutrients analyse ..................................................................................................................................... 44 6.2.5. SWOT analysis, actors inventory and sociogram ...................................................................... 44 7. Results ...............................................................................................................................................................................
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