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Geological Timeline
Geological Timeline In this pack you will find information and activities to help your class grasp the concept of geological time, just how old our planet is, and just how young we, as a species, are. Planet Earth is 4,600 million years old. We all know this is very old indeed, but big numbers like this are always difficult to get your head around. The activities in this pack will help your class to make visual representations of the age of the Earth to help them get to grips with the timescales involved. Important EvEnts In thE Earth’s hIstory 4600 mya (million years ago) – Planet Earth formed. Dust left over from the birth of the sun clumped together to form planet Earth. The other planets in our solar system were also formed in this way at about the same time. 4500 mya – Earth’s core and crust formed. Dense metals sank to the centre of the Earth and formed the core, while the outside layer cooled and solidified to form the Earth’s crust. 4400 mya – The Earth’s first oceans formed. Water vapour was released into the Earth’s atmosphere by volcanism. It then cooled, fell back down as rain, and formed the Earth’s first oceans. Some water may also have been brought to Earth by comets and asteroids. 3850 mya – The first life appeared on Earth. It was very simple single-celled organisms. Exactly how life first arose is a mystery. 1500 mya – Oxygen began to accumulate in the Earth’s atmosphere. Oxygen is made by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) as a product of photosynthesis. -
University of Edinburgh Postgraduate Journal of Culture and the Arts Issue 05 | Autumn 2007
University of Edinburgh Postgraduate Journal of Culture and the Arts Issue 05 | Autumn 2007 Title ‘The Four Horsemen of the Greenhouse Apocalypse’: Apocalypse in the Science Fiction Novels of George Turner Author Roslyn Weaver Publication FORUM: University of Edinburgh Postgraduate Journal of Culture and the Arts Issue Number 05 Issue Date Autumn 2007 Publication Date 12/12/2007 Editors Jack Burton & Hanna Sommerseth FORUM claims non-exclusive rights to reproduce this article electronically (in full or in part) and to publish this work in any such media current or later developed. The author retains all rights, including the right to be identified as the author wherever and whenever this article is published, and the right to use all or part of the article and abstracts, with or without revision or modification in compilations or other publications. Any latter publication shall recognise FORUM as the original publisher. “The Four Horsemen of the Greenhouse Apocalypse”: Apocalypse in the Science Fiction Novels of George Turner Roslyn Weaver, (University of Wollongong) … the realities of overpopulation, ineradicable pollution, rampant nationalism, and plain entrepreneurial greed – the four horsemen of the greenhouse apocalypse – closed around the planet. - George Turner, Down There in Darkness 13 In Postmodern Apocalypse , Richard Dellamora writes of a “pervasive sense of unease in contemporary existence”, arguing that the “lack of confidence in the possibility of shaping history in accord with human desire(s) provides the bass line of culture – political, economic, and aesthetic” (xi). More than a decade after Dellamora’s remarks, a collective dread evident in literature and film has not abated; rather, it has perhaps intensified. -
A Universal Severity Classification for Natural Disasters H. Jithamala Caldera1 and S. C. Wirasinghe2 1Department of Civil Engin
A Universal Severity Classication for Natural Disasters H. Jithamala Caldera ( [email protected] ) University of Calgary Schulich School of Engineering https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8896-7846 S. C. Wirasinghe University of Calgary Schulich School of Engineering Research Article Keywords: Universal Disaster Severity Classication Scheme, Global Disaster Severity Scale, Universal Standard Severity Index System, Extreme Natural Events, Disaster Denitions, Impact Assessment Posted Date: May 7th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-333435/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License 1 1 A Universal Severity Classification for Natural Disasters 2 H. Jithamala Caldera1 and S. C. Wirasinghe2 3 1Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, [email protected], 4 0000-0001-8896-7846 5 2Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 0000-0001-5739-1290 6 ABSTRACT 7 The magnitude of a disaster’s impact cannot be easily assessed because there is no global method that provides 8 real magnitudes of natural disaster severity levels. Therefore, a new universal severity classification scheme for natural 9 disasters is developed and is supported by data. This universal system looks at the severity of disasters based on the 10 most influential impact factor and gives a rating from zero to ten; zero indicates no impact and ten is a world-wide 11 devastation. This universal system is for all types of natural disasters, from lightning strikes to super volcanic eruptions 12 and everything in between, that occur anywhere in the world at any time. -
Ice Businesses at Turners Falls, Massachusetts Turners Falls Reporter
Ice Businesses at Turners Falls Ice Businesses at Turners Falls, Massachusetts Reported in the Turners Falls Reporter for the years in this compilation. August, 2017 Page 1 of 24 Ed Gregory Ice Businesses at Turners Falls Ice Businesses at Turners Falls, Massachusetts Reported in the Turners Falls Reporter for the years in this compilation Pages of the Turners Falls Reporter given in this compilation are verbatim. Grammar, Punctuation and Spelling are as in the archetype. Evident edits are displayed via [sic]1 Composed, printed & bound by Ed Gregory August, 2017 1 Thus; so. Used to indicate that a quoted passage, especially one containing an error or unconventional spelling, has been retained in its original form or written intentionally. August, 2017 Page 2 of 24 Ed Gregory Ice Businesses at Turners Falls Content - Year 1873 4 1913 18 1874 4 1914 19 1875 4 1915 19 1876 No editions available for 1876 or, from January,1877 to April, 1877 1877 4 1916 19 1878 4 1917 20 1879 5 1918 20 1880 No ice info. 1919 21 1881 5 1920 21 1882 5 1921 22 1883 6 1922 22 1884 7 -end- 1885 7 1886 7 1887 8 1888 8 1889 9 1890 9 1891 9 1892 9 1893 10 1894 10 1895 10 1896 11 1897 11 1898 11 1899 12 1900 12 1901 13 1902 13 1903 14 1904 14 1905 14 1906 14 1907 15 1908 15 1909 16 1910 17 1911 17 1912 17 August, 2017 Page 3 of 24 Ed Gregory Ice Businesses at Turners Falls Ice Businesses at Turners Falls, Massachusetts as reported in the Turners Falls Reporter for the years 1872 to 1922. -
Beyond Planet Earth: the Future of Planet Earth: Beyond 20 22 18 14 12 6 8 4 ; and the of 35Th the Anniversary 3
Member Magazine Fall 2011 Vol. 36 No. 4 Searching For Life on Mars How to Opening Build November 19 a Lunar BEYOND Elevator PLANET EARTH: THE FUTURE OF SPACE EXPLORATION Astrophysics at the Museum 2 News at the Museum 3 From the Even for those of us long past our school years, fall of you participated. Based on that work, the Museum More Stars Shine Brighter With Museum To Offer always feels like “back to school”—a time for new has restructured and enhanced its program to bring President ventures and new adventures. The most exciting it more fully in line with Members’ lives. Hayden Planetarium Upgrade Science Teaching Degree new venture at the Museum is our Master of Arts Membership categories will now more closely Ellen V. Futter in Teaching (MAT) program, which marks the first reflect the kinds of households that you are part This fall, the Museum is launching a Master time that an institution other than a university of, with new Family and Adult tracks that will of Arts in Teaching (MAT) program, marking or college will offer a master’s program for science allow us to tailor programs, services, and benefits. the first time that an institution other than teachers. Please read more about this pioneering And, moving forward, there will be an increased a university or college will offer such a program initiative on page 3. emphasis on communication, including keeping for science teachers. Fall 2011 brings a full slate of exciting offerings in closer touch with Members through electronic The pioneering 15-month program is for the public, including our thrilling new means, including a new digital membership. -
Operation Wallacea Science Report 2019, Târnava Mare, Transylvania
Operation Wallacea Science Report 2019, Târnava Mare, Transylvania Angofa, near Sighișoara. JJB. This report has been compiled by Dr Joseph J. Bailey (Senior Scientist for Operation Wallacea and Lecturer in Biogeography at York St John University, UK) on behalf of all contributing scientists and the support team. The project is the result of the close collaboration between Operation Wallacea and Fundația ADEPT, with thanks also to York St John University. Published 31st March 2020 (version 1). CONTENTS 1 THE 2019 TEAM ............................................ 1 4.14 Small mammals ................................. 15 2 ABBREVIATIONS & DEFINITIONS .......... 2 4.15 Large mammals: Camera trap ..... 15 3 INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND ......... 3 4.16 Large mammals: Signs .................... 15 3.1 The landscape....................................... 3 5 RESULTS ........................................................ 17 3.2 Aims and scope .................................... 3 5.1 Highlights ............................................. 17 3.3 Caveats .................................................... 4 5.2 Farmer interviews ............................ 18 3.4 Wider context for 2019 .................... 4 5.3 Grassland plants ................................ 22 3.5 What is Operation Wallacea? ......... 5 5.3.1 Species trends (village) ........ 22 3.6 Research projects and planning ... 5 5.3.2 Biodiversity trends (plots) .. 25 3.6.1 In progress ................................... 6 5.4 Grassland butterflies ....................... 27 3.6.2 -
Educators Guide
EDUCATORS GUIDE 02 | Supervolcanoes Volcanism is one of the most creative and destructive processes on our planet. It can build huge mountain ranges, create islands rising from the ocean, and produce some of the most fertile soil on the planet. It can also destroy forests, obliterate buildings, and cause mass extinctions on a global scale. To understand volcanoes one must first understand the theory of plate tectonics. Plate tectonics, while generally accepted by the geologic community, is a relatively new theory devised in the late 1960’s. Plate tectonics and seafloor spreading are what geologists use to interpret the features and movements of Earth’s surface. According to plate tectonics, Earth’s surface, or crust, is made up of a patchwork of about a dozen large plates and many smaller plates that move relative to one another at speeds ranging from less than one to ten centimeters per year. These plates can move away from each other, collide into each other, slide past each other, or even be forced beneath each other. These “subduction zones” are generally where the most earthquakes and volcanoes occur. Yellowstone Magma Plume (left) and Toba Eruption (cover page) from Supervolcanoes. 01 | Supervolcanoes National Next Generation Science Standards Content Standards - Middle School Content Standards - High School MS-ESS2-a. Use plate tectonic models to support the HS-ESS2-a explanation that, due to convection, matter Use Earth system models to support cycles between Earth’s surface and deep explanations of how Earth’s internal and mantle. surface processes operate concurrently at different spatial and temporal scales to MS-ESS2-e form landscapes and seafloor features. -
Five Global Mass Extinctions in the Geological History and Their Traces
Geological Society of Hong Kong Bulletin No. 13, Issue No.1 GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF HONG KONG Bulletin No.13, Issue No.1 Five Global Mass Extinctions in The Geological History and Their Traces in the Hong Kong Region January, 2018 the specific geological and palaeontological evidence observed in the ‘Greater Hong Kong The readers who are interested in discussing the content of the article please email to the Geological Society of Region’ to the overall perspective of the global Hong Kong at mass extinctions, in order to better understand the [email protected] geological impacts and imprints associated with the Editors: Ir. Raymond S. M. Chan and Dr. George S. K. Ma global mass extinctions in this part of the world. Five Global Mass Extinctions in The Geological History and Their Traces in The Big Bang theory has been used to explain the the Hong Kong Region origin of the Universe (e.g. Peebles et al, 2009). It By Foo Wah Yan suggests that the Universe began to form about 13.8 billion years ago (Ga) (ESA, 2013) and led to the (M.Sc. Petroleum Geology, D.I.C., Imperial College) birth of the Solar System, in which the Earth formed General Manager, Energy Business, Polytec Resources Ltd., as an integral part, about 4.6 Ga. The first live forms Hong Kong on Earth started shortly after its formation as basic single cells bacteria about 4.3 to 3.8 billion years ago, based on the oldest fossils (single cells bacteria) Introduction found recently in Quebec, Canada, as reported in Dodd et al (2017). -
Netflix Cheat Sheet
NETFLIX CHEAT SHEET Animals: BBC: Life The Crimson Wing 72 Dangerous Animals: Tiger: Spy in the Jungle Bindi’s Bootcamp Australia Elephant: Spy in the Herd Wings of Life The Hunt Polar Bear: Spy on Ice Born in China Africa’s Deadliest Dolphins: Spy in the Pod 72 Cutest Animals Trek: Spy of the Lions: Spy in the Den Growing Up Wild Wildebeest Bears: Spy in the Woods Baby Animals in the Wild Africa’s Deadliest Penguins: Spy in the Hidden Kingdoms Leopard Fight Club Huddle Terra Animal Fight Night Blackfish Ghost of the Mountain Peculiar Pets Shark Virunga Race of LIfe The Lion in Your Living 72 Dangerous Animals: Wild Ones Room Asia David Attenborough’s A Dog’s Life 72 Dangerous Animals: Natural Curiosities Tyke: Elephant Outlaw America Earth & Nature : Space: History: Planet Earth II Alien Contact: Outer NOVA: Secrets of Noah’s Planet Earth Space Ark Blue Planet NOVA: Earth’s Rocky Start The Vietnam War Frozen Planet Into the Inferno The Pyramid Code Planet Earth: As You’ve The Real Death Star Vikings Unearthed Never Seen It Edge of the Universe WWII in Colour A Plastic Ocean Horizon: Secrets of the Untold Histories of the Earth’s Natural Wonders Solar System United States Mission Blue The Inexplicable Universe Nazi Mega Weapons World’s Worst Disasters The Beginning and End of 9/11: Truths, Lies & Nature’s Weirdest Events the Universe Conspiracy Nature’s Great Events Horizon: Supermassive Nazi Megastructures Weird Wonders of the Black Holes Auschwitz: The Nazis and World Orbit the Final Solution Forces of Nature In Search for Life in Space D-Day Desperate Hours: The Royal House of Witnesses & Survivors Presidents: Windsor Full Force Nature How to Win the US Tornado Hunters Presidency Dinosaurs: The Wheelchair President Raising the Dinosaur Giant JFK: The Making of a Horizon Dinosaurs: The President Hunt for Life Meet the Trumps: From Dino Hunt Immigrant to President HomeschoolHideout.com Please do not share or reproduce. -
Crisis-Proof Manufacturing: How to Enable Long-Term Resilience COVID-19: a Litmus Test for Factory Resilience
Crisis-Proof Manufacturing: How to Enable Long-Term Resilience COVID-19: A Litmus Test for Factory Resilience “COVID-19 will likely follow the pattern of a broad crisis, resulting in a rather deep decline and a lengthy recovery.” – Harvard Business Review1 Crises like the COVID-19 pandemic are a litmus test for factory resilience. It exposes the known and unknown vulnerabilities of manufacturing systems and processes. It spurs manufacturers to reevaluate their factory resilience and rethink their crisis management seriously. The impact of COVID-19 on manufacturing processes and supply chain is highly disruptive and rippling. Global process manufacturers had to contend with the following challenges: Larger-scale supply disruptions. Manufacturers heavily dependent on sourcing materials from China, where the outbreak started, faced supply chain shortages.2 Significant demand reduction. The demand for automotive paints and coating, for example, has plummeted due to the pandemic.3 Drastic labor shortage. According to a French trade group ANIA study, food makers suffered a 22% loss in turnover globally due to the health crisis. Personal care and cosmetics manufacturers, on the other hand, had to shut down their firms due to lack of manpower.4 Costly delays. Pharmaceutical manufacturers that conduct clinical trials in China faced study disruptions and slower regulatory approvals.5 Reactive, Uncoordinated According to a study published in IEEE Engineering Management Review in July 2020, faculty members saw that the response of manufacturers to COVID-19 disruptions “has been largely reactive and uncoordinated.”6 To keep their operations running, some manufacturers have taken these temporary measures: Reactive cost-cutting such as overtime reduction, layoff, and discretionary spend cuts.1 Repurposing production to meet new demands goals, which can be costly and full of challenges.7 Partial operations capacity. -
Ice Harvesting Dollars Per Day
3 Volume 14 Issue 2 Winter 2020/21 ISSN 1913-8660 Ice Harvesting A man and his team earned an average of eight dollars per day. The ice was uniformly piled on the large bobsleds and pulled by horses up the banks near the end One of our volunteers suggested we write about a of Rankin Avenue.” The most popular areas to harvest bygone industry that was once a big business in from were from north of the current Navy Yard Park to Amherstburg. This previously essential trade has since Alma Street, and in Callam’s Bay south of town. been entirely abandoned. Many men were employed in the natural ice business. The harvesting of ice from the Detroit River in the Some of the local ice men over the years were John winter was for many years relied upon for food Stokes, Edward Crimmins, Si Bertrand, Arthur Kemp, preservation in the warm summer months. The annual ice Remi Primeau, Samuel McGee, George Girardin, and harvest was a major event not only for the local ice Henry Florey. John Hamilton Sr. was the biggest ice dealers and butchers, but for the many restaurants and dealer. In 1908, it was announced in The Echo that the ice private residences needing to cool their ice boxes holding business in town would be centralized the coming season meats, fruits, ice cream, and other perishables. Each year, under Mr. Hamilton who was purchasing all existing ice the ice men would wait for favourable weather conditions businesses in town. In 1909, high temperatures resulted to produce thick ice on the river. -
Term Review of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 in Relation to Target 3A – Agriculture
Service contract to support follow-up actions to the mid- term review of the EU biodiversity strategy to 2020 in relation to target 3A – Agriculture Final Report 19th June 2017 Funded by European Commission, DG Environment In collaboration with 2 Disclaimer: The arguments expressed in this report are solely those of the authors, and do not reflect the opinion of any other party. The report as a whole should be cited as follows: Siriwardena, G. and Tucker, G. (eds) (2017) Service contract to support follow-up actions to the mid-term review of the EU biodiversity strategy to 2020 in relation to target 3A – Agriculture. Report to the European Commission, Institute for European Environmental Policy, London. The following individual chapters should be cited as follows: Chapter 2: Siriwardena, G and Pringle, H (2017) Development of a methodology for the assessment of potential agriculture-related drivers on the status of habitats and species. In G Siriwardena & G Tucker (eds) Service contract to support follow-up actions to the mid-term review of the EU biodiversity strategy to 2020 in relation to target 3A – Agriculture, pp 25-48. Report to the European Commission, Institute for European Environmental Policy, London. Chapter 3: Pringle, H, Koeble, R, Paracchini M L, Rega, C, Henderson, I, Noble, D, Gamero, A, Vorisek, P, Škorpilová, J, Schmucki, R, Siriwardena, G, Allen, B, and Tucker, G (2017) Review of data sources and preparation of a metadatabase. In G Siriwardena & G Tucker (eds) Service contract to support follow-up actions to the mid-term review of the EU biodiversity strategy to 2020 in relation to target 3A – Agriculture, pp 49-60.