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Journal of Contemporary Studies a Biannual Publication of Faculty of Contemporary Studies Journal of Contemporary Studies A biannual publication of Faculty of Contemporary Studies Patron-in-Chief Lieutenant General Nazir Ahmed Butt, HI (M), President, National Defence University, Islamabad. Chairman Prof. Dr. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, Dean, Faculty of Contemporary Studies, National Defence University, Islamabad EDITORIAL BOARD Editor-in-Chief Dr. Zulfqar Khan Editor Dr. Shaheen Akhtar Assistant Editors Dr. Khuram Iqbal Mr. Tasawar Hussain EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Prof. Ian Talbot, Professor of Modern British History at the University of Southampton, UK. Prof. Dr. Sally Wallace, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, USA. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Asutay School of Government and International Affairs, Durham University, UK. Prof. Marvin G. Weinbaum, Director for Pakistan Studies at the Middle East Institute, USA. Dr. Andrew Futter, Associate Professor of International Politics at University of University of Leicester, UK. Dr. Julian Droogan, Department of Security Studies and Criminology, Macquarie University, Australia. Dr. S. Gulden Ayman, Associate Professor, Marmara University Istanbul, Turkey. Dr. Nishchal N. Pandey, Director Centre for South Asian Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal. Dr. Ying Rong, Senior Research Fellow, China Institute of International Studies (CIIS). Professor Tim Edmunds, Director of Teaching and Learning School of Sociology, Politics and International Studies (SPAIS), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. Dr. Hasan Askari Rizvi, Political and Defence Analyst, Pakistan. Dr. Moonis Ahmar, Dean, Faculty of Arts, University of Karachi, Pakistan. Dr. Rashid Ahmad Khan, Dean Social Sciences, University of Sargodha, Pakistan. Dr. Ejaz Hussain, Professor National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. Winter 2016 Volume V, Number 2 JOURNAL OF Editor-in-Chief Dr. Zulfqar Khan Editor Dr. Shaheen Akhtar Assistant Editors Dr. Khuram Iqbal Mr. Tasawar Hussain Faculty of Con temporary Studies National Defence University Islamabad, Pakistan Editor’s Note The Journal of Contemporary Studies is a flagship publication of the Faculty of Contemporary Studies (FCS), National Defence University (NDU), Islamabad. It started with the unequivocal objective of advancing critically oriented, inter-disciplinary academic and intellectual discourse. It is a biannual, double blind peer-reviewed journal which offers its readers- in academia, the government as well as policymaking circles- insightful scholarly analyses, diverse policy perspectives on important contemporary issues, and ongoing debates concerning national and international security, public policy and the wider field of world politics. This is the tenth issue of the journal containing five articles, two book reviews and five primary documents containing valuable information on significant international developments. The first article, titled Impact of Violent Extremism on Girls’ Schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by Dr. Mussarat Jabeen, dwells on the effects of militancy on girls’ education in KPK. She argues that a conservative socio-cultural tradition, along with violent religious extremism, impedes girls’ education as the militants target girls’ schools. The second article, titled Continental Drift: Tracing the “Why” of Brexit in the History of European Integration, is by Muhammad Farouq Khan Lodhi. It examines three perspectives pertaining to Brexit: UK’s historic rivalry with European powers, Britain’s aversion to the process of European integration for the last seven decades, and the economic considerations that have overshadowed the post-World War II era. The author concludes that the economic rationale is a formidable force behind Brexit. The third article on the Role of UN and European Union in the Syrian Refugee Crisis is by Dr. Fauzia Ghani. It analyses the role played by the United Nations and the European Union in managing the Syrian refugee crisis, their policy response and the challenges faced in return. It also offers recommendations that can make their role effective in dealing with this situation. The fourth article on Digital Payments: Prospects for South Asia and Pakistan is co-authored by Dr. Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman and Umara Afzal. It discusses the prevailing digital payment patterns across South Asia and subsequently the trends and challenges that are emerging in Pakistan. It also analyses the advantages of various instruments of digital payments. The last article on Burhanisation of Social Media and the Resistance Movement in Kashmir is co-authored by Sheikh Gh. Waleed Rasool and Ameer Abdullah Khan. The authors analyse the impact of the killing of social media icon Burhan Wani on the Kashmir resistance movement. They argue that the interplay of images and sentiment has given birth to a new phenomenon called “Burhanisation.” These images did not pass through routine media gate keeping; and therefore, triggered a mass resistance against the Indian rule in occupied Kashmir and Burhan Wani became glorified as a freedom fighter. I am grateful to all the contributors who have sent their articles for this issue, and the anonymous peer-reviewers whose valuable comments helped the authors to improve their contributions. We hope that the study of this Journal will invoke the desire among the readers to contribute their perspectives in the ongoing academic discourses. Contributions are welcomed from a broad spectrum of inter-related fields like political science, security studies, political economy, terrorism, politics and religion, politics of energy, feminism, media and politics, leadership psychology, military strategy, modern history, international law, sociology, education, conflict management and resolution, demography, social anthropology, and foreign policy analysis etc. We are accepting articles for the upcoming issue of the Journal of Contemporary Studies based on original qualitative or quantitative research, an innovative conceptual framework or a substantial literature review that opens new areas of inquiry. Case studies and comparative analyses are also welcome. The editorial team at the journal encourages submissions from expert analysts from around the world. The Journal seeks to promote a scholarly understanding of contemporary developments and changes related to the aforementioned disciplines/fields of social sciences. It intends to stimulate interdisciplinary research and writing. Editor Dr. Shaheen Akhtar CONTENTS ARTICLES 1. Impact of Violent Extremism on Girls’ Schools in 1 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Dr. Mussarat Jabeen 2. Continental Drift: Tracing the “Why” of Brexit in the 21 History of European Integration Muhammad Farouq Khan Lodhi 3. Role of the UN and the European Union in the Syrian 37 Refugee Crisis Dr. Fauzia Ghani 4. Digital Payments: Prospects for South Asia and 52 Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman & Umara Afzal 5. Burhanisation of Social Media and the Resistance 67 Movement in Kashmir Sheikh Gh. Waleed Rasool & Ameer Abdullah Khan BOOK REVIEWS 1. The Third Option for the South China Sea: The Political Economy of Regional Conflict and Cooperation 81 David Jay Green 2. Counter Insurgency and Counter Terrorism: A Prism of Stabilization and Peace Building Efforts 84 Beenish Sultan and Gareth Boyd DOCUMENTS 1. President Donald J. Trump’s Inaugural Address, 88 January 20, 2017. 2. Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s Address at the 53rd 92 Munich Security Conference, February 18, 2017. 3. Prime Minister Modi’s Address to the Nation from the 100 ramparts of the Red Fort on 70th Independence Day, August 15, 2016. 4. Statement by Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, Prime 121 Minister of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan at the 71st Session of the UN General Assembly, September 21, 2016. 5. Statement by Adviser to the Prime Minister on Foreign 128 Affairs, Mr. Sartaj Aziz, at the Sixth Heart of Asia Ministerial Conference held in Amritsar, December 12, 2016. Extremism, Militancy and Girls’ Schools in KP 1 IMPACT OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM ON GIRLS’ SCHOOLS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA Dr. Mussarat Jabeen Abstract All over the world, terrorist attacks on places of learning are increasing. These attacks are different in types, including armed assaults, bombings and hostage taking. In Pakistan, these attacks began in 2009 and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), with its conservative culture was the worst affected area, where mainly girls’ schools were the targets of militants. Women in a conservative society are already marginalized and the extremist elements have further constrained their rights. According to the extremist’s viewpoint, a woman’s life is limited to the traditional roles where education is unnecessary and counterproductive. The customary norms also discourage female education and interpret it as a ‘futile pastime.’ The existing literature, focusing on gender disparity in the low enrolment of girls in schools, points out three main causes: tradition, poverty and extremism as hurdles in women’s path to education. The religious extremists are deliberately keeping girls/women away from education. The paper explores the impact of violent extremism on educational facilities and a look into how it impedes the path of girls going to school. Key Words: Girls’ schools, Extremism, Terrorist attacks, Traditional roles, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Introduction n the contemporary world, rising waves of extremism and terrorism, with diverse dimensions, pose the biggest threat to mankind. The I worldwide proliferation of terrorist attacks motivated by religious extremism, are raising concerns across all segments of society
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