DERBYSHIRE MISCELLANY
Volume 14: Part 3 Spring 1995
4OTH ANNIVERSARY EDITION
CONTENTS
Page
The Manor of Stanton-by-Bridge 58 by Joan Baker
Doby Borough Rmtal 1729: Part II 62 by Jane Steer
The origins of people liaing in Ironoille in 1851 95 by Dudley Fowkes
ASSISTANT EDITOR EDITOR TREASURER fane Steer Dudley Fowkes T.J. Larimore 478 Duffield Road, 12 Longbow Close, 43 Reginald Road South AIlestree, Stretton, Chaddesden, Derby, Burton-on-Tren! Derby DE22zDJ DE13 OXY DE21 5NG
Copyright in each contribution to Derbyshire Miscelhny is reserved by the author.
ISSN 0417 0687
57 z&/t v
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RUINS at S7,q NT O N
58 THE MANOR OF STANTON BY BRIDGE
(by Joan Baker, 10 Harpur Avenue, Ticknall, Derby, DE73 lJS)
Stanton seems to have been a royal manor from the time of the Domesday Survey until the death of Edmund, a brother of Edward L Edward's inquisition post-mortem, dated 25 Edward Ir sho\ is that then Robert de Stanton was seized of the manor and advowson of the church at Stanton. Later members of this family held the same position until after 1361.2 An extant document of the later years of Henry VI's reign states that "lohn Eruunccys of Tikenhale has the manor of Stony Stanton which once u)as Robert Staunton's".3 The John in this document may belong to a later generatioO but by 1381 a John Francis of Ticknall was patron of Stanton church: botJr these facts support the long-held tradition that MarSaret, the daughter and heiress of John de Stanton, married John Francis who thus became lord of the manor and patron of the church.
During the reign of Edward III a Robert Francis had purchased Foremark from the Verdons and Ingleby from the Willoughbys.a John Francis of Ticknall who married Margaret de Stanton is said to be a nephew of this Robert, but it is not clear how Stanton became divided between Francis of Ticknall and Francis of Foremark. By the mid-fifteenth century the patronage of the church was shared by the two families and in 1545 an agreement was made between William Francis of Ticknall and John of Foremark that the Ticknall heirs should appoint the rector to the Foremark heirs once.s
In the past it has been generally accepted that one moiety of the Manor of Stanton passed in the fifteenth century to the Findernes and thence to the Harpurs and that the other Francis moiety passed to the Burdetts by the marriage in 1602 of the Foremark heiress, Jane, to Robert Burdett. But the Survey of 160& now deposited with other Harpur Crewe papers in the Derbyshire Record Office, clearly shows the village divided then between Richard Francis of Ticknall, Mr Burdett of Foremark and the rector.s So the Ticknall Francis moiety must have been acquired by the Harpurs during the early seventeenth century, at least generations after the marriage of Sir Richard Harpur to Jane Finderne.
A number of documents among the Burdett and Harpur-Crewe papers at Matlock indicate changes taking place in land ownership at Stanton in the sixteenth century the financial problems of the Ticknall Francis family and how the Harpur family acquired their Stanton estates in 1514: in 1529 a Henry Fraunces (probably of the Ticknall family), late of Stony Stanton, sold all his estate there to Rauff Sacheverell of Ratcliffe-on-Soar.5 Forty-five years later Flenry Sacheverell of Ratcliffe sold four messuages and land in Stanton to fohn Francis of Foremark and Jane his wife.7 Other deeds8 show Richard Francis of Ticknall was selling off land in Ticknall from the late 1590s onwards and that he had transferred his manor of Stanton with St Brides to his son and heir, Henry. A Sir Edward Fraunceys of Petworth in Sussex was involved in at least one of these sales and he was to be the principal party in later transactions.
Two documentse quote a deed of 1st May 1609 by which Richard Francis the elder of Ticknall and his sons Henry and Richard iunior conveyed the capital messuage and chief dwelling house in Stanton, the demesne lands, Westwood and Ingram Wood to the use of Sir Edward Fraunceys or his three sons for the next thirty years in consideration of f,660, but Richard reserved the chief rents and three leases. (One of these leases, for the manor house and demesne lands at Stanton, had been granted by Richard's grandfather, Ralph Francis, to William Sacheverell for eighty years and had about five years to run; the others were for messuages let to husbandmen, one for three lives and one with about fourteen years to run.) They also quote another deed of 1613 in which Richard Francis and his son and heir, Henry, agreed to accept 82fi0 for the manor from Sir Edward and acknowledged they were fully satisfied and contented and now had no right of inheritance. The lease of the capital dwelling house of the manor was to end at the next Feast of St. Michael the Archangel but the other leases were to stand. The rent for these leases and for five more not mentioned in the 1509 agreement were to be paid to Richard by Sir Edward. A third lease,to dated 12th June 1514, is the bargain and sale of the manor and demesne of Stanton and the advowson of the church there by Sir Edward Fraunceys, Sir Arthur Mainwaring of Purford, Surrey and Edward Pewton of l,ondon to Richard Harpur of Hemington for f2700.
A further document,rl bearing no date and incomplete, shows how Richard Harpur came to make this purchase and what happened afterwards. He had heard that Sir Edward did not propose to keep the Manor of
59 Stanton unless he could also buy the lands of Mr Burdett and his wife in Stanto& so when he met Sir Edward in Leicester, Richard Harpur offered to buy the Stanton manor for as much as any other person would pay. At that time Sir Edward would not make any promise to sell to him, but seemed to lament greatly the misery that the Francis family would fall into because of their great debts. Later in London Richard Harpur concluded with Sir Edward for the absolute purchase of the Stanton manor. Then Harpur met Richard Francis in London and told him of his purchase and asked for his goodwill. Francis said he would give it with all his heart and would rather Harpur have the lands than any other. This made Bjchard Harpur very well satisfied and he expected to enjoy quietly the said manor and lands according to his bargain without any interruption. Francis promised to feld possession quietly at the Feast of St Miclael the Archangel, until which time he was to enjoy the property as he had agreed with Sir Edward.
But at the Feast of St Michael the Archangel Richard Francis would not leave or feld possession of the manor house to Richard Harpur bur "aithluld the saftE by strong hands". So Harpur tried to recover possession of the house by law and drew up a lease, intending to get the house when the lease was sealed. But one of Francis's sons "dirl shoot arrows at Harpur's men that uere sent to gel the lease sealed intending to haae killed them". Then Harpur procured special bailiffs to attend a day or two about the house to arrest Richard Francis to have him brought to trial. But he kept close within the house, so they could not arrest him and in the end he stealthily got out to some place unknown to Harpur, who then withdrew the bailiffs and on the advice of Counsel learned in the Iaw took the case to court in Derby and asked for possession of the manor, whereupon the Undersheriff of the County of Derby put him in possession of it.
Here the document giving Harpur's version of the matter ends. We don't have the Francis account or the exact date when the manor was handed over, but in the will of Bjchard Harpur made in April 17 James I12 his lands in Stanton were left to his widow, Dame Isabel. These were listed as twenty messuages, one mill, one dovehouse, twenty gardens, 220 acres of land (arable), 120 acres of meadow, 200 acres of bruorie (heath), 200 acres of moor, one shilling rent and the advowson of the church. An indenture dated the following November shows that the mill was a windmill.l3
The next question is who had occupied the manor house in the 16th century. According to J.C. Cox writing in 1E771, there was in the church a memorial dated 1530 to Katharine, wife of Richard Francis, armiger - he seems to have been on the Ticknall branch and was probably living at the manor house at Stanton. Iater by the 15rt0s there were two men of the same name associated with Stanton - Ralph Francis the rector from 1532 to his death early in June 154514 and Ralph Francis, Esquirg of Ticknall who was still alive on 20th June 1545 but must have died later that year before the agreement between his son William and John of Foremark was made.2 Was Stanton manor house occupied for a short time by Ralph of Ticknall (Richard's grandfather) before he leased "the capital messuage of the Manor of Stanton and lhc demeste lands" to William Sacheverell for eighty years? In 1509 this lease had about five years to run. William was the second son of Sir Henry Sacheverell of Morley and a latge memorial in Stanton church commemorates his death in 1558. He was succeeded by his son Ralph who married Emma Dethick of Newhall and he was "of Stanton" when he died in 1505 and was buried at Barton-in-Fabis, Nottinghamshire. Another Sacheverell, Richard, who was appointed rector of Stanton by fohn Francis, Esq, of Foremark in 1580, died in 150718.
From the extant documents it seems likely that Richard Francis of Ticknall had moved back into the manor house at Stanton when the Sacheverells had left, but fust how long the Francis family remained in residence is not known, nor if Dame Isabel Harpur used the house after her husband's death. But she soon parted with her Stanton inheritance, for on 18th March 1,61,9 /20 her attorneys "were in quiett possession of the capitall messuage in Stanton .... anl did deliaer tfu same .....and all the rest of the landes tenemmts and hereditaments in Stanton" to the use of John Harpur, Esq.1s There us further evidence of this transfer in Deed 15,144 in Derby Local Studies Library which shows that on 20th August 1523 Sir John Harpur, late of Swarkestone, leased one mill in Stanton and Ingleby and two parG of the manor of Stanton-by-Bridge "lately purchased of Dame Isabel Harpur" to Sir Francis Coke of Trusley. Almost forty years later, in 1558, his grandson, Sir John Harpur,let"The Okl Hall" and,lands in Stanton to Richard elarke, Gent.t6 Was this the Mr. Clarke who was paying tax on four hearths in the 1550s?r7 By 1585 a William Ratcliff was at"The Mansion House",tB but the details of his estate suggest that t}re house was already only partially occupied and by the 1590s the demesne land had been divided up between the other husbandmen in the village, with seven people receiving a share of the Hall's thirty seven and a half stids in the meadows.'6 No definite evidence of the manor house being occupied in later years as a house has been found, so it is assumed that the building was left to decay from this time and George Gregory's drawing shows that by
60 1838 only the ruined main chimney remained.20 However the Harpur and later Harpur-Crewe family retained ownership of their lands in Stanton-by-Bridge until late in the twentieth century.
References 1. J.C. Cox, Churches of Derbyshire,Yol3, pp457'472 2. Dorethea Hillyard, 'Stanton by Bridge: Some Early Incumbents', Derbyshire Archaeological lournal, LXVI, 1945, pp40-47. 3. Derbyshire Record Office D2375M/53 / 6 4. Derbyshire Pedigrees 1559 and 1511 Derbyshire Record Office D2375M/33 /1 5. Derbyshire Record Office D155M /2C 7. Derbyshire Record Office D155M/ 154 8. Derbyshire Record Office D2375M/ 47 /26 9. Derbyshire Record Office D2375M/ 22/ 2 and Derbyshire Record Office D2375M/ 140 /33 10 Derbyshire Record Office D2375M/ 22 / 2 11 Derbyshire Record Office D2375M/139 /20 12 Derbyshire Record Office D2375M / 1,25 / 3 / 12 13 Derbyshire Record Office D2375M/126/3 /13 1.4 Lichfield Joint Record Office, Will and Inventory of Sir Ralph Francis. 4th August 1545 tf Derbyshire Record Office D2375M/22/ 1 76 Derbyshire Record Office D2375M/25 /14 77 Public Record Office, Hearth Tax 1652, E179 / 245 /7 and Hearth Tax 7555,8179 /245/70 18 Lichfield Joint Record Office, Inventory of William Ratclif 1685 t9 Derbyshire Record Office D1928 A/PW /7/7 20 Derbyshire Record Office D2375M/275 /3
Acknowledgements I wish to record my gratitude to Miss A. Harpur-Crewe for permission to use material from the Harpur-Crewe paper's deposited in Derbyshire Record Office (D2375M).
My thanks are due also to all the staff at the Derbyshire Record Officg Lichfield Joint Record Office and Derby Local History Library who have very willingly produced so many documents over the years.
The illustration of "Ruins at Stanton", from the Harpur-Crewe Papers, is reproduced with permission.
r|l DERBY BOROUGH RENTAL 1729:Partll
(by Jane Steer, 478 Duffield Road, Allestree, Defuy, DE22 2DJ)
Derby in 1729 Two hundred and sixty five years ago, when George II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland and Defender of the Faith was on the throne, Derby was a country market town not much larger than it had been in medieval times. William Woolley, who lived in Darley Hall, Darley Abbey, described it in 1712 as'a oery large, populous, ich and well-frequented borough - few inland towns in the Kingdom equalling it - haoing aboae 900 free buryesses in it. ln it is fioe parish churches [St Alkmund, All Saints and St Michael to the north of the Markeaton Brook and St Werburgh and St Peter to the south of the Brookl. It is in length, from the top of St Peter's parish in the south, from tfu Lodges la nes, to thc furthzr end of St Hellen's in the norlh, about a mile. And, from the upper end of the Friergate in St Warbug's in the west, to the Castle Hill in tfu easl, near three-quarters of a mile, though not oery regularly built. Yet it has a many oery good houses, especially on all parts on the outside of the toum, mostly of bnck - of uthich there is as good made in this toum, and as cheap, as in almost any part of England' .1
Visitors to Derby also seemed to have been impressed. ln 1721, Cox recorded that 'Tht Toun is neat,large, urell built, and populous. .... The Riaer Derwenl woters the east Part of the Town with a full and bisk Stream, passing under a fair Storu-Bridge, on which stands a Chapel dedicated to St Mary) ... A little Rfuulet calletl Mertin-Brook runs on the South Part of the Toun, which hath nine Bridges oaer it before it falls into the DeruEnt. It is dioided into Five Paishes, each of which has a commodious Church; but that ol All Saints is the tnost famous t'or its Height and Architeclurc.... The Trade of this Toum is not oery considerable, tho' it be a Staple t'or Wool .... Their greatest Commercc depends chiefly upon a retail Trade, in buying Corn, and selling it again to lhe Highland Countfus, and in making Malt, of uhich they bran a pleasanl Liquor, which lhzy call Ale, and sell great Quafitities of both to Londan. .... This Drink is made here in such Perfection, that Wine must be oery good to deserue a Preferenu. Thc Assizes are usually fuld in tfu Toatn Hall, which is a oery beauliful Building of Free-Stone.'2 and Daniel Defoe, describing the town after his visit three years later wrote 'l ctossed oaet that t'ury of a ioer called the Denoent, and came to Derby, the capital of the county. This is a firc , beautiful , and pleasant toum; it has morc f amilies of gentlemen in it than is usual in toums so remote , and theret'ore hcre ts a great deal of good and some gay company. ....It has aaery t'ine bridge, tull built, but ancient, and a chapel upon the bridge, nout comterled into a dwelling house. Herc is a curiosity of trade worth obseroing as being the only otu ol its kind in England, nnmely, a throwsters mill, which performs by a wheel tumerl by water; and though it annot perform the doubling part of a thruoster's work, which can only be done by a landwheel, yet it tums the other work, and performs the labour of many hands. Whether it ansuErs thz expense or not, thtt is not my business.....'1
Daniel Defoe's throwster's mill was in fact the silk mill erected in 1718 by Sir Thomas Lombe beside the River Derwent and hailed today as the site of the first factory in the country. Whether the citizens of Derby really appreciated this innovation is dubious. When Sir Thomas Lombe presented a petition to the House of Commons for an extension of his fourteen year engine patent in January 1732, the Derby Corporation, in turn, Presented a petition objecting to the extension on the grounds that Sir Thomas's invention was not only detrimental to the wool'len manufacturers but also to the borough in general, by keeping the poor at home, and thereby increasing their numbers. They said that although the said engine employed a great number of hands, the erection thereof had materially increased the poor rates and enlarging the terms of the patent would only be an extension of the grievance.t The mill was using large numbers of small children but their parents were paupers. It was a situation in which there were no winners: Sir Thomas did not obtain the extension to his Patent, only a reward of f,14000 for his discovery on the condition that he prepared an exact replica of his machinery for the use of the public, and the Corporation of Derby did not get rid of the mill. His widow sold the mill in 7739 for 83,800.s
If we were to visit Derby in 7729 we would recognise the old street plan in the centre of town which has barely changed apart from,road widening and the covering over of the Markeaton Brook in the Strand, Victoria Street
William Woolley, History of Derbyshire, 1772, p23 T. Cox, Magna Britannia et Hibemia Antiqua et Nlaa, 172L, p427-429 Daniel Defog A Tour through the Wole lsland ol Great Britain, "1724-6, p457-8. Gravenor Henson, History of Framaoork Knitters (1831), Reprint 1970, p153-159. Owen Ashmore,The Early Textile Industry in Derbyshire, DAg LH Section, Supplement No 70,7966, p2
62 and Albert Street (see map, Part I). Few public buildings remain apart from All Saints church, the nave then newly built to the design of James Gibbs (his fee was €25!), the County's Shire Hall at the bottom of St Mary's Gate (by then 60 years old), the Bridge Chapel, the ex-nunnery building of St Mary's de Pratis on Bridge Street and the Derby Free School (now Derby Heritage Centre) on St Peter's Churchyard. The other churches have either been demolished (St Alkmunds), rebuilt (St Michaels and the nave of St Werburghs) or restored. We would recognise some of the coaching inns and taverns though: the Dolphin on Queen Street, the Geotge on Irongate (now Mr )orrocks and Foulds Music shop), the Bell and Shakespeare's in Sadler Gate and the White Lion, a cattle market tavern on the Ashbourne Road/Brick Skeet corner (now shops)'. Again there are many fine houses from this period including those which belonged to the Gisborne, Allsopp and Mundy families on the Wardwick, Henry Franceys and John Storer in the Market Place, the Meynell family in the Irongate (now Haslams) and Benjamin Parker's St Michael's House.
The public buildings ol 7729, whether new or old, have long since gone, though parts of the Moot Hall, much altered, still remains behind buildings on lrongate. Woolley describes the buildings in the Market Place. 'On the east side is a handsome, Iarge pile of building called thz Court, which helps adom it, as also the ooss, under ajhich therc is a conduit of good water brought out of tfu Newlands (south side of Wardwi*). On the top ol the ooss, abooe lht of the steps, stand four pillars at the corners, which support a kind of cupola, which cooers it. Therc stands the Guildhall toum , in the south-uest mrner , where the Corporation meets , under whirh is the town Gaol , but it is at the Presefit a oery a tattercd, ill-contriaed, ilt faaoured buikling'.7 The Corporation obviously agreed with Mr Woolley for they built new Guildhall in 1731 to the design of Richard ]ackson of Armitage, purchasing two adjoining houses occupied by Mrs Prime and John Bingham in Leather Lane (this ran from the Royal Oak to the Signe of the Tyger, parallel to the Market Place) so that 'both being remooed and that ground lelt open would make lhe Guildhall ol lhe iaid Borough much more commodious and the onuments thereof more conspicuous and be an enlargement to the Market Place'.r T]ne income from rentals only just covered the Corporation's outgoings so all new public buildings had to be paid for by public subscription, including the money required to buy and demolish these houses. Adjacent to the old Guildhall was Samuel Crompton's new piazzas (an 18th century shopping cenke) in the Market Place. It had a pedstyle and butter, cheese and poultry were sold here by the market people. Woolley thought that Mr Crornpton had built it to exchange with the Corporation for their dilapidated Guildhall but in 1712 it was only used by some button-makers who worked there.e
Another town improvement was the provision of 80 lamps for the streets of Derby, paid for by a trust set-up by Margaret Chambirs in 1738 out of her share of the Gunpowder Mill and the adjoining malt mill.lo The Gunpowder Mill was used to house engines which pumped water to a cistern in St Michael's Church and then round tlre town in bored elm pipes. This mill was adjacent to St Michael's Mills, the Corporation's corn mills. The Silk Mill was part of the same complex."
In 1724 sanction was given to churchwardens and overseers of any parish, with the consent of the maiority of the parishioners in vestry assembled, to purchase or hire any house or houses in the parish and to contract with persons for the lodging,, employing and keeping of poor persons. In case any Poor person should refuse to be ihus lodged and maintained, such person was to be sftuck out of the parish books." All Saints Parish Workhouse was erected in Walker Lane in 7729 by William Trimmer at a cost of €330, the money being raised from the saLe of parish lands by the churchwardens.ls St Werburgh's followed in 1730. Their workhouse (still extant) on the corner of Friargate and Bridge Street was built by William Trimmer to his plans and contained 15 dwellings, a counting house. a workhouse, a kitchen and brewhouse." St Alkmund's parish workhouse was built on Nuns Green in 17321s but St Michael's was not built until 1792.16 a Maxwell Craven, lnns and Taoerns of Derby, 1,992, p'177 7 William Woolley, History of Derbyshirc,1712, p28 Derbyshire Deed 10184, Derby Local Studies Library 9 William W oolley, History of Derbyshire,l7l2, p28 10 Derbyshire Deed 10373, Derby Local Studies Library 11 Jane Steer, 'Derby Borough Rentals, Part I', Derbyshire Misctllany,Yol 1'4,Part2,1995, p45. 72 9 Geo -1, c7 1! Robert Simpson, History of Derby,Yoll, p453 t4 Derby Local Studies Library, Mayors Account Book; Robert Simpson, Hislory of Derby, Vol I, pt155 15 Sir F.M. Eden, The State of the Poor in England,1797, p171..In 1795 there were 36 paupers in the workhouse of parish of St Atkmunds, Derby,53 in All Saints, 39 St Peter's and 24 in St Werburghs. St Alkmunds was the best poor house in Derby as it was airy, very cleary and well Prcvided with good feather beds.
53 As ever, crime and punishment had to be dealt with and both the town and the County had courts and gaols in the town. Besides the buildings already mentioned, the County Gaol was beside Markeaton Brook at St Peter's Bridge at this time and the House of Conection in Walker Lane. The pillory appears to have been erected when needed for Thomas Trimmer charged 2s 6d 'for setting up the Pillory and taking it down and carrying' in 1726. On a lighter note on 18 February 1731 Mr Mellor was paid 2s't'or pinting the prochmation against foot Ball B Riots' by the Corporation and five days later 5s was spent 'a, ye Talbot examining ye foot Ball players B upon Corctables B Sarjeants'. It was a busy few days as on 24 February the Mayor's Accounts rcad 'Spent 17s 6d at ye Talbot at a Common Hall & ye lustias afterwards zoith the Constables B Sarjeanls quiting ye Riot at ye Toum Goal' .r7 Football was played in the town's streets in the same way Shrovetide football is stilt played in Ashbourne. Was this an early example of football hooliganism?
On the domestic front, new houses for the wealthier members of the town were being built by Gilbert Cheshire on Friargate, Hugh Bateman at 35, St Mary's Gate in 1731, William Chasg a banker, in St Alkmund's parish and John Heath, another banker, on Full Street.rs Often they were built on the site of earlier houses but Henry Parker was erecting houses on new sites in Wildersley Close in 1735. The tradesmen such as the Clays, the Morledges and the Oakes lived on the same site for generations though sometimes, as in the case of Roger Morledge's property on Willow Row at the edge of Nuns Green, deeds enable us to see it progress through the century from a house with a workshop to a new house and an untenanted silk mill by 1796 (see tables). The history of the properties belonging to the Wards, Udalls (ref Hugh Bateman) and the Denston family of plasterersle can be followed until they were purchased by County of Derby in 1785 so that the County Hotel and other new buildings round the Shire Halls could be constructed. Documentary evidence also showed there must have been more than one house on the site of OId St Helens in King Street. Even where people owned tJreir own property they had to pay a ground rent to the Corporation: this derived from the chief rent payable to the lord of the manor which had devolved over the years to the Corporation. This can be seen over and over again in the tables where the rental refers to a property in a certain place and the personal deeds of the family have been found which relate to property in the same place. The deed relating to fohn Gisborne's house on the Wardwick states that a rent had to be paid to the Chief Lord of the Fee.
There were many orchards on the outskirts of the town including Goodwins Orchard where Chapel Street car park stands today and Irelands Orchard at the bottom of Bridge Gate beside the Derwent. Encircling the town were the fields which were let out in parcels or closes by both the parishes and the Corporation. Of the fields which feature in the rental, Stockbrook Field, Windmill Pit Field and the Parcells were in St Werburgh's Parish and Wall Field and Park Field together with the fields beyond the river - Cowsley Leys, Little Field and the New Pasture - were in St Alkmund's Parish. In addition the Corporation received the rents from the three farms at Little Chester and the farm at Rowditch.a It was interesting to note that whilst a butcher, Edgar How, his cousin, Matthew How,landlord of dte George, and two brickmakery Gilbert and James Oakes, rented land from the Corporation others were either wealthy, eg Samuel Crompton, or gentlemen. William Turner, who appeared to rent more land than anyone else, was an attorney with a country estate at Bearwoodcote!
Woolley and Cox commented on the excellence of the bricks and the ale and several brickmakers and maltsters can be identified. There were brickyards in the Rowditches/ one on St Peter's Street belonging to the Oakes family and at least tlree brickyards on Nuns Green belonging to Roger Morledge, Richard Roe and William Horobin. At this time, far from being an open space Nuns Green (originally the meadow belonging to the Nunnery) was also home to the town's pinfold and dog kennel as well as at least 12 houses,3 cottages, 2 barng a tarrhouse, and tlree workshops belonging to the carpenters Roger Morledge and Thomas Trimmer and his master builder brother, William. Besides William Horobin's malthouse, three ot}ter taverns were open for business in the 1730s: the White Lion, the Brick and Tile on Brick Street and the White Horse on Friargate. The brickyards must have been an eyesore so it was no wonder that the Corporation wanted to improve Nuns Green later in the century when the new houses on Friargate, including Joseph Pickford's, were built.
Besides William Trimmer and Roger Morledge, several other men who worked on the Guildhall appear on the rental including John Evatt, the plumber (Iiterally here a man who worked with lead), Nathaniel Peal the
16 Derby Local Studies Library, Mayors Account Book 7729-33: Derby Borough Archives box F 17 Derby Local Studies Library, Mayors Account Book 7729-33: Derby Borough Archives box F 16 Jane Steer, 'Derby Borough Rentals, Partl' , Derbyshire Miscellany,Yol "14,Paft2, 7995, p46. Tables below 19 Derbyshire Record Office - deposits 1313C and 9t9C !0 Jane Steer,'Derby Borough Rentals, Part I, Derbyshire Miscellany, Y ol 14,Part2, "1995, p45-6.
64 mason and Robert Simpson, a plasterer, who worked with the Denstons. Also allied to the building trade were the ironsmiths, whitesmiths and carriers. The clothing trade is represented by dyers, woollen drapers, tailors, hosiers, stockingers, milliners. feltmakers and even a peruke makerl There are only a few framework knitters but then there were only 40 in Derby in 1727.21 As would be expected there are butchers and bakers and some wealthy mercers but only one grazier. Tallow chandlers, ironmongers, fellmongers, cordwainers, Pewterers and apothecaries feature in the rental, as do innkeepers. And then there are the attornies, the barristers, Samuel Crompton the banker, the Reverend gentlemen and the school teacher who, together with the men who wete elected to public office as Mayor or chamberlains, constables or pinders, complete the wide variety of frade and professions which have been thrown up in this sample of 200 men (and a few women) in Derby in 1729.
Aithough Derby was several days )ourney from London life was not dull. In some ways it was like it is today. The Mayor and Butgesses of the Corporation had no money but liked to improve the town. The lavv of the land said workhouses could be built but the parishes had no money with which to build them and had to sell their property to finance the buildings. A vicar, the Rev Michael Hutchinson, arranged for the nave and chancel of All Saints to be pulled down in the middle of the night because no-one would agree to rebuild its decrepit fabric. New technology was the source of distrust and complaint. And at least one wealthy man had accumulated plots of land so he could build a new mansion on Castlefields, land formerly belonging to the town. In other ways life was like it had been for centuries - a town whose growth was confined by adjacent estates belonging to families such as the Mundys at Markeatory Mackworth and Allestree, the Harpurs of Littleovet, the Newtons of Mickleover, the Dixies of Normanton and the Wilmots of Chaddesden. The centre of the town where people lived had not expanded much since medieval times and the outskirts were almost entireJ.y rural with the three farms at Little Chester and large fields, such as Park Field, Whitectoss Field and Stockbrook Field surrounding the central core. However, though the citizens of 1729 did not know it, this was the time when the irrevocable step was taken which slowly changed Derby from an elegant market town which was the social hub of the county to the predominately industrial town of the late 19th and 20th centuries.
The people in the rentals Maxwell Craven and I have managed to find out something about nearly all the people in the rental, either their kade, where they lived or their family members, which is set out in the tables below. Because newspapers were not published at this time, the information was derived from documentary sources: parish registers, deeds, Corporation documents, church records and marriage settlements. Besides family records some details on, for instance, the terms on which a close was let and the town's development has emerged as well as the unsurprising fact that many of the wealthier men made money eitler by lending money as mortgages or by letting out property to tenants. There are four tables covering people who paid rents to the Corporation, those who wete paid money by the Corporation, those who both paid rents and who were paid money and finally the churchwardens who featured on the charities list. The following should be kept in mind: . Dates in the christian name column refer to baptism and burial years unless stated otherwise. Most of the information taken from parish registers has been supplied by Maxwell Craven and has not been verified, basically because this is an article about property and not families. When several people in the same family have the same christian name or when more than one family has the same name it is impossible to decide which one featured in the rental unless additional information clarified matters. o Any property in the property column which is not referenced is taken from the 1729 rental. o PB column shows people listed in lhe 1727 Poll Book unless referenced otherwise. Two other Poll books were also used - those for the elections on 27 Aprll't734 and 15-20 May 1734. Everyone who polled in the May 1734 election had to take two oaths. The oath of a freeholder, printed in the PoIl Book was: You shall suaar that you are a Freeholder in the County of and haae Freehold Lands ot Heredilaments, lying or being at in lhe County of of the Yearly Value of Forty Shillings, abooe all Charges payable out 0f the sanu; and lhal such Fruhold Estate hnae not been made or granted to you t'raudulently, on purpose to qualify you to giae your Vote; and thnt lhe Place of your .4bode is at in and that you haue not polled beforc at this Eleclion. The voters are listed by both place of abode and place of freehold estate. The second oath, against bribery, is also printed. . Where Maxweil Craven's information has come from private collections he is referenced as the source. Where his information could be referenced, eg from The Derby Tawnhouse, this reference has been given. . Finally, it is now obvious that there is a large amount of material for this period in Derby Local Studies Library still to be researched and this article only reflects what could be found in the time available. n Gravenor Hensory History of Framanork Knitters, (1831), p105. This number was a very low compared with the 800 framework knitters in Leicester and 400 in Nottingha m in 1727 .
65 References: Key to Abbreviatiorw in Tables AS All Saints parish registers ASC Rev J. Charles Cox and W.H. St John Hope, Chronicles of All Saints' DerW,788l BFR A.C. Burke, Faru ily Recotds, n.d. [1904] BLG Burkes,Itsser Gentry,7952 Cox Rev J. Charles Cox, Three Centuries of Defuyshire Antuls,7890 Cox RC Rev J. Charles Cox, Calendar of the Records of the County of Derby,7899 DA M. Craven, Derbyshire Armoury,7991' DAi Derbyshire Archaeological lournal * DB * Derby Borough Archives uncatalogued boxes - is box no, Derby Local Studies Library DCR I.H. feayes, Borough of Derby Calendar of Ancient Recods,7904 DD Derbyshire Deeds Collection, Derby Local Studies Library DH M. Craven, Defuy, An lllustnted History,1988 DHG M. Craven, Defuy History and Guide,7994 DI M. Craven, Inns and Taoerns of Derby, 1,992 DM Derby Mercury DMer H. Arnold-Bemrose, 'Derby Company of Mercers', DAl,YolXV,1893 DMis Derbyshire Miscellany, Derbyshire Archaeological Society, Local History Section. DRO Derbyshire Record Office DSD Scfudule of Deeds belonging to the Corporation of Derby from the earliest date to the year 1.8t14 inclusioe (compiled about 1849-50). DLSL, Derby Borough Archive Box R DLSL Derby Local Studies Library DSR B. Tacchella, Tht Derby School Registerc, 7570-1901,7902 Duffield W.R. Watson, The Derbyshire Village of Dut'fizld Past and Present, 1997 F F.A. Clarke, Erermen of Defiy, Vol I, Transcribed 1989. DLSL 38415. EMG J. Henover, Familioe Minorum Gentium. Glover Stephen Glover, History and Gazelteer ol thc County of Derby,l&33 Hutton William Hutton, History of Derby,7797 KSMC King Sueet Methodist Chapel deeds, DLSL, Derby Borough Archives Box @ LC Survey Suroey of lhe Corporation Lanls in the Liberty ol Little Chester of the New Pasture and four Enclosures in Derby Liberty Adjoining St Mary's Bridge. Takzn in lhe Mayoralty ol Robert Bakewell, 1755. Derby I-ocal Studies Library Map Collection. Joan D'Arcy considers that this survey was made prior to enclosure in 1757. Lyson S. & D. Lyson, Magna Britannia, Vol 5, Derbyshire, TSIS MAB Mayors Account Book 1729-33, DLS! Derby Borough Archives Box F MC Information from Max Craven MI Memorial Inscription followed by abbreviation for church. Derbyshire Family History Society Nich B. Nicholson, ,foseph Wright, Painter 0l Light,zVols,1968 PB Poll Book 1727 unless otherwise dated. DLSL Proc Proceerlings of the Committee appointed to try the merits of the Defuy Election 1775. DI,SL 172 Simp Robert Simpson, History ol Detby, 3 Vols in two, 1825 StAlk St Alkmunds parish registers St M St Michael's parish registers StP St Peter's parish registers StW St Werburgh's parish registers TH M. Cravery The Derby Townhouse,1,987 WMC Woolley Manuscripts Catalogue, Derbyshire County Council Woolley William Woolley, History of Derbyshire,7712 Aclcnowledgements I would especially like to thank Maxwell Craven, Keeper of Antiquities at Derby Museum, for the information he supplied on about 100 of the people in the rental, for reading the draft article and producing supplementary information. His initial work revealed the research's potential and provided the challenge to identify all 200 people. In some cases I was able to add to his work from deeds and documents in Derby Local Studies Library and the Derbyshire Record Office. I would also like to thank Joan D'Arcy for dating the Little Chester survey and supplying me with additional information about the tenants of the Little Chester lands and Heather Eaton for helping with references in the Derbyshire Record Office collections.
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E-2 fr'r ( il t\N il F .eto l (by Dudley Fowkes, 12 Longbow Close, Shetton, DE13 OXY and Brian Key, 33 Brook Street, I-nxoe, DE75 7LP) In 1971 I published two pioneer articles in this journal on the development of Codnor Park and Ironville by the Butterley Company in the period between 1796 and, the mid 1860s.r One issue unresolved at the time was the extent to which the new model village of Ironville - begun in 1834 - was built to re-house workers at the Butterley enterprises already living dispersedly in the locality or to house new workets imported into the area to provide labour for a major phase of expansion possibly associated with the introduction of Neilson's "hot blast" process to the iron industry and the building of a third fumace at Codnor Park works. No comPany minutes which would hopefully indicate the rationale behind the Company's decision to build the new village and revolutionise the amount of housing available in the area survive for this period. An analysis of the 1851 census carried out by Mr Brian Key would seem to provide the answer to this conundrum and appea$ to indicate that the model village was indeed a response to the need to recruit a greatly-increased labour force for the Company's enterprises in Codnor Park and Ironville. Perhaps the most revealing statistic is that out of 249 working males over the age of 18 only 17 were born in Codnor Park and a mere 7 in lronville. In other words, the overwhelming majodty of the male workers were born outside of the immediate vicinity. Although the majority (132) were born elsewhere in Derbyshire, there were immigrants from all over the country with a significant number coming from otler iron-working areas. There were, for example, two forgemen and an iron puddler born at Bilston in the Staffordshire Black Country, a forgeman from Sheffield, and an iron puddler and an iron shingler from Shropshire. There were also a number of people originating from the North Leicestershire coalfield. Ironville in 1851 therefore had many of the characteristics of so many coal-mining villages of the period. Population was increasing universally in England in the i801-1851 period and the developing industrial areas were a magnet for labour from far and wide. Erewash Valley accents would certainly predominate but accents and dialects from many other parts of the country would add considerable variety to the cultural scene. References 1. D.V. Fowkes, 'The Butterley Company in Codnor Pa*, 1795-7834'. Defuyshire Miscellany, Vol VI, Part 1 (Spring1971), ppl-4. D.V. Fowkes, 'The Development of Ironville', Derbyshire Miscellany, Y ol Yl, Part II (Autumn 7977), pp3l-33. Derbyshire Ardraeolo6ical Society Publications T\e Deflryshire Ardweologiul lournal is published annually and contains articles on all aspects of the county's archaeology, history and architecturc. It is free to members. 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