Spark Modern Fires

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Spark Modern Fires SPARK MODERN FIRES INSTALLATION AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS DIRECT VENT GAS FIREPLACE ™ WARNING: This MODELS: 88N, 88P fireplace requires 3 feet of vertical venting before any horizontal runs Report # 0321GF003S WARNING: FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARD Failure to follow safety warnings exactly could result in serious injury, death, or property damage. – Do not store or use gasoline or other flammable vapors and liquids in the vicinity of this or any other appliance. – WHAT TO DO IF YOU SMELL GAS • Do not try to light any appliance. • Do not touch any electrical switch; do not use any phone in your building. • Leave the building immediately. • Immediately call your gas supplier from a neighbor's DUE TO HIGH TEMPERATURES, THE phone. Follow the gas supplier's instructions. APPLIANCE SHOULD BE LOCATED OUT • If you cannot reach your gas supplier, call the fire OF TRAFFIC AND AWAY FROM FURNITURE department. AND DRAPERIES. – Installation and service must be performed CHILDREN AND ADULTS SHOULD BE by a qualified installer, service agency or the ALERTED TO THE HAZARDS OF HIGH gas supplier. SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND SHOULD STAY AWAY TO AVOID BURNS OR WARNING: Improper installation, adjustment, alteration, CLOTHING IGNITION. services or maintenance can cause injury or property damage. Refer to this manual. For assistance or YOUNG CHILDREN SHOULD BE SUPERVISED WHEN THEY ARE IN THE additional information consult a qualified installer, SAME ROOM AS THE APPLIANCE. service agency or the gas supplier. CLOTHING OR OTHER FLAMMABLE This appliance may be installed in an aftermarket, MATERIAL SHOULD NOT BE PLACED ON permanently located, manufactured home (USA OR NEAR THE APPLIANCE. only) or mobile home where not prohibited by local KEEP THE ROOM AREA CLEARAND FREE codes. FROM COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS, GASO- This appliance is only for use with the type of gas LINE, AND OTHER FLAMMABLE VAPORS AND LIQUIDS indicated on the rating plate. This appliance is not . convertible for use with other gases, unless a certified INSTALLER: Leave this manual with the appliance. kit is used. CONSUMER: Retain this manual for future reference. Version française de ce manuel est disponible à partir du site WEB : www.sparkfires.com French version of this Owner's Manual is available at www.sparkfires.com CONTENTS Important Safety Information .......................... 3 Electrical Installation.................................... 28 Electrical Wiring ........................................ 28 Product Features............................................ 5 Wall Switch ............................................... 28 Code Approval................................................ 5 Glass Removal ............................................. 29 Pre-Installation Information............................. 6 Final Installation........................................... 30 Installing Above 2000 Feet .......................... 6 Media Placement .................................... 30 Orifice Sizes, Pressures and BTUs................ 6 Safety screen installation ............................ 31 Before You Install........................................ 6 Operating Instructions .................................. 33 Fireplace Framing........................................ 7 Fireplace Dimensions .................................. 8 What To Do If You Smell Gas ................... 33 Fireplace Location ....................................... 9 Lighting Pilot for the First Time ................ 33 Lighting Pilot .......................................... 34 Securing Fireplace to Floor or Framing .......... 10 Lighting Burner......................................... 35 To Turn Of f Gas ........................................ 35 Clearances................................................... 11 Cleaning and Maintenance ............................. 36 Installation Information................................. 12 Burner, Pilot and Control Compar tment ....... 36 Pilot Flame .............................................. 36 Vent Installation ........................................... 13 Burner Flame ........................................... 36 Installation Precautions ............................. 13 Air Shutter Assembly .................................36 Installation Planning .................................. 14 Vent System ............................................ 37 Rear Wall Vent Installation ......................... 17 Glass Panel............................................... 37 Stones, Media ........................................... 37 Horizontal Termination Configuration........... 19 Fan Assembly................................................. 37 Below Grade Installation ............................ 21 Replacement Parts ........................................ 38 Vertical Through-the-Roof Installation .......... 22 Installation for Vertical Termination..............23 V ent Components .................................... 38 Cathedral Ceiling Installation...................... 24 Firebox Components ................................... 39 Fireplace Installation .................................... 25 Check Gas Type ........................................ 25 Troubleshooting .............................................. 41 Installing Gas Piping to Fireplace/Burner System Location ....................................... 25 Warranty ......................................... Back Cover Checking Gas Pressure................................. 27 IMPORTANT This fireplace is designed for a minimum 3 feet of vertical vent pipe rise before any horizontal vent pipe run. See pages 13-14 for Vent Installation details. 2 L100001 3 IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION INSTALLER OWNER Please leave these instructions with the owner. Please retain these instructions for future reference. WARNING • Read this owner’s manual carefully and completely before trying to assemble, operate, or service this fireplace. • Any change to this fireplace or its controls can be dangerous. • Improper installation or use of this fireplace can cause serious injury or death from fire, burns, explosions, electrical shock and carbon monoxide poisoning. This fireplace is a vented product. This fireplace must be properly 4. Never install the fireplace installed by a qualified service person. The glass panel must be • in a recreational vehicle properly seated and sealed. If this unit is not properly installed • where curtains, furniture, clothing, or other flammable by a qualified service person with glass panel properly seated and objects are less than 42" from the front, top, or sides of sealed, combustion leakage can occur. the fireplace CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING: Early signs of carbon • in high traffic areas monoxide poisoning are similar to the flu with headaches, diz- • in windy or drafty areas ziness and/or nausea. If you have these signs, the fireplace may 5. This fireplace reaches high temperatures. Keep children and not have been installed properly. Get fresh air at once! Have the adults away from hot surfaces to avoid burns or clothing fireplace inspected and serviced by a qualified service person. ignition. Fireplace will remain hot for a time after shutdown. Some people are more affected by carbon monoxide than others. Allow surfaces to cool before touching. These include pregnant women, people with heart or lung dis- 6. Carefully supervise young children when they are in the ease or anemia, those under the influence of alcohol, and those room with fireplace. at high altitudes. 7. Do not modify fireplace under any circumstances. Any parts Propane/LP gas and natural gas are both odorless. An odor- removed for servicing must be replaced prior to operating making agent is added to each of these gases. The odor helps fireplace. you detect a gas leak. However, the odor added to these gases can fade. Gas may be present even though no odor exists. 8. Turn fireplace off and let cool before servicing, installing, or repairing. Only a qualified service person should install, Make certain you read and understand all warnings. Keep this service, or repair the fireplace. Have burner system inspected manual for reference. It is your guide to safe and proper opera- annually by a qualified service person. tion of this fireplace. 9. You must keep control compartments, burners, and cir- 1. This appliance is only for use with the type of gas indicated culating air passages clean. More frequent cleaning may on the rating plate. This appliance is not convertible for use be needed due to excessive lint and dust from carpeting, with other gases unless a certified kit is used. bedding material, pet hair, etc. Turn off the gas valve and 2. For propane/LP fireplace, do not place propane/LP supply pilot light before cleaning fireplace. tank(s) inside any structure. Locate propane/LP supply 10. Have venting system inspected annually by a qualified tank(s) outdoors. To prevent performance problems, do not service person. If needed, have venting system cleaned or use propane/LP fuel tank of less than 100 lbs. capacity. repaired. See Cleaning and Maintenance, page 37. 3. If you smell gas 11. Keep the area around your fireplace clear of combustible • shut off gas supply. materials, gasoline, and other flammable vapor and liquids. • do not try to light any appliance. Do not run fireplace where these are used or stored. Do not • do not touch any electrical switch; do not use any phone place items such as clothing or decorations on or around in your building . fireplace. • immediately call your gas supplier from a neighbor’s phone. Follow the gas supplier’s
Recommended publications
  • Smokey's Fire Prevention Activity Book
    Smokeys Fire Prevention Activity Book Forest Maze Please, help Smokey find the forest fire! Dot-to-Dot Connect the dots to see who is hidden in the picture! 1. Write Doown A License Number 2. Write Down a Vehicle Description 3. Write Down a Suspects Description! Only You! Help Smokey Find the hidden forest friends Squirrel Rabbits Ax Fox Shovel Deer Bucket Bird Turtle Fish Porcupine Nicholas and Jennifer are afraid. A fire has started in the forest. It is getting closer. Can you help them find their way out of the forest to tell a grown-up about the fire? Find The Fire Hazards Find the ten fire hazards in this picture! Forest Wordsearch Search for the words below in this puzzle and circle them. They may be spelled for- wards or backwards, and placed vertically, horizontally, or diagonally. Fireplace Rake Trees Animals Leaves Firefighter Home Water Extinguisher Flames Matches Prevention Fire Ring Gutters Spark Hose Neighborhood Burning Smokey Forest Wood Shovel Arson Rangers Shakes Smoke Fireworks Roof Smokey Bingo Heres a game to play around your neighborhood or while travelling or on vacation. When you see one of the objects pictured on the Smokey Bingo card, mark it with a pencil or crayon. If more than one person is playing, the first person to see the object marks it on their card. Smokey Bingo can be won by marking all objects on any straight line, or by playing black out, with all objects having to be marked Smokey Rebus* *Rebus: a puzzle consisting of objects, signs, etc. which, by the sound of their names suggest words or phrases Recombine the letters in Smokeys words to make new words, like the examples below.
    [Show full text]
  • Continued LIGHTING BURNER
    S P A R K M O D E R N F I R E S OUTDOOR FIRE CUBE with pilot safety system Model FBB-N(P)-S OWNER’SOPERATIONANDINSTALLATIONMANUAL Report # 401-O-04-5 We recommend that our products be installed and serviced by professionals who are certified in the U.S. by NFI (National Fireplace Institute). Complies with ANS Z21.97.CSA 2.41-2012 "Outdoor Decorative Gas Appliances", CGA 2.17-M91(R2009) "Gas Fired Appliances for Use at High Altitudes" DANGER WARNING If you smell gas: Improper installation, adjustment, alteration, 1. Shut off gas to appliance. service or maintenance can cause injury or 2. Extinguish any open flame. property damage. Read the instalation, ope- 3. If odor continues, keep away from rating and maintenance instructions the appliance and immediately call thoroughlybefore installing or servicing this your gas supplier or fire department. equipment. CARBON MONOXIDE HAZARD WARNING DANGER This appliance can produce Do not store or use gasoline or other carbon monoxide which flammable vapors and liquids in the has no odor. Using it in an vicinity of this or any other aplliance. enclosed space can kill you. An LP-cylinder not connected for use Never use this appliance shall not be stored in the vicinity of this in an enclosed space as a or any other aplliance. camper, tent, car or home. For Outdoor Use Only WARNING: INSTALLER: Leave this manual with the appliance. CONSUMER: Retain this manual for future reference. Version française de ce manuel est disponible à partir du site WEB : www.sparkfires.com French version of this Owners Manual is available at www.sparkfires.com 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Fire Risk Management Guidelines
    FOREST FIRE RISK MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOREST FIRE RISK MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES NZ Forest Owners Association Level 9 | 93 The Terrace | Wellington www.nzfoa.org.nz NEW ZEALAND FARM FORESTRY ASSOCIATION/FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION 1 FOREST FIRE RISK MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES 2 FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION/NEW ZEALAND FARM FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FOREST FIRE RISK MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOREST FIRE RISK MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES The Forest Fire Management Guidelines are published by the NZ Forest Owners Association and are supported by the NZ Farm Forestry Association. NEW ZEALAND FARM FORESTRY ASSOCIATION/FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION 3 FOREST FIRE RISK MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES Contents Introduction 5 History 5 Purpose 6 General principles 6 The 4Rs of forest fire risk management – reduction, readiness, response & recovery Reduction 9 Readiness 14 Response 17 Recovery 20 Appendices Appendix 1: NZ Fire Danger Rating System 23 Appendix 2: New Zealand Fire Danger Classes & Codes 25 Appendix 3: Forest Operations Fire Risk Management Codes 26 Appendix 4: Work planning and the Forest Operations Fire Risk Management Codes 31 Appendix 5: Firefighter safety: Basic fire safety considerations for forestry crews 32 Appendix 6: Activity mitigation – Hot Work operations 34 Appendix 7: The risk management process 35 Appendix 8: Plantation Forestry Rural Fire Control Charter 38 Glossary IBC 4 FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION/NEW ZEALAND FARM FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FOREST FIRE RISK MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES Managing forest fire risk through collaboration, coordination and communication Introduction of the Bill, and the implementation of the Act itself. Fire is an ever-present risk for forest The joint FOA/FFA Fire Committee developed and signed owners and managers. A serious wildfire a Charter (Appendix 8) with FENZ to establish high-level in a plantation forest has economic, social principles and actions for their members to follow.
    [Show full text]
  • FSA1091 Basics of Heating with Firewood
    DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH & EXTENSION Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Arkansas System FSA1091 Basics of Heating with Firewood Sammy Sadaka Introduction Many options of secure, wood combustion Ph.D., P.E. stoves, freplaces, furnaces and boilers Associate Professor Wood heating was the predominant are available in the market. EPA certifed freplaces, furnaces and wood stoves with Extension Engineer means for heating in homes and businesses for several decades until the advent of no visible smoke and 90 percent less iron radiators, forced air furnaces and pollution are among alternatives. Addi- John W. Magugu, Ph.D. improved stoves. More recently, a census tionally, wood fuel users should adhere Professional Assistant by Energy Information Administration, to sustainable wood management and EIA, has placed fuelwood users in the environmental sustainability frameworks. USA at 2.5 million as of 2012. Burning wood has been more common Despite the widespread use of cen- among rural families compared to families tral heating systems, many Arkansans within urban jurisdictions. Burning wood still have freplaces in their homes, with has been further incentivized by more many others actively using wood heating extended utility (power) outages caused systems. A considerable number of by wind, ice and snowstorms. Furthermore, Arkansans tend to depend on wood fuel liquefed petroleum gas, their alternative as a primary source of heating due to fuel, has seen price increases over recent high-energy costs, the existence of high- years. effciency heating apparatuses and Numerous consumers continue to have extended power outages in rural areas. questions related to the use of frewood. An Apart from the usual open freplaces, important question is what type of wood more effcient wood stoves, freplace can be burned for frewood? How to store inserts and furnaces have emerged.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Spark Ignition Engine Combustion Model for the Analysis of Cyclic Variation and Combustion Stability at Lean Operating Conditions
    Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open Reports 2013 STUDY OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINE COMBUSTION MODEL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CYCLIC VARIATION AND COMBUSTION STABILITY AT LEAN OPERATING CONDITIONS Hao Wu Michigan Technological University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Copyright 2013 Hao Wu Recommended Citation Wu, Hao, "STUDY OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINE COMBUSTION MODEL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CYCLIC VARIATION AND COMBUSTION STABILITY AT LEAN OPERATING CONDITIONS", Master's report, Michigan Technological University, 2013. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etds/662 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds STUDY OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINE COMBUSTION MODEL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CYCLIC VARIATION AND COMBUSTION STABILITY AT LEAN OPERATING CONDITIONS By Hao Wu A REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In Mechanical Engineering MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Hao Wu This report has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Mechanical Engineering. Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics Report Advisor: Dr. Bo Chen Committee Member: Dr. Jeffrey D. Naber Committee Member: Dr. Chaoli Wang Department Chair: Dr. William W. Predebon CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Hand and Power Tools
    HAND and POWER TOOLS U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA 3080 2002 (Revised) This informational booklet is intended to provide a generic, non-exhaustive overview of a particular standards-related topic. This publication does not itself alter or determine compliance responsibilities, which are set forth in OSHA standards themselves and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Moreover, because interpretations and enforcement policy may change over time, for additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements, the reader should consult current and administrative interpretations and decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and the courts. Material contained in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced, fully or partially, without permission of the Federal Government. Source credit is requested but not required. This information will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 693-1999 For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328 ISBN 0-16-049865-1 Hand and Power Tools U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA 3080 2002 (Revised) Contents iii What Is the Purpose of This Booklet? .................................... 1 What Are the Hazards of Hand Tools? ................................... 3 What Are the Dangers of Power Tools? ................................. 4 Guards..........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Module 3 Site Safety
    MODULE 3 SITE SAFETY Residential Director Core Training Site Safety Module 3 Table of Contents PROMOTING SAFETY ...................................................................................................... 4 ACCIDENTS .......................................................................................................................... 4 PREVENTING POISONING OR CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS ....................................................................... 5 POISONING .......................................................................................................................... 6 SAFETY DATA SHEETS ............................................................................................................. 9 PREVENTING BURNS AND SCALDS ............................................................................................ 10 HOW TO TEST YOUR WATER TEMPERATURES ............................................................................. 11 HOW TO PREVENT SCALD BURNS ............................................................................................. 11 TRANSPORT SAFETY ............................................................................................................. 12 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS ...................................................................................... 13 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS PLAN ........................................................................................... 13 EVACUATION......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Fighting Controlled Burn-Offs
    This Best Practice Guide is being reviewed. The future of Best Practice Guides will be decided during 2015. Best practice guidelines for Fire Fighting Controlled Burn-Offs V ision, knowledge, performance competenz.org.nz He Mihi Nga pakiaka ki te Rawhiti. Roots to the East. Nga pakiaka ki te Raki. Roots to the North. Nga pakiaka ki te Uru. Roots to the West. Nga pakiaka ki te Tonga. Roots to the South. Nau mai, Haere mai We greet you and welcome you. ki te Waonui~ o Tane To the forest world of Tane. Whaia te huarahi, Pursue the path, o te Aka Matua, of the climbing vine, i runga, I te poutama on the stairway, o te matauranga.~ of learning. Kia rongo ai koe So that you will feel, te mahana o te rangimarie.~ the inner warmth of peace. Ka kaha ai koe, Then you will be able, ki te tu~ whakaiti, to stand humbler, ki te tu~ whakahi.~ Yet stand proud. Kia Kaha, kia manawanui~ Be strong, be steadfast. Tena koutou katoa. First edition December 2000 Revised edition January 2005 These Best Practice Guidelines are to be used as a guide to certain fire-fighting and controlled burnoff procedures and techniques. They do not supersede legislation in any jurisdiction or the recommendations of equipment manufacturers. FITEC believes that the information in the guidelines is accurate and reliable; however, FITEC notes that conditions vary greatly from one geographical area to another; that a greater variety of equipment and techniques are currently in use; and other (or additional) measures may be appropriate in a given situation.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Heat the Safe Way
    Wood Heat The Safe Way A general guide to the safe and efficient installation and operation of wood heating appliances. Prepared by Farm Bureau Insurance in collaboration with Lansing Community College’s Fire Safety Program. FarmBureauInsurance.com Take Extra Care Years ago, when wood heating was more the norm than the exception, people were usually accustomed to working with it. The extra time and safety precautions that are necessary to Which stove is best? make it safe were just a natural part of the Many models are available. It’s up to you to heating process. Even then, however, fires determine which will best fit your particular needs. were all too common. The two most common materials used in the People today are accustomed to the ease and manufacturing of stoves are plate steel and cast iron. convenience of modern heating appliances. Wood stoves that do not have a label indicating that A professional heating contractor installs the they have been tested and approved by Underwriters Laboratories (UL), or tested to UL standards, are furnace, maintains it, and repairs it. More often usually not acceptable for insurance purposes. than not, the homeowner’s only connection with the devise is the thermostat on the wall. Installation of these solid fuel-burning appliances should comply with the general manufacturer’s Heating with wood requires extra care on installation instructions and current editions of your part. We recommend that you research Michigan Residential Code, Section M1905, and any expert information that is available and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 211, pay attention to manufacturer’s installation Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel-Burning Appliances.
    [Show full text]
  • Combustion Characteristics of Ammonia in a Modern Spark-Ignition Engine Charles Lhuillier, Pierre Brequigny, Francesco Contino, Christine Mounaïm-Rousselle
    Combustion Characteristics of Ammonia in a Modern Spark-Ignition Engine Charles Lhuillier, Pierre Brequigny, Francesco Contino, Christine Mounaïm-Rousselle To cite this version: Charles Lhuillier, Pierre Brequigny, Francesco Contino, Christine Mounaïm-Rousselle. Combustion Characteristics of Ammonia in a Modern Spark-Ignition Engine. Conference on Sustainable Mobility, Oct 2019, Catane, Italy. 10.4271/2019-24-0237. hal-02322493 HAL Id: hal-02322493 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02322493 Submitted on 4 Mar 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Combustion Characteristics of Ammonia in a Modern Spark-Ignition Engine Charles LHUILLIER, Pierre BREQUIGNY, Francesco CONTINO, Christine ROUSSELLE Abstract known cooling properties of ammonia might also be beneficial in the context of its use as a transportation fuel as discussed by Zamfirescu and Dincer [4]. Ammonia is now recognized as a very serious asset in the context of the hydrogen energy economy, thanks to its non-carbon nature, competitive energy density and very mature production, storage and However, ammonia deployment as a fuel still faces some challenges transport processes. If produced from renewable sources, its use as a since it is corrosive and presents unfavorable combustion properties, direct combustion fuel could participate to the flexibility in the power as illustrated in Table 1 by its low Laminar Burning Velocity (LBV), sector as well as help mitigating fossil fuel use in certain sectors, high auto-ignition temperature and narrow flammability range.
    [Show full text]
  • Hand and Power Tool Safety Tips Selecting the Right Tool, Posture and Positioning
    UC Monthly Safety Spotlight, February 2012 Shop, Tool and Electrical Safety Hand and Power Tool Safety Tips Selecting the Right Tool, Posture and Positioning Understanding grips, force and pressure Power Grip: provides maximum hand power Pinch Grip: The hand grip provides control for high force tasks. All the fingers should for precision and accuracy. The tool is comfortably wrap around the tool handle gripped between the thumb and fingertips. Double-handle tools: plier-like tools measured Single hand grip: Tool is positioned to take by handle length and grip span. Grip span: The advantage of pressure from a hard surface, distance between the thumb and fingers when point or edge on any part of the body. the tool jaws are open or closed. Contact Pressure: Pressure from a hard surface, point, or edge on any part of your body. Awkward postures are postures that strain the neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists, hands or back. Bending, stooping, twisting and reaching are examples of awkward postures. Tool use and body positioning the work piece will affect your shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand or back posture. Choose an ergonomic tool requiring the least continuous force and which can be used without awkward postures. The right tool will help you to minimize pain and fatigue by keeping your neck, shoulders, and back relaxed and your arms at your sides. Avoid raising your shoulders and elbows; relaxed shoulders and elbows are more comfortable and will make it easier to drive downward. Ergonomic Tools • A tool becomes “ergonomic” only when it fits the task you are performing and it fits your hand without causing awkward postures, harmful contact pressures or other safety and health risks.
    [Show full text]
  • Spark Ignition Engine Combustion, Performance and Emission Products from Hydrous Ethanol and Its Blends with Gasoline
    energies Review Spark Ignition Engine Combustion, Performance and Emission Products from Hydrous Ethanol and Its Blends with Gasoline Musaab O. El-Faroug 1,2,3, Fuwu Yan 1,2, Maji Luo 1,2,* and Richard Fiifi Turkson 1,2,4 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; [email protected] (M.O.E.-F.); [email protected] (F.Y.); [email protected] (R.F.T.) 2 Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China 3 Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Elimam Elmahdi University, Kosti 11588, Sudan 4 Mechanical Engineering Department, Ho Polytechnic, P.O. Box HP 217, Ho 036, Ghana * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-136-1863-8815 Academic Editor: Wenming Yang Received: 5 September 2016; Accepted: 15 November 2016; Published: 25 November 2016 Abstract: This paper reviews the serviceability of hydrous ethanol as a clean, cheap and green renewable substitute fuel for spark ignition engines and discusses the comparative chemical and physical properties of hydrous ethanol and gasoline fuels. The significant differences in the properties of hydrous ethanol and gasoline fuels are sufficient to create a significant change during the combustion phase of engine operation and consequently affect the performance of spark-ignition (SI) engines. The stability of ethanol-gasoline-water blends is also discussed. Furthermore, the effects of hydrous ethanol, and its blends with gasoline fuel on SI engine combustion characteristics, cycle-to-cycle variations, engine performance parameters, and emission characteristics have been highlighted. Higher water solubility in ethanol-gasoline blends may be obviously useful and suitable; nevertheless, the continuous ability of water to remain soluble in the blend is significantly affected by temperature.
    [Show full text]