DOCSLIB.ORG

Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Irrigation Rehabilitation Project (RRP KAZ 50387) Supplementary Document 21: CLIMATE RISK AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT REPORT Kazakhstan Irrigation Rehabilitation Sector Project: Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Report December 2018 Authors: Peter Droogers Murari Lal Client: Asian Development Bank FutureWater Wageningen, The Netherlands www.futurewater.nl and RMSI Pvt. Ltd. A-8, Sector 18 Noida, India 201301 www.rmsi.com TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY II I. PROJECT BACKGROUND AND AREA 1 A. BACKGROUND 1 B. KAZAKHSTAN CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES, POLICIES AND INVESTMENTS 3 II. CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS AND EXTREMES 4 A. KAZAKHSTAN’S MEAN CLIMATE & SEASONAL VARIABILITY 4 1. General 4 2. Inter-annual Climate Variability in Kazakhstan and project provinces 7 3. Hydro-meteorological Disasters in Kazakhstan 13 B. SIMULATION OF FUTURE CLIMATE OF KAZAKHSTAN & PROJECT PROVINCES 14 1. Future Climate for Kazakhstan and project provinces 14 C. UNCERTAINTIES IN FUTURE PROJECTIONS 39 D. SUMMARY - KEY FINDINGS ON CLIMATE CHANGE 40 III. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND EXTREMES 44 A. ASSESSMENT TOOL WEAP 44 1. Background WEAP 44 2. WEAP Input Data 45 B. SCENARIOS ANALYZED 50 C. IMPACT AT PROVINCE LEVEL 50 1. Overall 50 2. East Kazakhstan 54 3. Karaghandy 56 4. Kyzlorda 58 5. Zhambyl 61 D. IMPACT AT SUB-PROJECT LEVEL 63 1. Methodology 63 2. East Kazakhstan subprojects 67 3. Karaghandy subprojects 70 4. Kyzlorda subprojects 74 5. Zhambyl subprojects 78 IV. ADAPTION AND INVESTMENTS TO CLIMATE CHANGE 83 A. ADAPTATION NEEDS AND BASIC PRINCIPLES 83 B. POTENTIAL ADAPTATION AND INVESTMENT MEASURES 84 C. SPECIFIC ADAPTATIONS AND INVESTMENT ACTIONS 88 D. CONCLUDING REMARKS 90 V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 92 VI. APPENDIX: PROJECTED CHANGES IN CLIMATE EXTREMES AS INFERRED FROM SELECTED CORE CLIMATIC INDICATORS 94 A. CLIMATIC INDICATORS 94 B. CHANGE IN NUMBER OF HOT DAYS 94 C. CHANGES IN NUMBER OF FROST DAYS 98 D. ANNUAL MEAN CHANGES IN NUMBER OF DRY DAYS 100 E. CHANGES IN NUMBER OF WET / VERY WEY DAYS 101 F. CHANGES IN MAXIMUM RAINFALL INTENSITY 103 VII. APPENDIX: INTRODUCTION OF GLOBAL CLIMATE MODELS USED IN THIS CVRA STUDY 109 A. MODEL GENERATED CLIMATE DATA 109 1. General 109 2. Bias Corrections to the Model Generated Datasets 110 3. The Earth System Model Datasets 111 A.2 DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS 112 4. Data and Choice of Metrics 113 5. Validation of Global Climate Models to Baseline Observed (CRU, UK) Climatology 114 TABLES TABLE II-1: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEANS OF PROJECTED WARMING AREA AVERAGED OVER KAZAKHSTAN AT THREE TIME SLICES UNDER RCP 8.5 AND RCP4.5 PATHWAYS 15 TABLE II-2: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEANS OF PROJECTED WARMING AREA AVERAGED OVER THE FOUR PROJECT PROVINCES OF KAZAKHSTAN DURING 2020S FOR RCP 8.5 PATHWAY 22 TABLE II-3: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEANS OF PROJECTED WARMING AREA AVERAGED OVER THE FOUR PROJECT PROVINCES OF KAZAKHSTAN DURING 2050S FOR RCP 8.5 PATHWAY 23 TABLE II-4: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEANS OF PROJECTED WARMING AREA AVERAGED OVER THE FOUR PROJECT PROVINCES OF KAZAKHSTAN DURING 2080S FOR RCP 8.5 PATHWAY 24 TABLE II-5: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEANS OF PROJECTED WARMING AREA AVERAGED OVER THE FOUR PROJECT PROVINCES OF KAZAKHSTAN DURING 2020S FOR RCP 4.5 PATHWAY 25 TABLE II-6: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEANS OF PROJECTED WARMING AREA AVERAGED OVER THE FOUR PROJECT PROVINCES OF KAZAKHSTAN DURING 2050S FOR RCP 4.5 PATHWAY 25 TABLE II-7: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEANS OF PROJECTED WARMING AREA AVERAGED OVER THE FOUR PROJECT PROVINCES OF KAZAKHSTAN DURING 2080S FOR RCP 4.5 PATHWAY 26 TABLE II-8: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEANS OF PROJECTED DIURNAL TEMPERATURE RANGE AREA AVERAGED OVER KAZAKHSTAN DURING THE THREE TIME SLICES FOR RCP 8.5 AND 4.5 PATHWAYS 27 TABLE II-9: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEANS OF PROJECTED CHANGE IN AREA AVERAGED PRECIPITATION (ΔP, PERCENT CHANGE) OVER KAZAKHSTAN AT THREE TIME SLICES FOR RCP 8.5 AND RCP 4.5 PATHWAYS 28 TABLE II-10: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEAN PROJECTED CHANGE IN AREA AVERAGED PRECIPITATION (ΔP, PERCENT CHANGE) OVER PROJECT PROVINCES DURING 2020S UNDER RCP 8.5 PATHWAY 35 TABLE II-11: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEAN PROJECTED CHANGE IN AREA AVERAGED PRECIPITATION (ΔP, PERCENT CHANGE) OVER PROJECT PROVINCES DURING 2050S UNDER RCP 8.5 PATHWAY 36 TABLE II-12: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEAN PROJECTED CHANGE IN AREA AVERAGED PRECIPITATION (ΔP, PERCENT CHANGE) OVER PROJECT PROVINCES DURING 2080S UNDER RCP 8.5 PATHWAY 37 TABLE II-13: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEAN PROJECTED CHANGE IN AREA AVERAGED PRECIPITATION (ΔP, PERCENT CHANGE) OVER PROJECT PROVINCES DURING 2020S UNDER RCP 4.5 PATHWAY 38 TABLE II-14: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEAN PROJECTED CHANGE IN AREA AVERAGED PRECIPITATION (ΔP, PERCENT CHANGE) OVER PROJECT PROVINCES DURING 2050S UNDER RCP 4.5 PATHWAY 38 TABLE II-15: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEAN PROJECTED CHANGE IN AREA AVERAGED PRECIPITATION (ΔP, PERCENT CHANGE) OVER PROJECT PROVINCES DURING 2080S UNDER RCP 4.5 PATHWAY 39 TABLE III-1: SUMMARIZED IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON EAST KAZAKHSTAN PROVINCE 56 TABLE III-2: SUMMARIZED IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON KARAGHANDY PROVINCE 58 TABLE III-3: SUMMARIZED IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON KYZLORDA PROVINCE 61 TABLE III-4: SUMMARIZED IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ZHAMBYL PROVINCE 63 TABLE III-5: AVERAGE EXPECTED DATE OF PEAK RUNOFF UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE AND CHANGES IN ANNUAL AVERAGE RUNOFF COMPARED TO THE REFERENCE SITUATION (1961-1990). RESULT OBTAINED USING THE HYDRO-CLIMATE MODEL WEAP 68 TABLE III-6: AVERAGE EXPECTED DATE OF PEAK RUNOFF UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE AND CHANGES IN ANNUAL AVERAGE RUNOFF COMPARED TO THE REFERENCE SITUATION (1961-1990) [RESULT OBTAINED USING THE HYDRO-CLIMATE MODEL WEAP] 71 TABLE III-7: AVERAGE EXPECTED DATE OF PEAK RUNOFF UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE AND CHANGES IN ANNUAL AVERAGE RUNOFF COMPARED TO THE REFERENCE SITUATION (1961-1990) [RESULT OBTAINED USING THE HYDRO-CLIMATE MODEL WEAP] 75 TABLE III-8: AVERAGE EXPECTED DATE OF PEAK RUNOFF UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE AND CHANGES IN ANNUAL AVERAGE RUNOFF COMPARED TO THE REFERENCE SITUATION (1961-1990) [RESULT OBTAINED USING THE HYDRO-CLIMATE MODEL WEAP] 79 TABLE IV-1: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION AS FUNCTION OF THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALE AND THE MAIN SECTORS INVOLVED [ADAPTED FROM HTTP://WWW.CIFOR.ORG/] 84 TABLE VI-1: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEAN PROJECTED NUMBER OF HOT DAYS OVER KAZAKHSTAN AT 2020S, 2050S AND 2080S UNDER RCP 8.5 AND RCP 4.5 PATHWAYS 95 TABLE VI-2: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEAN PROJECTED CHANGE IN NUMBER OF FROST DAYS OVER KAZAKHSTAN AT 2020S, 2050S AND 2080S UNDER RCP 8.5 AND RCP 4.5 PATHWAYS 97 TABLE VI-3: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEAN PROJECTED CHANGE IN NUMBER OF FROST DAYS OVER KAZAKHSTAN AND THE FOUR PROJECT PROVINCES AT 2080S UNDER RCP 8.5 PATHWAY 98 TABLE VI-4: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEAN PROJECTED CHANGE IN PEAK PRECIPITATION INTENSITY OVER KAZAKHSTAN AT 2020S, 2050S AND 2080S UNDER RCP 8.5 AND RCP 4.5 PATHWAYS 104 TABLE VI-5: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEAN PROJECTED CHANGE IN PEAK PRECIPITATION INTENSITY OVER EAST KAZAKHSTAN PROVINCE AT 2020S, 2050S AND 2080S UNDER RCP 8.5 AND RCP 4.5 PATHWAYS 105 TABLE VI-6: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEAN PROJECTED CHANGE IN PEAK PRECIPITATION INTENSITY OVER KARAGHANDY PROVINCE AT 2020S, 2050S AND 2080S UNDER RCP 8.5 AND RCP 4.5 PATHWAYS 105 TABLE VI-7: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEAN PROJECTED CHANGE IN PEAK PRECIPITATION INTENSITY OVER KYZLORDA PROVINCE AT 2020S, 2050S AND 2080S UNDER RCP 8.5 AND RCP 4.5 PATHWAYS 106 TABLE VI-8: MONTHLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MEAN PROJECTED CHANGE IN PEAK PRECIPITATION INTENSITY OVER ZHAMBYL PROVINCE AT 2020S, 2050S AND 2080S UNDER RCP 8.5 AND RCP 4.5 PATHWAYS 106 TABLE VII-1: LIST OF CORE CLIMATE INDICATORS 113 TABLE VII-2: BASELINE CLIMATOLOGY OF AVERAGE MONTHLY MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (DEG C) OVER KAZAKHSTAN AS OBSERVED (CRU CLIMATOLOGY) AND SIMULATED BY CLIMATE MODEL ENSEMBLE (RMSE IS THE ROOT MEAN SQUARE ERROR BETWEEN THE OBSERVED AND SIMULATED SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURES) 117 TABLE VII-3: BASELINE CLIMATOLOGY OF AVERAGE MONTHLY MEAN MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (DEG C) OVER KAZAKHSTAN AS OBSERVED (CRU CLIMATOLOGY) AND SIMULATED BY MODEL ENSEMBLE (RMSE IS THE ROOT MEAN SQUARE ERROR BETWEEN THE OBSERVED AND SIMULATED MINIMUM SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURES) 118 TABLE VII-4: BASELINE CLIMATOLOGY OF AVERAGE MONTHLY PRECIPITATION (MM) OVER KAZAKHSTAN AS OBSERVED (CRU CLIMATOLOGY) AND SIMULATED BY CLIMATE MODEL ENSEMBLES (RMSE IS THE ROOT MEAN SQUARE ERROR BETWEEN THE OBSERVED AND SIMULATED PRECIPITATION) 119 FIGURES FIGURE I-1: MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURES OVER KAZAKHSTAN IN 2015 ARE WARMER RELATIVE TO 1961-1990 MEAN CLIMATOLOGY (SOURCE: RSE “KAZHYDROMET”, 2016) 2 FIGURE II-1: GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF KAZAKHSTAN AND ITS FOUR PROJECT PROVINCES WITH ELEVATIONS ABOVE SEA LEVEL 6 FIGURE II-2: THE 16 GROUPS OF THE IN 245 SCHEMES WHERE THE PROJECT WILL TAKE PLACE 7 FIGURE II-3: AVERAGE ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION (%) OF REPORTED DISASTERS IN KAZAKHSTAN (SOURCE: GFDRR, 2016) 13 FIGURE II-4: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PROJECTED CHANGE IN ANNUAL MEAN SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE WITH RESPECT TO BASELINE PERIOD (1961-90) OVER KAZAKHSTAN BY 2020S UNDER RCP 8.5 PATHWAY 16 FIGURE II-5: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PROJECTED CHANGE IN ANNUAL MEAN SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE WITH RESPECT TO BASELINE PERIOD (1961-90) OVER KAZAKHSTAN BY 2050S UNDER RCP 8.5 PATHWAY 17 FIGURE II-6: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PROJECTED CHANGE IN ANNUAL MEAN SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE WITH RESPECT TO BASELINE PERIOD (1961-90) OVER
Recommended publications
  • 4E. Post-Soviet Politics

    4E. Post-Soviet Politics

    Help Sheet to Design a Tour for a Group Interested in Post-Soviet Politics and Government in Central Asia The basics: Both Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan were under Russian and then Soviet rule from the late 18th century until 1991. So both have very new governments. In Uzbekistan, Islam Karimov ruled from 1991 until his death in 2016. In Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev ruled from 1991 until he stepped down in March 2019 (and he still has a lot of power in the government). How to research the topic: Look up the history of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan after their independence from the Soviet Union. Also, look up the first president of each country to see their impact and the way they are celebrated in their respective countries. Planning your itinerary: Be sure to look up sites named after Nazarbayev and Karimov. Also, look for the wing of history museums devoted to modern times and political buildings that are open to the public. Visit some of these as part of your program. Travel from place to place: In planning your itinerary, you can take short regional flights to get to or from big cities that are far apart (e.g. from Nur-Sultan to Almaty or Tashkent). Be sure to check on Kayak.com or some other site to see if there are flights between cities that you want to visit. You don’t want to waste time on travel from place to place, so find direct flights. You must somehow strike a balance in your itinerary so that your travelers can see as many places as possible but not so many places that they spend all their time traveling without enough time to see things.
  • Democracy in Kazakhstan: Historical Fiction Or Reality Nurlykhan B

    Democracy in Kazakhstan: Historical Fiction Or Reality Nurlykhan B

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SCIENCE EDUCATION 2016, VOL. 11, NO. 17, 10229-10240 OPEN ACCESS Democracy in Kazakhstan: Historical Fiction or Reality Nurlykhan B. Adilzhanova, Svetlana B. Kozhirovaa, and Rouben Azizianb aL. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, KAZAKHSTAN; bThe Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, Honolulu, USA. ABSTRACT An important issue in the development of transitional societies at the present stage of historical development is the impact of "global democracy" system of government. Trends of such influence in the post-Soviet space, in particular, are becoming more tangible in the context of globalization and especially after the so-called "color revolutions" that took place in Georgia, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan and which, of course, led to violation of the existing social-political balance. The main problem that arises due to associated with the fact that global democracy is now replaced by the Americanization. On this basis there are no guarantees that the system of democratic values, which polarized American society, and could be a priority within the global community. Issues examined on the basis of the democratic potential of Kazakhstan. To ensure the democratization of the state governance system in Kazakhstan, it is expedient to establish clear rules of fairness, such as the creation by citizens, civil society, the exclusion of the state from the private sphere of interests, ensure the rule of law, civil initiatives and human rights. These are the main criteria by which developing Western civilization, and they may be adapted to the realities of the development of any type of society, especially Kazakh. KEYWORDS ARTICLE HISTORY Global democratization; politics of Kazakhstan; Received 5 June 2016 modernization of the state; democratic society; Revised 20 October 2016 the system of social values.
  • The Public-Private Partnership Law Review Reproduced with Permissionsecond from Edition Law Business Research Ltd

    The Public-Private Partnership Law Review Reproduced with Permissionsecond from Edition Law Business Research Ltd

    The Public-Private ThePartnership Public-Private Law Review Partnership Law Review The Public-Private Partnership Law Review Reproduced with permissionSecond from Edition Law Business Research Ltd. This article was first published in The Public-Private Partnership Law Review – Edition 2 (published in March 2016 – Editorseditors Bruno Werneck and Mário Saadi) Bruno Werneck and Mário Saadi For further information please email [email protected] Law Business Research The Public-Private Partnership Law Review The Public-Private Partnership Law Review Reproduced with permission from Law Business Research Ltd. This article was first published in The Public-Private Partnership Law Review – Edition 2 (published in March 2016 – editors Bruno Werneck and Mário Saadi) For further information please email [email protected] The Public-Private Partnership Law Review Second Edition Editors Bruno Werneck and Mário Saadi Law Business Research Ltd PUBLISHER Gideon Roberton SENIOR BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT MANAGER Nick Barette SENIOR ACCOUNT MANAGERS Thomas Lee, Felicity Bown, Joel Woods ACCOUNT MANAGER Jessica Parsons MARKETING COORDINATOR Rebecca Mogridge EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Sophie Arkell HEAD OF PRODUCTION Adam Myers PRODUCTION EDITOR Janina Godowska SUBEDITOR Gina Mete CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER Paul Howarth Published in the United Kingdom by Law Business Research Ltd, London 87 Lancaster Road, London, W11 1QQ, UK © 2016 Law Business Research Ltd www.TheLawReviews.co.uk No photocopying: copyright licences do not apply. The information provided in this publication is general and may not apply in a specific situation, nor does it necessarily represent the views of authors’ firms or their clients. Legal advice should always be sought before taking any legal action based on the information provided.
  • 2016 EITI Report

    2016 EITI Report

    0 The 12th National Report On implementation of the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2016 The work is performed by “UHY SAPA Consulting” LLP in accordance with the contract on public procurement of services No.25 dated March 28, 2017 entered into with the RSI “The Republican Center of geological information “Kazgeoinform” of the Committee of geology and subsoil use of the Ministry of investment and development of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 1 CONTENT List of definitions and abbreviations 6 Report on the results of the implementation of the agreed-upon 9 procedures I. General information 12 1.1. Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative 12 1.2. EITI in the Republic of Kazakhstan 12 1.3. Data about participation of the companies 13 1.4. Reporting status on EITI 13 II. APPROACH TO DATA RECONCILIATION 14 2.1. Purpose 14 2.2. Scope of work 14 2.3. Approach to data reconciliation 14 III. EXTRACTIVE SECTOR OVERVIEW 19 3.1. The contribution and role of the extractive sector in the economy of 19 Kazakhstan Export 23 Investments 28 Employment 28 Informal sector 28 Gross domestic product 29 Income 29 3.2. Extractive industries: Key characteristics, regions, main players 33 Oil 40 Gas 51 Coal 58 Metals 61 Uranium 63 Lithium 65 Gold 66 Silver 67 Geological exploration 74 Transportation 79 3.3. Extractive industry management 90 3.3.1. Legal basis 90 Information on licenses and contracts 102 Disclosure of contracts 104 3.3.2. Fiscal mode 106 3.3.3. The role and participation of the government 110 3.3.4.
  • World Bank Group

    World Bank Group

    +21° / +13°C WEDNESDAY, JUNE 27, 2018 No 12 (150) www.astanatimes.com Astana is great achievement of the Kazakhstan increases entire nation, President Nazarbayev says number of military personnel in UN missions abroad endum in Western Sahara (MI- By Abira Kuandyk NURSO). “Extending the number of Kazakh ASTANA – Kazakh legislators military observers and staff officers recently approved the sending of in UN missions will not only con- dozens of military observers from tribute to strengthening international Kazakhstan to join UN missions security but will also enhance the in the Middle East and Africa to credibility of Kazakhstan as a re- fulfil international obligations in sponsible member within the inter- maintaining peace and security, national community in the context Defence Minister Saken Zhasuza- of our country’s activity as a non- kov announced as he presented a permanent member in the UN Secu- relevant request from the head of rity Council,” said Zhasuzakov. state at the June 15 joint session of The UN leadership has praised Kazakhstan’s Parliament. Kazakh military personnel and ex- President Nursultan Naz- pressed interest in receiving more arbayev introduced sending 40 military observers. Therefore, it Kazakh Armed Force officers was proposed to expand the geog- as military observers and staff raphy of participation of the Ka- officers to join United Nations zakh Armed Force officers in UN missions in the Middle East, the missions as military observers and United Nations Peacekeeping full-time officers, he noted. dependence, chaos was unravelling to say that we virtually started the port area could put official visits by Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP), The question of sending a peace- By Arsen Omarkulov in our economy.
  • Human Anthrax in Kazakhstan from 2016 to 2018

    Human Anthrax in Kazakhstan from 2016 to 2018

    201 Erciyes Med J 2019; 41(2): 201–4 • DOI: 10.14744/etd.2019.46658 BRIEF REPORT – OPEN ACCESS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Human Anthrax in Kazakhstan From 2016 to 2018 Saule Maukayeva , Gulnar Nuralinova , Karina Isembayeva ABSTRACT Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivores, and it occasionally infects humans. The majority of human cases occur in an agricultural environment and result from individuals coming into contact with dead or dying animals. Although anthrax occurs worldwide, it is endemic in Kazakhstan. The data were obtained from the reported and recorded cases of anthrax in Kazakhstan between 2016 and 2018. The results were analyzed according to clinical presentation, source of infection, and transmission. In 2016–2018, 21 cases of anthrax were registered in five regions of Kazakhstan. Contamination of people occurred when dying animals were illegally slaughtered. Of these cases, 17 were of cutaneous form and 4 were of generalized form that ended by death due to delayed diagnosis and therapy. A fatal clinic form of anthrax was presented. Clinical forms of human anthrax are life threatening. Early diagnosis and initiating supportive treatment with appropriate antimicrobial ther- apy can save life. Educating physicians and animal owners, following good veterinary practice, ensuring close surveillance, and regular immunization of animals against anthrax may control infection in endemic and hyperendemic areas. Keywords: Anthrax, epidemiology, fatal case, Kazakhstan INTRODUCTION Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivores, and it occasionally infects humans. The causative agent of anthrax is Bacillus anthracis, which is a gram-positive, aerobic or facultative anaerobic, endospore-forming, rod-shaped Cite this article as: bacterium.