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11733583.PDF (5.977Mb) Faculté de Droit Direction des bibliothèques AVIS NOTICE L’auteur a autorisé l’Université The author has given the de Montréal à reproduire et Université de Montréal diffuser, en totalité ou en partie, permission to partially or par quelque moyen que ce soit completely reproduce and et sur quelque support que ce diffuse copies of this report or soit, et exclusivement à des fins thesis in any form or by any non lucratives d’enseignement means whatsoever for strictly et de recherche, des copies de non profit educational and ce mémoire ou de cette thèse. purposes. L’auteur et les coauteurs le cas The author and the co-authors, échéant, conservent néan- if applicable, nevertheless keep moins la liberté reconnue au the acknowledged rights of a titulaire du droit d’auteur de copyright holder to com- diffuser, éditer et utiliser mercially diffuse, edit and use commercialement ou non ce this work if they choose. Long travail. Les extraits substantiels excerpts from this work may not de celui-ci ne peuvent être be printed or reproduced in imprimés ou autrement another form without reproduits sans autorisation de permission from the author. l’auteur. L’Université ne sera The University is not aucunement responsable d’une responsible for commercial, utilisation commerciale, indus- industrial or other use of this trielle ou autre du mémoire ou report or thesis by a third party, de la thèse par un tiers, y including by professors. compris les professeurs. Université rU, de Montréal :1,NJ Il tJ 3 4-1()", 1 Université de Montréal Les droits économiques dans l'environnement numérique : portrait de notions en mutation Présenté par : Anne-Marie McSween Faculté de droit Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade Maîtrise en droit (L.L.M.) '-1u.d~e-s"""-8 Option recherche (technologies de l'information) '1~e~radaoctroyélllJ(f'>... à compter du !Il<=- .... CD ' Ilo 0 6 JUil 2006 Mars 2006 © Anne-Marie McSween 2006 Les droits économiques dans l'environnement numérique © Anne-Marie McSween 2006 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures Ce mémoire intitulé Droits économiques dans l'environnement numérique: Portrait de notions en mutation présenté par: Anne-Marie McSween a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes: Pierre Trudel Président-rapporteur Ysolde Gendreau Directrice de recherche Karim Benyekhlef Membre du jury Résumé L'accès généralisé à Internet a remis en question le droit d'auteur. Au milieu des années 90, il s'en trouvait plusieurs pour annoncer la mort de cette institution vieille de quelques siècles. Force est aujourd'hui de constater que le droit d'auteur est toujours bien vivant bien qu'il ait changé. Les droits économiques, qui ont rapidement été appliqués dans l'environnement numérique, témoignent de ces changements. L'analyse de la transmission numérique des fichiers audio expose les mutations qui affectent deux droits économiques en particulier: le droit de reproduction et le droit de communication au public par télécommunication. Ces mutations résultent tantôt de l'intervention du législateur, tantôt de la façon dont on choisit d'appliquer ces droits dans ce nouvel environnement. Elles ont souvent pour effet d'étendre la portée traditionnelle de ces droits économiques. Cela se fait parfois au détriment des rationalités qui en justifient l'existence. De plus, la nouvelle interaction entre ces droits mutés entraîne des effets sur les différents acteurs du droit d'auteur qui sont parfois discutables. Le droit d'auteur a toujours sa raison d'être. Reste à savoir si la forme actuelle des droits économiques est toujours le meilleur véhicule pour atteindre les objectifs sous-jacents. À l'heure où le législateur envisage une simplification du droit d'auteur, une réflexion s'impose au sujet de la forme des droits économiques. Il est grand temps, du moins dans l'environnement numérique, d'adopter une approche qui se fonde plus sur les effets des actes posés que sur leur nature. L'examen des mutations qui affectent les droits économiques dans cet environnement fait d'ailleurs prendre conscience des limites de notre façon positiviste d'envisager ces droits. Mots-clés Internet, droit d'auteur, droits économiques, reproduction, communication au public, mutation, effets. Les droits économiques dans l'environnement numérique © Anne-Marie McSween 2006 Summary General Internet access has shaken Copyright. In the mid-nineties, many announced the death of this institution several centuries old. We have to admit that Copyright is still quite alive though it has changed. The economic rights, which were quickly applied in the digital environment, are a testimony ofthese changes. The analysis of audio file digital transmission exposes mutations which affect two specifie economic rights: the reproduction right and the right of communication to the public by telecommunication. These changes result from the legislator's intervention or from how the economic rights are applied in this new environment. The traditional reach ofthese rights is often extended by those changes. As a result, the rationalities that justify these rights are sometimes ignored. Moreover, the new interaction between these changed rights sometimes has debatable effects on the various copyright actors. Copyright retains its raison d'être. Still, the question arises whether the CUITent form of the economic rights remains the best vehicle to achieve the goals implied by these rights. As the legislator now considers a simplification of Copyright, reviewing the form of the economic rights is essential. It is time, at least in the digital environment, to adopt an approach based on the effects of the acts, rather than on their nature. The analysis of the changes, which affect the economic rights in a digital environment, exposes the limits of our positivist way ofconsidering these rights. Keywords Internet, copyright, economic rights, reproduction, communication to the public by telecommunication, mutation, effect. Les droits économiques dans l'environnement numérique © Anne-Marie McSween 2006 TABLE DES MATIÈRES INTRODUCTION 1 Chapitre préliminaire: Analyse technique de la transmission numérique d'unfichier audio 5 i. Le contenu de la transmission numérique: lefichier audio 5 1.1...Q,U est-ce qu'fiun 1Ch·1er aud·?10 . 6 1.11. Les fameux fichiers MP3 7 ii. Le cadre et le fonctionnement de la transmission numérique 10 ii.i La lecture des fichiers audio 12 ii.i.i. La lecture en transit 12 ii.i.ii. La lecture à la suite du téléchargement complet 12 ii.ii. Quelques modes d'obtention de fichiers audio 13 ii.ii.i. Le courrier électronique 13 ii.ii.ii. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) 15 ii.ii.iii. USENET 16 ii.ii.iv. World Wide Web 18 ii.ii.v. Le clavardage 20 ii.ii.vi. Le peer-to-peer 22 ii.iii. Le visage de l'Internet musical canadien en 2005-2006 24 1. Les droits économiques dans l'environnement numérique: portrait de notions en mutation 27 1.1. Le droit de reproduction 28 1.1.1. Les reproductions numériques 31 1.1.1.1. Les reproductions numériques permanentes 31 1.1.1.2. Les reproductions temporaires 39 1.1.1.2.1. Une analyse positiviste du droit de reproduction canadien 39 1.1.1.2.2. Les expériences étrangères 45 1.1.2. Des mutations résultantes 58 1.1.2.1. Les mutations directes 59 1.1.2.2. Les mutations indirectes 63 Les droits économiques dans l'environnement numérique © Anne-Marie McSween 2006 VI 1.1.2.2.1. Les fondements du droit de reproduction 64 1.1.2.2.2. Les mutations observées 71 1.2. Le droit de communiquer au public par télécommunication 78 1.2.1. Les éléments du droit de communiquer. 81 1.2.1.1. Communiquer 81 1.2.1.2. Au public 83 1.2.1.3. Par télécommunication 90 1.2.2. Des mutations résultantes 94 1.2.2.1. Des mutations directes 95 1.2.2.2. Les mutations indirectes 103 1.2.2.2.1. Les fondements du droit de communication au public par télécommunication 104 1.2.2.2.2. Les mutations observées 105 2. De l'interaction entre les droits mutés 110 2.1. La nouvelle interaction et ses effets sur les différents acteurs du droit d'auteur. ................................................................................................................................. 110 2.1.1. Les titulaires de droit et leurs ayants droit.. 114 2.1.2. Les utilisateurs 119 2.1.3. La Commission du droit d'auteur 122 2.2 Synthèse et analyse générale des mutations observées 124 2.2.1. Un courant égalitaire 124 2.2.2. Un acteur émergent de plus en plus important: le fournisseur de services Internet 126 2.2.3. L'importance des solutions étrangères 127 2.2.4. Une logique de la nature de l'utilisation en question 130 Conclusion 136 Bibliographie 140 Les droits économiques dans l'environnement numérique © Anne-Marie McSween 2006 Vll Liste des abréviations utilisées Abréviations juridiques CAF Cour d'appel fédérale CF Cour fédérale C.I.P.R Canadian Intellectual Property Review Colum. L. R Columbia Law Review Colum. VLA J. L. & Arts Columbia Journal ofLaw & the Arts C.P.I. Cahiers de propriété intellectuelle CPI Code de propriété intellectuelle CRTC Conseil de la radiodiffusion et des télécommunications canadiennes CSC Cour suprême du Canada Dayton L. Rev. Dayton Law Review D.L.R Dominion Law Report E.I.P.R European Intellectual Property Review Ex. C.R Canada Law Reports (Exchequer Court) FC Federal Court FCA Federal Court ofAppeal F. Supp. Federal Supplement Hastings Comm. & Ent. L. J. Hastings Communication & Entertainment Law Journal I.E.C.L.C. Internet and E-Commerce Law in Canada nc International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law I.P.J. Intellectual Property Journal Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev.
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