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TO END GENDER BASED VIOLENCE Published by African Women’s Development and Communication Network First published 2013 © African Women’s Development and Communication Network Author: Okumba Miruka Edited by: Mary Njeri and Kennedy Odhiambo Otina DESIGN AND LAYOUT: Ideaworks Ltd. This publication was produced by the African Women’s Development and Communication Network (FEMNET) with funds provided from the Heinrich Boll Foundation (HBF) - Horn and East Africa Office. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of HBF. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations 5 About FEMNET 6 Acknowledgements 6 Introduction 7 Session 1: Getting Acquainted 12 Session 2: Key Terminology 16 Session 3: Turning Boys into Men 20 Session 4: The Role of Men in Gender Based Violence 40 Session 5: Negative Masculinity, Gender Based Violence & HIV/AIDS 56 Session 6: Gender and Masculinities Analysis 62 Session 7: Adult Learning & Communication of Masculinity Issues 78 Session 8: Planning & Managing a Training Event for Men 86 Session 9: Evaluation and Reporting 108 Bibliography 112 ABBREVIATIONS AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome FEMNET: African Women’s Development and Communication Network GBV: Gender Based Violence HIV: Human Immuno-deficiency Virus INSTRAW: International Research Institute MEGEN: Men for Gender Equality Now MHRRC: Malawi Human Rights Resource Centre NGO: Non-governmental Organization UN: United Nations ON ENGAGING MEN TO END GENDER BASED VIOLENCE MEN TO ON ENGAGING AL U MAN TRAINING A 5 About FEMNET ABOUT FEMNET ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS he African Women’s Development and FEMNET would like to thank Okumba Miruka Communication Network (FEMNET) for compiling this manual and Kennedy Otina Tis a pan-African membership-based for coordinating the activity. The manual is network formed at the African women’s a culmination of practical experiences in meeting held in Arusha, Tanzania, in October working with men from a women’s rights 1984 to prepare for the 1985 United Nations organization. FEMNET initiated the idea of (UN) Third Conference on Women held working with men right from the early 1990s in Nairobi, Kenya. FEMNET was set up to when it started gender training. monitor the implementation of UN human rights conventions and other commitments The Men to Men approach was championed by including the Nairobi Forward Looking three Kenyan members of FEMNET (Okumba Strategies for the Advancement of Women Miruka, Rose Chege and Njoki Wainaina) adopted at the 1985 conference. who had encountered this approach in Malawi in the mid to late 1990s when family FEMNET seeks to advance women’s planning campaigns shifted from targeting development through the sharing of women only to targeting men through male information, experiences, ideas and strategies community-based animators. The idea was among African women’s non-governmental that due to patriarchy, it is men who made organizations (NGOs). Since 1985, FEMNET final decisions about sexual matters. As has grown to be a leading regional body such, therefore, it was futile to target women in the promotion of women’s rights, gender without involving men. The three nurtured equality and women’s empowerment through the idea and assisted in developing it into a research, provision of critical information, programme. FEMNET appreciates them for strengthened linkages and collaboration their vision and support through the years. among women’s organizations, capacity building for gender mainstreaming and The production of the manual was made effective organizing around women’s rights possible through financial support from ON ENGAGING MEN TO END GENDER BASED VIOLENCE MEN TO ON ENGAGING issues. FEMNET’s work is implemented Heinrich Boll Stiftung, Regional Office for AL in over 38 countries in Africa through its East and Horn of Africa. U membership and focal point organizations. For more information, see www.femnet.or.ke. Finally we wish to thank FEMNET’s Board of Directors, Executive Director and the MAN secretariat for institutional support. TRAINING A 6 Introduction INTRODUCTION The Men to Men Regional equality is a norm and where GBV is not Programme acceptable. The FEMNET initiative of involving men to Rationale of the Men to Men combat gender based violence (GBV) can Approach be located in movements in the 1990s to relocate the crusade for gender equality from Many women face violence at different being seen as a purely women’s issue to a times of their lives in both private and public societal concern. spheres. Regrettably, men are the major perpetrators of the violence. From December 6 to 9, 2001, FEMNET hosted a regional consultation of men from The Men to Men approach is based on the Kenya, Malawi, Namibia and South Africa to premise that, like women and other interest deliberate on how men could take a distinct groups, men are able to come together and role in combating GBV. The consultation pursue issues of mutual interest including was part of the annual campaign on the ending GBV. Although men have been 16 Days of Activism on Violence Against identified as the major perpetrators of GBV, Women. FEMNET worked in partnership not all men violate women and girls. In fact, with: Coalition on Violence Against Women in their various capacities, men have a role to (COVAW), a Kenyan Non-governmental play in preventing and combating GBV. The Organization (NGO); Thompson Kenya, starting point for doing this is to reach out to an international advertising agency; and other men to convince them that GBV is an leading Kenyan media houses to design affront to masculinity and manhood. and disseminate information and materials Thus the approach is a systematic process of supporting the global campaign. This strategy empowering men to reach out to other men and the campaign kit had specific messages to combat GBV. It is rooted on the assumption targeting men in their various capacities as that men are more willing to listen to fellow fathers, husbands, brothers, law makers, men on issues of gender equality. The principle religious leaders, politicians and responsible revolves around the use of peerage (sex, age, END GENDER BASED VIOLENCE MEN TO ON ENGAGING citizens. profession, neighbourhood, vocation etc) to AL tackle issues of common interest. U FEMNET was also linked with a global dialogue on the role of men in combating The approach proceeds from the MAN violence on women, an initiative of the United understanding that GBV is a complex and Nations International Research Institute wide-ranging issue that is embedded in (INSTRAW). The materials generated through culture, economy, law, history, politics and the INSTRAW dialogue were used to inform other structural sites. All these factors act the campaign. to construct ideas and manifestations of masculinity and femininity that can either TRAINING The consultation resulted in the creation of promote or discourage GBV. In order to A country teams, task forces, working groups comprehensively tackle the vice, men must and networks to link up with existing country be involved in prevention of GBV, raising efforts to combat GBV. In the long term, these awareness about it, changing social norms, efforts would result in increased advocacy for modelling positive behaviour and assisting change in policy, law, practice and behaviour victims and survivors of GBV. For them towards creation of societies where gender to do this, they must first change at the 7 Introduction personal and family level before they can Objectives of the Manual influence their communities and societies. Combating GBV is therefore as much about The overall goal of the Men to Men deconstructing masculinity as it is about Programme is to create a critical mass of women’s empowerment. African men who are able to influence communities, organizations and the public to Men to Men Regional believe in and practise gender equality as a Programme norm. The manual on masculinities provides rich content for trainers and facilitation tips for each session. Overall, the manual is The Men to Men strategy has been tried meant to: in several countries in Africa. In Kenya, it has been implemented since 2003 under a) Enhance men’s knowledge on the link the name Men for Gender Equality Now between masculinities, GBV and the (MEGEN), which operated as a project of spread of HIV/AIDS. FEMNET till 2008 when it was registered as b) Equip men with practical skills for an independent organization. In Malawi, training other men on combating GBV the Malawi Human Rights Resource Centre and the spread of HIV/AIDS. (MHRRC) is nurturing the MEGEN Malawi, which has a number of male-dominated agencies dealing with issues of GBV (the Contents of the Manual police, judiciary, prisons and other human rights NGOs). The manual has an introduction and nine sessions. After gaining concrete experience in working • Session 1 (Getting Acquainted) prepares with men in Kenya, FEMNET expanded the the users for the training workshop. It programme to cover six other countries focuses on preliminary processes such as namely: Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, ice breaking, harmonizing the training Democratic Republic of Congo and Mali in objectives with participants’ expectations, its 2008-2010 strategic plan. FEMNET has establishing ground rules and setting up since facilitated the launch of the Men to Men workshop committees. ON ENGAGING MEN TO END GENDER BASED VIOLENCE MEN TO ON ENGAGING Regional Programme in Mali, Uganda and • Session 2 (Key Terminology) defines key AL Tanzania. terms related to the content. In order U to avoid overloading the session with In 2010, FEMNET carried out a country level definitions, terms specific to later sessions MAN training on GBV in Uganda and Tanzania are defined under those sessions. where 60 men and boys were trained on • Session 3 (Turning Boys into Men) analyzes masculinity and GBV. The training culminated social construction of gender and how in the development of individual and country socialization influences behaviour, beliefs, level action plans.

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