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A Toolkit for Integrated Vector Management in Sub-Saharan Africa

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A Toolkit for Integrated Vector Management in Sub-Saharan Africa A toolkit for integrated vector management in sub-Saharan Africa WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A toolkit for integrated vector management in sub-Saharan Africa. I.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 154965 3 Subject headings are available from WHO institutional repository © World Health Organization 2016 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO web site (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications –whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. Printed in France. WHO/HTM/NTD/VEM/2016.02 Contents Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... vii Preface .......................................................................................................................................... viii WHO Reference documents for IVM .................................................................................................. x Executive summary ........................................................................................................................... xii Glossary ........................................................................................................................................... xv 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Importance of vector-borne diseases ................................................................................. 1 1.2 Integrated vector management for disease control ........................................................... 3 1.3 Integrated vector management over time .......................................................................... 9 2. Framework for planning and implementing vector control management .................................. 10 2.1 Steps required ................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Organizational structures .................................................................................................. 11 2.3 Assessments of need for vector control and other activities ............................................ 16 3. Disease situation analysis ............................................................................................................ 19 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Broad analysis .................................................................................................................... 21 3.2.1 Step 1. Examine maps of disease endemicity .................................................... 21 3.2.2 Step 2. Investigate epidemiology (first administrative level) ............................ 33 3.2.3 Step 3. Assess vector distribution and ecology .................................................. 34 3.2.4 Step 4. Stratify areas according to diseases present and their current incidence ....................................................................................... 38 3.3 Local (district level and below) analysis ............................................................................ 45 3.3.1 Step 1. Investigate epidemiology (lower administrative level) .......................... 45 3.3.2 Step 2. Consider other environmental factors, alternative hosts and Human factors that may influence disease ........................................................ 46 4. Selection of vector control methods ........................................................................................... 48 4.1 Efficacy against vector-borne diseases .............................................................................. 49 4.1.1 Malaria ............................................................................................................... 49 4.1.2 Lymphatic filariasis ............................................................................................. 53 4.1.3 Dengue ............................................................................................................... 56 iii 4.1.4 Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis ................................................................ 59 4.1.5 Human African trypanosomiasis ........................................................................ 64 4.1.6 Schistosomiasis .................................................................................................. 67 4.1.7 Trachoma ........................................................................................................... 69 4.1.8 Human onchocerciasis ....................................................................................... 70 4.1.9 Other viral infections.......................................................................................... 71 4.2 Multiple diseases and multiple interventions ................................................................... 74 4.3 Vector characteristics, resistance status and risk for development of resistance ............ 76 4.4 Human and environmental safety ..................................................................................... 78 4.5 Affordability and cost–effectiveness ................................................................................. 80 4.6 Acceptability and community participation ...................................................................... 82 4.7 Delivery of interventions ................................................................................................... 85 5. Needs and resources ................................................................................................................... 88 5.1 Financial resources ............................................................................................................ 89 5.2 Human resources and capacity-building ........................................................................... 89 5.3 Infrastructure..................................................................................................................... 92 5.4 Tools for resource planning ............................................................................................... 92 6. Strategy for implementing integrated vector management ....................................................... 95 6.1 Spatio-temporal targeting ................................................................................................. 95 6.1.1 Spatial targeting ................................................................................................. 95 6.1.2 Temporal targeting .......................................................................................... 100 6.2 Implementation of integrated vector control ................................................................. 102 6.3 Involving the non-health sector ...................................................................................... 105 6.3.1 Community participation ................................................................................. 110 6.3.2 The private sector ............................................................................................ 116 6.3.3 Supporting interventions ................................................................................. 118 6.3.4 Cross-border initiatives .................................................................................... 120 7. Operational and implementation research ............................................................................... 123 7.1 Efficacy of vector control interventions that are not approved by WHO ....................... 124 7.2 Pilot-testing and scaling up recommended vector control interventions....................... 124 7.3 Other research questions ................................................................................................ 128 iv 8. Vector surveillance
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