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European Sheep Farmers Synthesis Research Report

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European Sheep Farmers Synthesis Research Report CULTURE AND NATURE: THE EUROPEAN HERITAGE OF SHEEP FARMING AND PASTORAL LIFE RESEARCH THEME: CASE STUDIES REPORT: EUROPEAN SHEEP FARMERS SYNTHESIS RESEARCH REPORT DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY OF VALENCIA, VALENCIA (SPAIN) FEBRUARY 2011 The CANEPAL project is co-funded by the European Commission, Directorate General Education and Culture, CULTURE 2007-2013.Project no: 508090-CU-1-2010-1-HU-CULTURE-VOL11 This report reflects the authors’ view and the Commission is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1 INTRODUCTION: EUROPEAN SHEEP FARMERS TODAY 3 2 SPANISH CASE STUDIES 4 3 UK CASE STUDIES 12 4 GREEK CASE STUDIES 22 5 FRENCH CASE STUDIES 30 6 BULGARIAN CASE STUDIES 41 7 HUNGARIAN CASE STUDIES 56 8 POLISH CASE STUDIES 62 9 ESTONIAN ASE STUDIES 70 2 1. INTRODUCTION: EUROPEAN SHEEP FARMERS TODAY Since many years ago, the sheep farm has been and it is now an important activity for the articulation of the economic life of many European rural zones, especially in the less favoured areas. In the more vertebrate economic systems of local scale, the traditional sheep farming has played a fundamental role providing essential products as meat, milk, wool, leather or organic fertilizer to the community. During years, this activity has been generating a rich cultural heritage that could be considered as a special additional creation of the sheep sector. Currently, its economic impact in terms of contribution to the aggregate GDP very is reduced. However the impotence of the sheep sector is greater if we take into account that this is closely related to other economic activities to which it provides other inputs, such as the food industry, rural tourism, handwork or textile industries, and also with others which need other intermediate goods, such as fodder, veterinary services, etc. Besides the purely macroeconomic evaluation, sheep farming also makes important contributions to the development of the rural environment through its social and environmental impact. Many times sheep farming may be (nearly) the last activity that the inhabitants in the less favoured rural zones can develop. Moreover, it contributes to population stability in areas seriously threatened by depopulation and abandonment. Sheep farming is able to take advantage of low quality spaces and resources, which cannot compete with others, or may even be abandoned by economic activity. This type of livestock farming develops flexible systems of farming, capable of making use of low quality forage and pastures. Bearing in mind all these factors, the mainly extensive nature of sheep farming and its ability to make sustainable use of the habitats which occupies, it makes an important contribution to rural development from an environmental point of view. The objective of this report is to focus on the micro level and know concrete cases in order to complete our comprehension of the sheep sector, besides the macroeconomic view and the overall figures. We have used the case study method, a very useful tool employed in social science research. This section collects the experience of 20 European sheep farmers that are developing this activity in very different places and conditions. The cases are classified by countries in eight different epigraphs for Spain, United Kingdom, Greece, France, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland and Estonia. Thanks to that we can understand better why many of them declare to be very happy with its work, in spite of the fact that the incomes obtained from this activity and the hard working and life conditions of shepherds reduce the attraction of the sheep farming. 3 2. SPANISH CASE STUDIES Half of the Spanish population lives in rural areas (51.5%), these making up nearly the whole of the national territory (85.6%). The rural sphere generates 46.4% of the gross added value and provides 48.6% of employment in Spain. The economic structure of the rural areas in Spain presents some differences with respect to the national structure because the greater importance of the primary activities in the rural sphere (11.9%). The total livestock sector of Spain represents a 36.6% of agrarian production and a 1.4% of total GDP. The sheep and goat sector makes up 11% of livestock production and the relative importance on agrarian output is 4.03%, one of the biggest among Canepal countries. The population employed in sheep, goats and other grazing livestock sector is 137,740 persons. However, the land used for this economic activity in Spain is greater than one would expect in terms of its contribution to the agrarian sector: 34.2% of the total agricultural area, the biggest percentage of Canepal countries. In Spain there are 50 different sheep breeds, of which 42 are native and 32 are at risk of becoming extinct. Also there are 22 breeds of goat, of which 21 are native and 17 are at risk extinction. Sheep population has declined in over the last decade. Currently it stands at 18.4 million heads and makes up 22% of the European population, the second biggest number of Europe. The number of goats has also declined over these years and now stands at 2.9 million. In this case, Spain represents 20.8% of the European total, again the second biggest flock of Europe. Comparatively with other countries, big herds are important in Spain: 66% of ewes are found in herds of more than 500 heads and 65% of goats in herds of more than 200. The number of farms has also gone down in last years. Even so, Spain has a large number of sheep (79,140) and goat farms (35,980). About 20% of sheep farms are holdings of more than 50 Ha. Sheep and goat production has also declined in Spain in the last few years until 345.1 thousand tonnes, the biggest figure in Europe. Even that reduction, Spain is capable of meeting its own sheep and goat meat consumption needs. Story 1: Joaquim de Ros, from Garrigoles (Girona, Spain) Location: The farm is located in Garrigoles, a small village of 171 inhabitants situated in the region of the Baix Empordà (Girona). This region is found in the northeastern coast of Spain, near the border with France. The zone combines the existence of important tourist beach resort and plains where agrarian activities develop. The Baix Empordà enjoys a mild Mediterranean climate. It is a region of great wealth from the environmental point of view. In fact, 33% of the region is protected by a Natural Interest Areas Program. 4 The farm owner is Joaquim de Ros, 56 years old. He is agronomist and he has over 30 years of dedication. He is married and has three children; one of them works on the farm. Joaquim follows the family tradition as a farmer that his father started. The farm is an important holding of meat-oriented production. The surface of land devoted to sheep and to the production of the necessary fodder 60 Ha. In addition, the holding has 80 Ha of forest for grazing sheep; and 140 Ha dedicated to cereals. The management system is traditionally extensive. "This is the only activity where people come to tell you how to do your job" The holding has 1,000 sheep of a native variety named “ripollesa”. 40 of them are males, 160 are young and 800 are in production. Sheep usually graze outside, although complementary food is provided at the end of the gestation phase and at the beginning of lactation period. In general, the animals spend half of the time indoors and the rest of time they are free to graze in the surrounding areas. Last year there were 1,033 births, of which 875 were sold. The farm has 1,750 m2 of permanent installations. There are two stables, a storehouse of food and a place for animal waste. "In my work, I like everything. After 30 years, I still move when I see a sheep birth” 5 As we already have mentioned, the farm is meat-oriented, however it also sells some wool, although in this case the production is totally loss-making. The farm does not produce any service derived from agro-tourism. The lambs are sold wholesale to local butchers. There are three people working in the farm: a full-time employee and two part-time family members. Full-time employees never stay for a long time in the farm and it is very difficult to find replacements. Thanks to public aids the farm is profitable. A 50% of income represents public subsidies. The holding receives about 60,000 euro for all the production activities (including the cereal crops). In addition, the farm also receives some technical advice from public administration. In Joaquim’s opinion, around 1,000 animals is the optimal flock to manage even when the farm does not find any full-time employee. Therefore, future plans are to maintain the same flock. The generational succession is guaranteed by his son. "Some day the authorities will have to reintroduce a couple of farmers as protected specie" In general, the future of the sector is complicated. It will depend on the decisions of the European Union about aids. In any case, the continuity of this sector is essential. Story 2: Antonio Seguí, from Inca (Mallorca, Spain) Location: The farm is situated in the center of the Majorca island, which is dedicated extensively to the sun-and-beach tourism. Inca is located in a plain and enjoys a typically Mediterranean climate with high temperatures in summer and moderately low temperatures in winter. The farm owner is Antoni Seguí; he is 48 years old and he was born in Inca (Majorca).
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