DOCSLIB.ORG

002 Askham Bar to Askham Bog and Copmanthorpe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
002 Askham Bar to Askham Bog and Copmanthorpe Exploring York and all Hemlock Growing very close to Askham EXPLORING that it has to offer has Bar the tall but deadly hemlock plant can be found. In ancient never been so easy. Greece the famous philosopher YORK Socrates chose to die by drinking hemlock after being sentenced to We’ve routes for all ages death by those who didn’t like his and abilities, ready and speeches and views on democracy. Askham Bog waiting for you to explore. What kind of flowers can you see? The reserve has a raised boardwalk which is a short looping walk accessible at all times. Wellies or boots Whilst you’re out and are required for the rest of the bog which can be boggy with some deep pools and ditches. about, remember let’s be O Dandelion O Daisy O Clover O Bluebell respectful and patient of Roman Roads others. Let’s keep as safe The Romans built an extensive road network across the country. O Daffodil O Rose O Orchid O ................. as possible by following One such road followed the course of what is now Tadcaster social distancing measures. Road and after passing through Askham Bar to Askham Bog Copmanthorpe continued on to Copmanthorpe Tadcaster which at that time was Copmanthorpe is an ancient village. and Copmanthorpe trail known as Calcaria. It was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, a book produced for William the Conqueror, which listed Did you spot any birdlife most of the towns and villages in England Distance Est. Time on your walk? and Wales as well as details of land 2.5 miles 1-1:30 hrs O Blackbird O Greenfinch ownership. The name of the village is O Blue tit O House martin derived from Old Norse and means O Bullfinch O Robin Traders Village or Craftmans Village. O Chaffinch O Swallow If you’re planning to travel to, from O Chiffchaff O Swift and through York we want to make O Goldfinch O Whitethroat sure you have access to travel O Great tit O Willow warbler information that will help keep you O Great-spotted O Vulture!? woodpecker O ............................. safe and be able to plan your journey. You can explore information about active travel Askham Bog and its benefits by downloading our Cycle route A remarkable survivor of the ancient maps, Walking Guides and information on fenlands of Yorkshire – it occupies our popular Urban Cycle Skills the site of a lake, left behind by a Copmanthorpe Flower Walk Sessions at www.itravelyork.info retreating glacier 15,000 years ago. Along the approach to Copmanthorpe the bright For further information on Since Roman times Askham Bog has purple common knapweed is frequently seen. how to explore York safely been used by local communities as a This colourful flower is a favourite source of go to www.visityork.org source of peat for fuel. In 1946 the nectar for bees, butterflies and other insects. famous sweet manufacturers Francis The abundant white and yellow flowered ox-eye Terry and Arnold Rowntree bought daisy is also a favourite with insects. A single plant the bog and the Yorkshire Naturalists can produce tens of thousands of seeds which can (now Wildlife) Trust was formed to lie dormant for up to forty years. receive it as a gift. Askham Bar to Askham Bog and Copmanthorpe trail 1 ASHM BR The reserve 1 Start 7 2 has a raised PAR N RIDE Start the walk from the boardwalk At the end of the flower entrance to Askham Bar which is a short loop trail turn sharp left and Park and Ride site. accessible at all times. follow the footpath Wellies are required running beside Tadcaster It’s also possible to store for the rest of the site Road back towards a bike here and Park and which can be boggy with Askham Bog and then Pedal into deep pools and ditches. retrace your steps back the city to Askham Bar. centre. 4 A1036 After visiting Askham Bog ASHM BOG 2 NER return to the main road, NATUR RSERV WOOD Walk towards the main turn right, cross the road road. Turn right and follow at a pedestrian crossing a surfaced footpath which and walking straight runs parallel to the road. ahead, follow a surfaced MIDDL footpath which leads to WOOD If you look Copmanthorpe. carefully in the grassy verges 5 FR on this walk you WOOD may find common The footpath passes 3 RAILWY -spotted orchids, under the A64. BRIDGE pyramidal orchids BHOPTHORPE 4 and bee orchids. 6 A64 After passing under the BSON’S 3 bridge look for a gravel BO To enter Askham Bog track on the right. Follow cross the gravel car park. this track uphill through an Turn right passing through area full of wild flowers. A1036 Accessibility a gate and follow a track PIKE HLLS 5 which skirts a golf club. Along the walk The walk is accessible to all. you’ll find a GOLF LUB Wheelchair users need to Look out for the pond, originally use the boardwalk at Askham Bog. Parking and cycle racks made to prevent local 6 massive Royal Fern, are available at the entrance the largest kind of flooding after heavy rain, to Askham Bog. fern found in the UK. the pond is also valuable It loves damp places to wildlife; dragonflies Buses like Askham Bog and damselflies can be A64 and can grow seen patrolling this area. The nearest bus stop is 7 Askham Bar Park and Ride up to 3 Tadcaster Rd site, buses 3 and 3a. metres tall. Dogs Dogs are allowed at COPMANTHORPE Askham Bog on the boardwalk on leads only..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2017 City of York Biodiversity Action Plan
    CITY OF YORK Local Biodiversity Action Plan 2017 City of York Local Biodiversity Action Plan - Executive Summary What is biodiversity and why is it important? Biodiversity is the variety of all species of plant and animal life on earth, and the places in which they live. Biodiversity has its own intrinsic value but is also provides us with a wide range of essential goods and services such as such as food, fresh water and clean air, natural flood and climate regulation and pollination of crops, but also less obvious services such as benefits to our health and wellbeing and providing a sense of place. We are experiencing global declines in biodiversity, and the goods and services which it provides are consistently undervalued. Efforts to protect and enhance biodiversity need to be significantly increased. The Biodiversity of the City of York The City of York area is a special place not only for its history, buildings and archaeology but also for its wildlife. York Minister is an 800 year old jewel in the historical crown of the city, but we also have our natural gems as well. York supports species and habitats which are of national, regional and local conservation importance including the endangered Tansy Beetle which until 2014 was known only to occur along stretches of the River Ouse around York and Selby; ancient flood meadows of which c.9-10% of the national resource occurs in York; populations of Otters and Water Voles on the River Ouse, River Foss and their tributaries; the country’s most northerly example of extensive lowland heath at Strensall Common; and internationally important populations of wetland birds in the Lower Derwent Valley.
    [Show full text]
  • The Copmanthorpe Story -So Here It Is
    The Copmanthorpe Story INDEX 1 General information 2 The Danes 3 Changes in name 4 - 12 Lords of the Manor 13 - 14 John Wood 15 - 16 Extract from Court Rolls 17 - 19 Knights Templars 20 - Old land measures 21 - 26 St Giles 27 Gibbet 27 - 28 Methodist Chapel 29 - 32 The Old School 32 - 34 Copmanthorpe Station 34 - 36 The Youth Club 36 - 37 The Recreation Centre 37 - 38 The Womens Institute 38 The Parish Council 39 - 40 The Conservation Area 40 - 49 Houses and People 49 Trades and Population 50 Census Returns 51 - 52 Poorhouses 52 - 53 Population 53 - 54 Roads 54 - 57 Drome Road - 57 Squadron RFC 57 - 59 Change 59 - 60 Library 60 Yorkshire Pudding The Coat of Arms on the cover of this book is reproduced from the original bookplate used by John Wood, Lord of the Manor of Copmanthorpe from 1709 to 1757. The bookplate was donated by Mr. Anthony Boynton Wood, the present Lord of the Manor of Copmanthorpe who has very kindly given his permission to use the bookplate in this manner. First printed 1983 Second Extended-version 1995 I originally wrote this little book for the benefit of the Copmanthorpe Village Trust, sadly now defunct. There have been many requests since then for the Copmanthorpe Story -so here it is. More information has been found so this book is now in an extended form. I am particularly grateful to Mr. Anthony Boynton Wood, Lord of the Manor of Copmanthorpe for his original research which has provided such invaluable information about his family and the Lords of the Manor of Copmanthorpe much of which was hitherto unknown.
    [Show full text]
  • Spring Newsletter 2019
    Supporting: The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds The Botanical Society of the British Isles The British Trust for Ornithology The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union The Yorkshire Wildlife Trust Butterfly Conservation The British Dragonfly Society Registered Charity No. 503860 SPRING NEWSLETTER 2019 1 THE PRESIDENT The Society would like to thank Steve Worwood for his term of office as President of the Society which will come to an end at the AGM in April. Steve has introduced the Speakers at our indoor meetings and has made our attending Members very welcome. Steve represented Harrogate & District Naturalists' Society at the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union conference held at RHS Harlow Carr Gardens in November 2017 and addressed the assembled guests. Behind the scenes he has ensured the smooth running of Council by his quiet and efficient chairmanship. A TREAT FOR ALL NATURALISTS…. rd On Thursday October 3 2019 Harrogate Naturalists will be hosting a celebrity speaker - PROFESSOR TIM BIRKHEAD of the University of Sheffield will speak to us about his work on birds’ eggs Tim Birkhead is Professor of Behavioural Ecology, a Fellow of the Royal Society. His research includes promiscuity in birds and the physiology of birds’ eggs; for over 46 years he has monitored populations of Guillemots on Skomer. The lecture will be held in Hampsthwaite Village Hall at 7:30pm Ample Parking Free Refreshments Tickets (£5) will be on sale at the AGM and at Field Meetings over the summer. Tickets will be available from 1st April by contacting Council members: Ruth Upsall: [email protected] Kerry Morrison: [email protected] Nigel Harcourt-Brown: [email protected] 2 VOLUNTEER FOR COUNCIL We have spaces on Council for HDNS.
    [Show full text]
  • YCDB Biodiversity Action Plan
    York Consortium of Drainage Boards Biodiversity Action Plan 2013/2014 Derwent House, Crockey Hill, York, YO19 4SR YORK CONSORTIUM OF DRAINAGE BOARDS BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN 2010-2011 2 YORK CONSORTIUM OF DRAINAGE BOARDS This Biodiversity Action Plan has been prepared by the York Consortium of Internal Drainage Boards in accordance with the commitment in the Implementation Plan of the DEFRA Internal Drainage Board Review for IDBs to produce their own Biodiversity Action Plans. It also demonstrates the Board’s commitment to fulfilling its duty as a public body under the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 to conserve biodiversity. Many of the Board’s activities have benefits for biodiversity, not least its water level management and ditch maintenance work. It is hoped that this Biodiversity Action Plan will help the Board to maximise the biodiversity benefits from its activities and demonstrate its contribution to the Government’s UK Biodiversity Action Plan targets. The Board has adopted the Biodiversity Action Plan as one of its policies and is committed to its implementation. It will review the plan periodically and update it as appropriate. ……………………………………………………. Date ………………………………. Bill Symons Clerk/Engineer to the Boards This Biodiversity Action Plan is a public statement by the Board of its biodiversity objectives and the methods by which it intends to achieve them. We would welcome appropriate involvement in the delivery of the Plan from interested organisations, companies, and individuals. You can contact us about
    [Show full text]
  • Naturalist 1092 Text + Centre Pages
    August 2016 Volume 141 Number 1092 Yorkshire Union Yorkshire Union The Naturalist Vol. 141 No. 1092 August 2016 Contents Page The shrinking violet Viola stagnina in the Thorne area of Yorkshire I. McDonald 81 The Bloody-nosed Beetle Timarcha tenebricosa in North Yorkshire: distribution 87 and estimates of population size* Geoff S. Oxford, Roma H. Oxford and Simon Warwick Note on ship-based sightings of Cetaceans off the Yorkshire coast John Perry 96 The genus Campsicnemus in Yorkshire Roy Crossley 99 More dots on the map: further records of leafmining moths in East Yorkshire 101 Andy D. Nunn and Barry Warrington Yorkshire Ichneumons: Part 5 W.A.Ely 104 Field Note: Vagrant Emperor in Hessle Barry Warrington 120 The phenomenon of urban peat formation* Graeme T. Swindles, Andrew 121 Jones and Garry Rushworth Woodlands of the Ormesby to Wilton areas, N.E. Yorkshire: some observations 127 on their terrestrial molluscs and flora* A.A. Wardhaugh Fundraising campaign to create new pollinator-friendly habitat in York Alice 134 Farr The formation and early years of organized natural history in Hebden Bridge, 137 Yorkshire, and the influence of William Nowell (1880 -1968) R. A. Baker John Frank Raw, naturalist, and his significance today Anthony Raw 144 YNU Membership Survey – results and next steps Paula Lightfoot, Andy Millard 150 and Barry Warrington YNU Calendar 2016 160 Notices: YNU Annual General Meeting p120 Scarborough Museum Exhibition p119 Opportunities at the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union p159 An asterisk* indicates a peer-reviewed paper Front cover: Adult Bloody-nosed Beetle Timarcha tenebricosa (see pp87-95). Photo: Geoff Oxford Back cover: Volunteers and local residents planting wild flowers at Millennium Bridge, a flagship ‘buzzing site’ for York Urban Buzz (see pp134-136).
    [Show full text]
  • Peatland Biodiversity – a Technical
    Peatland Biodiversity Nick Littlewood1*, Penny Anderson2, Rebekka Artz1, Olivia Bragg3, Paul Lunt4, Rob Marrs5 Scientific Review December 2010 1. Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH 2. Penny Anderson Associates Ltd., Park Lea, 60 Park Road, Buxton, Derbyshire, SK17 6SN 3. Geography, School of Social and Environmental Sciences, University of Dundee, Perth Road, Dundee, DD1 4HN 4. University of Plymouth, A504 Portland Square, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA 5. Applied Vegetation Dynamics Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GP This review was commissioned by the IUCN UK Peatland Programme‟s Commission of Inquiry on Peatlands. The IUCN UK Peatland Programme is not responsible for the content of this review and does not necessarily endorse the views contained within. REVIEW Peatland Biodiversity Contents List of Figures and Tables 3 Summary 4 1. Introduction 6 1.1 Scope and Definitions 7 2. Biodiversity Values 8 2.1 Plants 9 2.2 Birds 13 2.3 Other vertebrates 15 2.4 Invertebrates 15 2.5 Microbial biodiversity 16 3. Drivers of Change 17 3.1 Drainage 17 3.2 Forestry 18 3.3 Cutting/Extraction 18 3.4 Grazing 19 3.5 Burning/Muirburn 20 3.6 Pollution 21 3.7 Construction and Development 22 3.8 Restoration Management 22 4. Status and Trends 23 4.1 Vegetation Trends 23 4.2 Condition Trends 24 4.3 Trends in Key Species 28 5. Good Management Practice 29 5.1 Grazing 30 5.2 Hydrology 30 5.3 Scrub Management 30 5.4 Burning 31 5.5 Restoration 31 5.6 Barriers to Good Practice 32 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife Walks
    Wildlife sites around York Introduction The City of York is a special place, not only for its history, buildings and archaeology, but also for its wildlife. York supports a wide variety of species and habitats many of which are of national, regional or local conservation importance. York is home to the endangered tansy beetle which until 2014 was only known to occur along stretches of the Rivers Ouse and Foss around York and Selby. Almost ten percent of the UK’s flower-rich ancient flood meadows are found in York. Otters and water voles can be found along the Rivers Ouse and Foss. York is also the site of the country’s most northerly example of extensive lowland heath at Strensall Common as well as hosting internationally important populations of wetland birds in the Lower Derwent Valley. The City of York Council has produced this guide to a selection of easily accessible wildlife sites to be found in the York area. We hope you will enjoy seeing some of the amazing wildlife living in York. Please respect these precious places, follow ‘The Countryside Code’ and obey any local regulations. Most of the sites are accessible using public transport or designated cycle routes. Map of sites ..........................................10 Conservation organisations ..........18 Rivers and cycle path .......................17 Friends groups ....................................19 The Countryside Code ....................18 Volunteering opportunities ...........19 Woodland Plants/flowers Access via Grassland Birds Bus Wetland Insects Footpath Heath/scrub Mammals Cycle path The Countryside CodeThe Countryside18 Code 18 Reptiles Conservation organisationsConservation18 organisations 18 Amphibians Friends groiups Friend19 s groiups 19 Fish Volunteering opportunitiesVolunteering19 opportunities 19 2 Wildlife sites around York 1 Acomb Wood and Meadow woodpeckers, tawny owls and tree Local Nature Reserve creepers have been spotted here.
    [Show full text]
  • Askham Bog Hydrology Report 2019.Pdf
    Executive Summary JBA Consulting (JBA) was appointed by the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust (YWT) in January 2019, to advise on hydrological matters in connection to the application by Barwood Homes at Moor Lane (Planning Application 18/02687/FULM). The scope of the review was as follows: • Consider the hydrological and hydrogeological processes that are supporting Askham Bog SSSI and the wider wetland system. • Consider the documents and assessments submitted in support of the application. • Undertake an outline assessment of potential development impacts specifically in relation to the hydrology and hydrogeology of the Askham Bog SSSI. JBA reviewed a range of documents to develop an ecohydrological conceptual model of Askham Bog. This is represented in the figure below and contains the following principal features: • The bog lies in a depression surrounded by boundary drains. • The bog developed from the infilling of a post-glacial lake, and is underlain by a series of clays, muds and peat. • The wetland deposits are surrounded by the Alne Formation. o In the valley bottom, this formation is dominated by thick sand deposits. • In the valley bottom, the Alne Formation and boundary drain show a strong hydraulic connectivity. • High groundwater levels in the peat body are supported water levels in the boundary drains and Alne Formation by two mechanisms: o Where the peat body is contained within lake bed deposits, a high groundwater table in the Alne Formation, limits the rate of lateral groundwater movement through the lake deposits o Where peat or peaty deposit (and especially thin deposits), lie directly on the Alne Formation, high groundwater levels in the Alne Formation limit/stop the vertical loss of water out of the peat deposits.
    [Show full text]
  • The Naturalist the the Naturalist Naturalist The
    Union Yorkshire Number 1096 Volume 142 December 2017 December 2017 Volume 142 Number 1096 Yorkshire Union Photo: Ken White White Ken Photo: Photo: Ken White White Ken Photo: Back cover: Back Back cover: cover: Back YNU members in a colourful field on the Excursion to Eastrinton Ponds (VC61). (VC61). Ponds Eastrinton to Excursion the on field colourful a in members YNU YNU members in a colourful field on the Excursion to Eastrinton Ponds (VC61). (VC61). Ponds Eastrinton to Excursion the on field colourful a in members YNU by Ken White. Ken by by Ken White. White. Ken by Photographed on the YNU Excursion to Aysgarth Freeholders’ & St. John’s Wood-Riddings Field (VC65) (VC65) Field Wood-Riddings John’s St. & Freeholders’ Aysgarth to Excursion YNU the on Photographed Photographed on the YNU Excursion to Aysgarth Freeholders’ & St. John’s Wood-Riddings Field (VC65) (VC65) Field Wood-Riddings John’s St. & Freeholders’ Aysgarth to Excursion YNU the on Photographed Front cover: Front Front cover: cover: Front ) assaulting a hoverfly. a assaulting ) Fly Dung Yellow the (possibly fly Dung A A Dung fly (possibly the Yellow Dung Fly ) assaulting a hoverfly. hoverfly. a assaulting ) Fly Dung Yellow the (possibly fly Dung A stercorea Scathophaga Scathophaga stercorea stercorea Scathophaga An asterisk* indicates a peer-reviewed paper peer-reviewed a indicates asterisk* An An asterisk* indicates a peer-reviewed paper paper peer-reviewed a indicates asterisk* An Notice: Notice: Notice: Notice: YNU YNU YNU YNU p239 p239 p239 Book review: review: Book Book
    [Show full text]
  • Habitats Regulations Assessment of the City of York Council Local Plan
    CITY OF YORK LOCAL PLAN Habitat Regulation Assessment of the Local Plan April 2018 Habitats Regulations Assessment of the City of York Council Local Plan 26 April 2018 Waterman Infrastructure & Environment Limited 2nd Floor, South Central, 11 Peter Street, Manchester, M2 5QR www.watermangroup.com Client Name: City of York Council Document Reference: WIE13194 -102-1-2-BF Project Number: WIE13194 -102 Quality Assurance – Approval Status This document has been prepared and checked in accordance with Waterman G roup’s IMS (BS EN ISO 9001: 2015, BS EN ISO 14001: 2015 and BS OHSAS 18001:2007) Issue Date Prepared by Checked by Approved by First 26 April Bernie Fleming Bernie Fleming Niall Machin 2018 Fleming Ecology Fleming Ecology Associate Director Second Comments Second Comments Disclaimer This report has been prepared by Waterman Infrastructure & Environment Limited, with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporation of our General Terms and Condition of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to us by agreement with the client. We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above. This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at its own risk. Contents Summary 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Identifying the European Sites potentially at risk ............................................................................ 7 3. Screening the Policies – process and outcomes ........................................................................... 23 4. Appropriate Assessment and Integrity Test ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Land at Moor Lane, Woodthorpe, York, Yo24 2Qr Application Ref: 18/02687/Outm
    Our ref: APP/C2741/W/19/3233973 Lizzie Marjoram Your ref: 18/02687/OUTM Bird Wilford & Sale [email protected] 13 May 2020 Dear Madam TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING ACT 1990 – SECTION 78 APPEAL MADE BY BARWOOD STRATEGIC LAND II LLP LAND AT MOOR LANE, WOODTHORPE, YORK, YO24 2QR APPLICATION REF: 18/02687/OUTM 1. I am directed by the Secretary of State to say that consideration has been given to the report of P W Clark MA(Oxon) MA(TRP) MRTPI MCMI, who held a public local inquiry on 12 – 28 November 2019 into your clients appeal against the decision of City of York Council to refuse their application for planning permission for 516 residential units, a Local Centre, a Sports Pavilion and associated infrastructure, the demolition of existing buildings and structures and creation of an Ecological Protection and Enhancement Zone EPEZ) and vehicular access arrangements, in accordance with application ref: 18/02687/OUTM, dated 12 November 2018. 2. On 18 September 2019, this appeal was recovered for the Secretary of State's determination, in pursuance of section 79 of, and paragraph 3 of Schedule 6 to, the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. Inspector’s recommendation and summary of the decision 3. The Inspector recommended that the appeal be dismissed. For the reasons given below, the Secretary of State agrees with the Inspector’s conclusions and agrees with his recommendation. He has decided to dismiss the appeal. A copy of the Inspector’s report (IR) is enclosed. All references to paragraph numbers, unless otherwise stated, are to that report.
    [Show full text]
  • Alastair Fitter CBE FRS Proof of Evidence
    Proof of Evidence of Professor Alastair Fitter CBE FRS for the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust 14 October 2019 Outline planning permission (with all matters reserved except for means of access) for up to 516 residential units (Class C3) with local centre (Use Classes A1-A4, B1a, C3, D1) public open space with pavilion and associated infrastructure and full application for demolition of existing buildings and structures and creation of ecological protection and enhancement zone. | OS Fields 5475 7267 aAnd 8384 Moor Lane Acomb York Appeal Reference: APP/C2741/W/19/3233973 Local Authority Reference: 18/02687/OUTM 1 Personal information Alastair Fitter, Emeritus Professor of Ecology at the University of York Synopsis I am an ecologist with 50 years professional training and experience. My research focussed on plant-soil interactions and the biological impacts of climate change, and I have taught a wide range of ecological topics at degree level. I have supervised 26 PhD students and 18 postdoctoral fellows. I was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2005 and appointed CBE in 2010 for my contributions to the science of ecology: the Royal Society is the national academy of science for the UK and the Commonwealth. I am an Honorary Member of several of the leading learned societies in my field, and have sat on advisory and governing bodies for a range of scientific and conservation bodies. I am currently a trustee of the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust (YWT) and Professor Emeritus of Ecology at the University of York. I have been involved with the ecology and management of Askham Bog SSSI since 1972 and, jointly with Clifford Smith, one of the founders of the YWT, wrote a book on its history and ecology in 1979.
    [Show full text]