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University Microfilms International 300 N INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University Microfilms International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1 R 4EJ, ENGLAND 8001794 N ig h t in g a l e, T h o m a s W il l ia m A HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORT, RECREATION AND AMUSEMENT, IN CINCINNATI, OHIO IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1979 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 18 Bedford Row, London WC1R 4EJ, England Copyright 1979 by Nightingale, Thomas William All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark . 1. Glossy photographs 2. Colored illustrations 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy ___ 5. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page _______ 6. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages v'' throughout 7. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 8. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 9. Page(s) ____ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author ______ 10. Page(s) _________ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows ______ 11. Poor carbon copy ______ 12. Not original copy, several pages with blurred type 13. Appendix pages are poor copy ______ 14. Original copy with light type __________ 15. Curling and wrinkled pages ______ 16. Other University Micrdnlms International 300 N. 2EE3 RD.. ANN ARBOR. Ml 48106 '313! 761-4700 A HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORT, RECREATION AND AMUSEMENT, IN CINCINNATI, OHIO IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Thomas W. Nightingale, B.S. in Ed., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1979 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Bruce L. Bennett, Chairman Dr. Barbara Nelson Dr. James Sweeney Adviser Department of Physical Education ACKNOWLEIXMM’S The author wishes to express sincere appreciation and personal indebtedness to the following people: Dr. Bruce L. Bennett, advisor of the author for eight years, for his inspiration, encouragement and guidance throughout the study; Dr. Barbara Nelson and Dr. James Sweeney for their important advisory roles in the shaping and molding of this study; and Dr. Andrew Breiner for his assistance in providing input to the study. A special thanks is extended to the Cincinnati Historical Society and its staff for making their facility and resources open and available to me. Sincere gratitude is expressed to my in-laws, Mr. & Mrs. Leo Backscheider, for providing lodging and meals in Cincinnati which made the completion of this study much easier. A sincere thanks is also extended to Margpret Coffey for her skillful preparation of this manuscript. Finally, the most grateful appreciation is extended to my wife, Jean, and my daughter, Karen, for their encouragement and understanding during the preparation of this dissertation. I dedicate this work to them, to my father, and to my high school coach, Gus Koch, who started me on this physical education trail. VITA November 20, 19^5 Born - Utica, New York 1 9 6 7 .......... B .S. in Education University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio 1967-1969 .... Teacher and Coach Lockland City Schools Lockland, Ohio 1969-1970 .... Teacher and Coach Little Falls Central School Little Falls, New York 1973 ......... M.A., The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1970-1976 .... Teacher and Coach Adirondack Central School Boonville, New York 1576-1978 .... Teaching Associate Department of Physical Education The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 157S-1979 .... Assistant Principal Westland High School Galloway, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field:1 Physical Education Educational Administration Advisor: Dr. Bruce L. Bennett Minor Field: History iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....... ....................... VITA ........................ ................ Chapter I . INTRODUCTION .......................... Statement Of The Problem - Purpose . Limitations .......................... Study Design .... ................. Related Literature ................... Methodology .......................... Treatment of Data .................... Presentation of the Data ............. Sources of Data ...................... II. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EARLY CINCINNATI PRIOR TO 1900 ....................... Transportation ...................... The People of Cincinnati ............. Industry ............................ Religion ............................ Cincinnati Firsts .................... III. RECREATION AND AMUSEMENT IN NINETEENTH CENTURY CINCINNATI ................... Dancing ............................ Billiards ............................ Foot Races .......................... Pig Riding .......................... Private Parties ...................... Ice Skating .......................... Fishing .............................. S w i m m i n g ............................ Boating .............................. Shooting ............................ Feminine Involvement ................. Croquet . ........................ Cycling .............................. Bowling .............................. G o l f ................................ V T e n n i s ..................................... 53 Baseball.......................... 59 Football.................................... 60 .Amusement Parks and Public Establishments . 62 Gymnasium and Athletic Clubs ................. 65 IV. SPECTATOR S P O R T .............................. 69 Balloon Ascensions.......................... 69 Horse Racing ................................ 77 Sparring Exhibitions........................ 83 Boat and Swimming R a c e s ..................... 85 Exhibitions................................ 86 Other Athletic Contests ..................... 89 V. THE GERMAN ELEMENT............................ 92 Turners and T u m v e r e i n s ..................... 94 Tumerbund ................................ 97 Cincinnati Turners.......................... 100 Schuetzenplatz.- Schuetzenverein ............. 109 VI. PHYSICAL EDUCATION INSTRUCTION INTHE SCHOOLS . Il4 Early Education In Cincinnati . ............ Il4 Catherine B e e c h e r .......................... 117 The 1838 Me eting............................ 121 Instruction In The Cincinnati Schools - The Turner Influence...................... 123 VII. PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND ATHLETICS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI................. 1^9 Other Educational Institutions .............. 151 The University of Cincinnati................. 153 Early Interests In Sports And G a m e s ......... 153 Baseball.................................... 155 Football.................................... 157 Track And F i e l d ............................ 162 Basketball.................................. 165 Organizing the Athletic P r o g r a m ............. 166 The Gymnasium Associ a t i o n ............... 170 A Program and Direction ..................... 173 VIII. THE CINCINNATI GYMNASIUM AND ATHLETIC CLUB .... 178 Early History .................... 178 Athletic Grounds............................ 185 Instructional C l a s s e s ...................... 186 Gymnastic Exhibitions ................. 191 Gymnasium Boat C l u b ......................... 196 Gymnasium Cycle C l u b ........................ 202 Gymnasium Baseball C l u b ..................... 203 Gymnasium Football.......................... 207 vi IX. THE NATIONAL GAME IN CINCINNATI................. 212 Early History .............................. 212 The Undefeated T e a m .......................... 225 American Association Affiliation
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