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Organised Crime & Crime Prevention Organised Crime & Crime Prevention - what works? Rapport fra NSfK:s 40. forskerseminar Espoo, Finland 1998 Nordisk Samarbejdsråd for Kriminologi Scandinavian Research Council for Criminology Nordisk Samarbejdsråd for Kriminologi Scandinavian Research Council for Criminology http://www.ibt.ku.dk/NSfK Retsvidenskabeligt Institut D, Københavns Universitet Sankt Peders Stræde 19, DK-1453 København K Formand: Sekretariatsleder: Flemming Balvig [email protected] [email protected] Tel: +45-35 32 33 25 Tel: +45-35 32 33 32 Fax: +45-35 32 33 34 Fax: +45-35 32 33 34 Sekretærer: Rikke Gut Jesper Stecher [email protected] [email protected] Tel: +45-35 32 33 44 Tel: +45-35 32 33 44 Fax: +45-35 32 33 34 Fax: +45-35 32 33 34 Kontaktsekretærer Finland: Danmark: Aarne Kinnunen Anne-Stina Sørensen Delegationen for brottsförebyggande Retsvidenskabeligt Institut D P.O. Box 1200 Københavns Universitet FIN-00101 Helsingfors Sankt Peders Stræde 19 Tel: +358-9 1825 7863 DK-1453 København K +358-50 5928 703 Tel: +45-35 32 33 44 Fax: +358-9 1825 7518 Fax: +45-35 32 33 34 [email protected] [email protected] Grønland: Island: Elisæus Kreutzmann Karl Steinar Valsson Kriminalforsorgen i Grønland Löfreglan i Reykjavik Box 139 Hverfisgötu 115 DK-3900 Godthåb IS-150 Reykjavik Tel: +299-24 988 Tel: +354-569 90 80 Fax: +299-24 979 Fax: +354-569 90 99 [email protected] Norge: Sverige: Evy Frantzsen Helena du Rées Nordenstad Institutt for kriminologi Kriminologiska institutionen Universitetet i Oslo Stockholms Universitet P.B. 6872, St. Olavs plass, S-106 96 Stockholm N-0130 Oslo Tel: +46-8 674 70 55 Tel: +47-22 85 01 19 Fax: +46-8 15 78 81 Fax: +47-22 85 02 52 [email protected] [email protected] Rådsmedlemmer: Flemming Balvig, Danmark (formand) Anette Storgaard, Danmark [email protected] [email protected] Retsvidenskabeligt Institut D Afdeling for proces- og kriminalvidenskab, Juridisk Institut Københavns Universitet Aarhus Universitet Sankt Peders Stræde 19 Bartholins Allé 34, Bygning 340 DK-1453 København K DK-8000 Århus C Tlf.: +45-35 32 33 25 Tlf.: +45-89 42 13 59 Fax: +45-35 32 33 34 Fax: +45-86 19 44 63 Britta Kyvsgaard, Danmark Kauko Aromaa, Finland [email protected] [email protected]. Justitsministeriet, Adm. Afd. Rättspolitiska forskningsinstitutet Slotsholmsgade 10 PB 1200 DK-1216 København K FIN-00101 Helsingfors Tlf.: +45-33 95 41 84 Tlf.: +358-9 1825 7850 Fax: +45-33 93 35 10 Fax: +358-9 1825 7865 Raimo Lahti, Finland Jukka Lindstedt, Finland [email protected] [email protected] Juridiska fakulteten Justitieministeriet, lagberedningsavdelningen Helsingfors Universitet Södra Esplanaden 10 PB 4 PB 1 FIN-00014 FIN-00131 Helsingfors Tlf.: +358-9 1912 2448 Tlf.: +358-9 1825 7725 Fax: +358-9 1912 3090 Fax: +358-9 1825 7737 Erlendur S. Baldursson, Island Ragnheidur Bragadóttir, Island [email protected] [email protected] Fangelsismálastofnun Háskóli Islands Borgartdni 7 Lagadeild, Lögberg IS-105 Reykjavík v/Sudurgata Tlf.: +354-520 5009 IS-150 Reykjavik Fax: +354-520 5019 Tlf.: +354-525 43 86 Fax: +354-525 43 88 Ragnheidur Hardardóttir, Island Sturla Falck, Norge [email protected] [email protected] Rigsadvokaten Norsk institutt for forskning om oppvekst, velferd og aldring (NOVA) c/o Ragnheidur Hardardóttir Munthesgt. 29 Hverfisgata 4-6 N-0260 Oslo IS-150 Reykjavik Tlf.: +47-22 54 13 13 Tlf: +354-530 1600 Fax: +47-22 54 12 01 Fax: + 354- 530 1606 Hedda Giertsen, Norge Ellinor Houm, Norge [email protected] Ila landsfengsel Institutt for kriminologi PB 1, Røa Universitetet i Oslo N-0701 Oslo PB 6872, St. Olavs Plass Tlf.: +47-67 16 11 93 N-0130 Oslo Fax: +47-67 14 98 40 Tlf.: +47-22 85 01 44 Fax: +47-22 85 02 52 Jerzy Sarnecki, Sverige Marie Torstensson, Sverige [email protected] [email protected] Kriminologiska Institutionen Polishögskolan, Forskningsenheten Stockholms Universitet Sörentorp S-106 96 Stockholm S-171 92 Solna Tlf.: +46-8 16 21 02 Tlf.: +46-8 401 67 46 Fax: +46-8 15 78 81 Fax: +46-8 655 44 20 Annika Brickman, Sverige [email protected] Justitiedepartementet Rosenbad 4 S - 103 33 Stockholm Tlf.: +46-8 405 46 30 Fax: +46-8 405 48 95 ISBN 87-987103-0-3 NSfK’s 40. forskerseminar, Espoo, Finland 1998 Forord Da Nordisk Samarbejdsråd for Kriminologi den 21.-24. maj afholdt dette års forskerseminar på Hotel Matinlahti i Espoo, Finland, havde nordiske kriminologer for 40. gang anledning til at præsentere deres forskning og diskutere forskellige kriminologiske temaer. Omkring 60 nordiske kriminologer mødtes med inviterede gæster fra de baltiske lande, Rusland, England og USA under hovedtemaerne "Organised Crime" og "Crime Prevention - what works?". Aktuel og igangværende forskning fra de nordiske lande blev derudover præsenteret under temaerne: "Crime Trends", "Økonomisk kriminalitet", "Alternativ til straffsystem", "Straffsystem", "Fängelseforskning" og "Crime Prevention". Denne rapport består af arbejdspapirer, der blev præsenteret på seminaret. Seminarets internationale skær afspejler sig i en god del engelsksprogede papirer. Papirerne er samlet i den rækkefølge, de blev præsenteret på seminaret, sådan som det fremgår af programmet, der er optrykt først i rapporten. Oplæg fra Lawrence W. Sherman (USA) er bilagt bagest i rapporten i form af artiklen "Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising", Research in Brief, National Institute of Justice, July 1998, som NSfK har fået tilladelse til at trykke i rapporten. Artiklen er, såvel som hele den bagvedliggende forskningsrapport, tilgængelig på internettet på adressen http://www.preventingcrime.org. Årets forskerseminar var rigt på gode oplevelser. Det gælder for det første gode faglige oplevelser. En væsentlig del af de faglige oplevelser videregiver NSfK til rapportens læsere. Men en anden væsentlig faglig del af seminaret udkommer ikke i skriftlig form. Det gælder de vigtige spørgsmål, der blev rejst og diskuteret i tilknytning til de enkelte foredrag. For det andet var seminaret rigt på oplevelser, der finder sted i et samspil med faglige og sociale elementer. Det gælder de nye personlige og faglige kontakter, der knyttes imellem forskere på tværs af de nordiske kriminologiske miljøer, samt de etablerede kontakter, der holdes vedlige. En særlig mulighed for at knytte kontakt til fjernere kriminologiske miljøer bød sig i år. Den mulighed greb mange. Forskerseminaret blev i 1998 arrangeret af de finske rådsmedlemmer og kontaktsekretær i samarbejde med rådsmedlemmer og kontaktsekretærer fra de øvrige nordiske lande samt med NSfK's danske sekretariat. Tak for en stor indsats til alle foredragsholdere og bidragsydere. Tak til de finske arrangører og til sekretariatets medhjælpere! København, november 1998 Nina Löwe Krarup, Sekretariatsleder for Nordisk Samarbejdsråd for Kriminologi 1 NSfK’s 40. forskerseminar, Espoo, Finland 1998 NSfK•s 40. forskerseminar 1998 21. - 24. maj 1998 på Matinlahti konferencecenter, Espoo, Finland Torsdag 21. maj Organised Crime - Plenum Ordstyrer: Kauko Aromaa Side 5 Michael Levi (U.K.): Analysing 'Organised Crime' and State Responses: Some Reflections on Murky Waters Side 20 Joi Bay (DK): Definition of Organised Crime in the European Union - A Criminological Perspective Side 35 Johan Bäckman (FIN): The inflation of crime in Russia Side 46 Anna Markina (EST): On Profiling Organised Crime in Estonia Fredag 22. maj Aktuel forskning Session I Crime Trends Ordstyrer: Britta Kyvsgaard Side 54 Maya Rusakova (RUS): Organised Crime and the Narcotics Business in St. Petersburg Side 57 Andri Ahven (EST): Crime Trends in Estonia Side 61 Ârija Lodzina (LAT): Crime Trends in Latvia Side 68 Genovaitë Babachinaitë (LIT): Comparative Survey of Criminality in Lithuania Session II Økonomisk kriminalitet Ordstyrer: Jan Georg Christophersen Side 77 Nicolay B. Johansen (N): Konflikter i næringslivet Side 85 Paul Larsson (N): Kontroll av økonomisk kriminalitet innen det internasjonale verdipapirmarkedet Side 90 Anne Alvesalo (FIN): “They are not honest criminals” Session III Crime Trends (continues) Ordstyrer: Britta Kyvsgaard Side 99 Erik Terp (GR): Den seneste kriminalitetsudvikling i Grønland Side 106 Hedda Giertsen (N): Crime trends and trends in the criminal policy in Norway Jan Andersson (S): Crime Trends in Sweden1 Side 114 Kauko Aromaa (FIN): Crime Trends in Finland in the 1990´s Session IV Alternativ til straffsystem Ordstyrer: Erlendur Baldursson Side 117 Lise-Lotte Rytterbro (S): En studie av brott som blivit föremål för medling och vilka organisationer som interesserat sig för medling i Sverige Side 125 Jukka-Pekka Takala (FIN): Mediation and moral emotions II: observing mediation sessions Side 130 Erlendur Baldursson (IS) og Jón Friðrik Sigurðsson (IS): Alcohol and 1 NSfK har ikke modtaget en skriftlig version af oplægget fra oplægsholderen. 2 NSfK’s 40. forskerseminar, Espoo, Finland 1998 Drug Abuse Treatment and Recidivism. Lørdag 23. maj Aktuel forskning Session V Diverse Ordstyrer: Marie Torstensson Side 139 Timo Korander (FIN): Speculations on the Finnish Police Murders Side 144 Nina Jon (N): Biseksuelle menn og hiv-forebygging Side 149 Elisabeth Næss (N): Vold er ære, kriminalitet er penger Session VI Straffsystem Ordstyrer: Joi Bay Side 153 Malcolm Davies (UK): Comparative sentencing project - Using focus group methodology Side 157 Timo Ahonen (FIN) og Tarja Kauppila (FIN): Tracing the basis of “constructive punishment”- Some answers to some unanswerable questions? Side 170 Gorm Gabrielsen (DK): The increasing number of forensic psychiatric patients in Denmark, 1980-96. Causes and perspectives Session VII Crime prevention Ordstyrer: Aarne Kinnunen Side 180 Mårten Landahl (S): Crime Prevention and Criminological Theory Side 197 Íris Böðvarsdóttir (IS) og Anna Kristín Newton (IS): Research Results of Sexual and Violent Offenders in Iceland Session VIII Fängelseforskning Ordstyrer: Anette Storgaard Marie Indahl (N): Bruk av varetekt i Norge, Sverige og Danmark 19962 Side 204 Ilppo Alatalo (FIN): Våld och hot om väld mot fängelsepersonalen - situationelt perspektiv Side 208 Ragnhild Sollund (N): Voldsdømte flyktninger Crime prevention - Plenum Ordstyrer: Per-Ole Träskman Lawrence W.
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