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Fifth European Dirofilaria and Angiostrongylus Days (Fiedad) 2016 Vienna, Austria Parasites & Vectors 2016, 10(Suppl 1):5 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1902-x MEETINGABSTRACTS Open Access Fifth European Dirofilaria and Angiostrongylus Days (FiEDAD) 2016 Vienna, Austria. 11–13 July 2016 Published: 11 January 2017 TOPIC 1: Dirofilarioses (Humans, the stimulation of mechanisms leading to villous endarteritis, such as cell proliferation and migration [2]. Although not specifically focused Mosquitoes) on human dirofilariosis, these studies can contribute to a deeper under- standing of the pathophysiology of human dirofilariosis. A1 Human dirofilariosis in Europe: basic facts and retrospective References review 1 2,3 1 1 1 1. Kartashev V, Tverdokhlebova T, Korzan A, Vedenkov A, Simón L, González- F Simón , V Kartashev , J González-Miguel , A Rivera , A Diosdado , Miguel J, Morchón R, Siles-Lucas M, Simón F. Human subcutaneous/ocular PJ Gómez1, R Morchón1, M Siles-Lucas4 1 dirofilariosis in Russian Federation and Belarus, 1997-2013. Internat. J. Infect. Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dis., 2015, 33:209–11. Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain; 2Rostov State Medical University, 3 2. González-Miguel J, Siles-Lucas M, Kartashev V, Simón F. Plasmin in parasitic Rostov-na-Donu, 344022, Russia; North Caucasus Research Veterinary chronic infections: Friend or foe? Trends Parasitol., 2016, 32(4):325–35. Institute, Novocherkassk, 346421, Russia; 4Laboratory of Parasitology, IRNASA, CSIC, Salamanca, 37008, Spain Correspondence: F Simón ([email protected]) Parasites & Vectors 2016, 10(Suppl 1):A1 A2 Human dirofilariasis – morbidity, clinical presentation, and In Europe domestic and sylvatic canines and felines are the reservoirs diagnosis of Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens, while different culicid mosquito Vladimir Kartashev1,3, Nikolay Bastrikov1, Boris Ilyasov2, Alexey Ermakov3, species act as vectors of these species. Many mosquito species feed Sergey Kartashov3, Denis Dontsov1, Yuri Ambalov1, Tamara Pavlikovska4, indiscriminately on animal reservoirs and man, thus where there is Olga Sagach4, Svetlana Nikolaenko4,NinaChizh4,AllaKorzan5, canine dirofilariosis, the risk of zoonotic infections exists. There are Alena Salauyova5, Javier González-Miguel6, Rodrigo Morchón6, three forms of human dirofilariosis: Pulmonary dirofilariosis (PD), usu- Mar Siles-Lucas7,FernandoSimon6 ally causing a solitary pulmonary nodule attributed to D. immitis; sub- 1Rostov State Medical University, Rostov-na-Donu, 344022, Russia; cutaneous dirofilariosis (SD) manifesting as subcutaneous nodules 2Rostov Oblast Diagnostic Center, Rostov-na-Donu, 344010, Russia; located in different parts of the body and ocular dirofilariosis (OD) in 3North Caucasus Research Veterinary Institute, Novocherkassk, 346421, which worms cause nodules or remain unencapsulated in the eye Russia; 4Central Sanitary and Epidemiological Station of the Ukrainian area, being the last two variants mainly caused by D. repens. Most of Ministry of Health, Kiev, 01001, Ukraine; 5Central Sanitary and the information on human dirofilariosis is generated by the clinical Epidemiological Station of the Belorussian Ministry of Health, Minsk, cases reported and their retrospective review, but there is very scarce 220000, Belarus; 6Laboratory of Parasitology and IBSAL, University of other kind of studies. In Europe continues the sharp increase of SD/ Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain; 7Instituto de Recursos Naturales y OD cases unlike the extremely low number of reports of PD cases, Agrobiología de Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, 37008, Spain without being able to indicate the objective causes of this fact, since Correspondence: Vladimir Kartashev ([email protected]) both species are present in animal reservoirs of the continent. Most Parasites & Vectors 2016, 10(Suppl 1):A2 of these cases have been reported in Ukraine and the Russian Federation [1], although a significant number were detected in re- As many as 3,545 cases of human dirofilariasis were recognized in cent years in Belarus, Balkan and central European countries. The Russia, Ukraine, and Belorussia starting from 1997. Clinical problems increase in case reports revealed new locations and clinical implica- of human dirofilariasis become an issue and need be thoroughly ana- tions, which are forcing to reassess the prognosis and severity of lyzed. A patient self-assessment, the parasite anatomical location and many cases. Molecular techniques established that worms of D. clinical manifestation determine diagnostic workup. Five patients repens with ocular localization are genetically identical to those lo- with peritonitis were operated immediately and Dirofilaria was unex- cated in the subcutaneous tissue and the participation of D. immitis pectedly found in peritoneal cavity. In contrast – five patients with in OD in Ukraine, where this species seems to be the causal agent of “silent” pulmonary dirofilariasis were diagnosed late and accidentally. the ocular variant in the 13.8% of cases. The routine application of Affected eye (37% of all patients, variations 22 – 48% in different non-invasive techniques such as ultrasound and Doppler helps to es- years) in the case of a foreign “moving entity” in an eye or eyelid tablish a rapid prognosis and diagnosis, consistent with the non- conjunctiva (19%) or with eye acute inflammation (25%) strongly malignant nature of nodules in both SD and OD. Studies using motivated a patient to visit a doctor in the contrast with patients "in vitro" cultures of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells have with slowly growing “silent” nodule (56%). Anyway as many as 86% demonstrated the ability of some Dirofilaria molecules to activate the fi- of the patients with eye located Dirofilaria were addressed to a doc- brinolytic system and enhance the generation of plasmin. Plasmin plays tor during the first month of the disease. Nearly equal proportion of a dual role contributing to remove thrombi, but also participating in patients (around 62%) with head (28%), or trunk (12%), or man’s © The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Parasites & Vectors 2016, 10(Suppl 1):5 Page 2 of 23 genitalia (3%) located parasite also visited a doctor in the first References month of the disease. Female patients with breast location (3%) 1. Jacsó O. Prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. in Hungary and veterinary importance, were consulted earlier and were undergone surgery in short time the experience of treatment. PhD thesis, 2014. http://www.huveta.hu/bitstream/ (in the first 2 weeks) mostly because the main diagnostic hypoth- handle/10832/1024/Jacso%20Olga%20Thesis%20English.pdf?sequence=2 esis was breast cancer. In the cases of extremities located parasitic 2. Farkas R., Gyurkovszky M., Lukács Z., Aladics B., Solymosi N.: Seroprevalence nodule (hands – 9.4%, legs – 8.6%) only 31% and 36% of patients of some vector-borne infections of dogs in Hungary. Vector Borne Zoonotic (accordingly) decided to be consulted by a doctor in the first Dis., 2014; 14(4):256–260. month from the onset because they did not regard their condition 3. Tolnai Z, Széll Z, Sproch Á, Szeredi L, Sréter T. Dirofilaria immitis:An as life-threatening. The next important issue is doctor information emerging parasite in dogs, red foxes and golden jackals in Hungary. Vet about dirofilariasis, his specialty and previous experience. Every- Parasitol., 2014; 203 (3-4):339–342. thing had great influence on timely and correct diagnosis or at 4. Zittra C., Kocziha Zs., Pinnyei Sz., Harl J., Kieser K., Laciny A., Barbara Eigner B., least on inclusion of dirofilariasis in the list of diagnostic hypoth- Silbermayr K., Duscher G. G., Éva Fok É., Fuehrer H.-P. Screening blood-fed eses. In the territories with sporadic morbidity only few doctors mosquitoes for the diagnosis of filarioid helminths and avian malaria. (7%) suspected dirofilariasis before surgery – they mostly diag- Parasites & Vectors, 2015; 8:16. nosed benign or malignant tumors (72%). There is a contrast with 5. Bacsadi Á., Papp, A., Szeredi L., Tóth, G., Nemes, C., Imre, V., Tolnai, Z., endemic territories where dirofilariasis was suspected by doctors in Széll, Z., Sréter T. Retrospective study on the distribution of Dirofilaria the much higher proportion of the patients (85%). Preliminary ultra- immitis in dogs in Hungary. Vet Parasitol., 2016; 220:83–86. sound and color Doppler examination of patients with dirofilariasis 6. Dóczi I., Bereczki L., Gyetvai T., Fejes I., Skribek Á., Szabó Á., Berkes Sz., made great input in the diagnosis. The findings include hypoechoic Tiszlavicz L., Bartha N., Bende B., Kis E., Kucsera I. Description of five encapsulated linear structures without internal blood vessels and dirofilariosis cases in South Hungary and review epidemiology of this sometimes (47%) with detectable movement of the parasite. Those disease for the country. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr, 2015; 127:696–702. findings allowed to exclude malignancies before surgery in all ultra- sound examined patients. Medical community has to
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