MANAGING SPORT IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR NATIONAL SPORT DEVELOPMENT*

Amphorn Sriyaphai1, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Supitr Samahito2, and Dr. Pongsak Swatdikiat3

Abstract

This research aimed to study and to analyze the structures and strategies as well as propose management guidelines in educational institutes for national sports development. The sample groups comprised the executive members of educational institutions, administrators from sport organizations, professors who are experts in the sport and management field from China, Korea, Japan, Chinese Taipei and USA, members of the FISU/EduC Commission, and top athletes who are now studying in educational institutes. A total of 91 samples were selected using the purposive sampling technique. The results found that the structure of institutions were aligned with the national standard determined by the Ministry of Education. The educational institutes must have strong and serious management of sport in 5 functions of management: planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and evaluating. The government should set national sport development as a “National Agenda” in order to embed the concept of being good citizens in all students. In educational institutions where there are talented athletes, ______1 Amphorn Sriyabhaya is a Ph.D. candidate of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Science, Kasetsart University. She obtained her M.S. in Sport Science from Kasetsart University and holds a B.Sc. from Rungsit University. Presently, she is a director of Sports Science Research and Development Center, Sport Office, and also a lecturer in sport medicines and health management area at the Faculty of Sport Science, Kasetsart University. 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Supitr Samahito is currently Vice President of National Olympic Committee of Thailand, Director of Thailand Olympic Academy and also the Director of Doctoral Degree Program in Sport Management, Kasetsart University. She earned a Ph.D. in Measurement and Research Methodology along with Sports Psychology as an interested area from Oregon State University. She has been serving as an executive committee in several international sport organizations such as, Committee for the Executive Member of Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), Commission for the Education Service (EduC); International University Sport Federation (FISU), Honorary Vice President for Asian Association of Sport Management and Sport Management Association of Thailand. 3 Dr. Pongsak Swatdikiat is experienced personnel in marketing field for both national and international markets. He is consultant for several companies in Thailand. His educational background is B.Sc. (Physical Education) and M.B.A. from Kasetsart University and Ph.D. in management from American University of Human Science. 33 years working experiences for both marketing and management aspects. He also has 21 years teaching experiences as scholar at faculty of sport science, Kasetsart University and also lecturer in marketing, management at the faculty of economics, Business Administration, Engineering of Kasetsart University and many other universities in Thailand *This research was supported in a part by a grant from the International Affairs Division, Kasetsart University.

32 ABAC Journal Vol.35 No.2 (May-December, 2015 pp 32-46.) Managing Sport in Educational Institutes for National Sport Development this agenda should foster, support and develop them to achieve their maximum potential both in academics and sport, that is to have excellent careers and become professionals in sport. From this point of view, Thailand needs to establish a “National Sport University” as a strong foundation of national sports development. This type of specialized university would be able to produce sport personal in every aspect of sport and to support and develop athletes to achieve their maximum potential both in academics and sport to promote excellence in their future careers and to help them achieve the professional level in sport.

Keywords: educational institutions, managing sport,sport management guidelines

INTRODUCTION different levels to create graduates who will serve society. Sports can be applied The activities of sport and exercise are for the enhancement of students in terms of accessible to all people regardless of self-appreciation, self-control, and self- gender, age, nationality, or religion. respect, by embedding the concepts of Multifarious organizations have turned to spirit, sportsmanship, and teamwork. After focus on sports extensively as sports is a graduation, these graduates would be able fundamental factor to help promote the to promote peace and happiness in the development of body, mind, emotion, society. During the educational period, sociability, and intellect. The value of especially in the undergraduate level, sports is not only in its ability to improve youths reach the highest physical the quality of life and healthiness of those development in university level, while the who participate, but it also provides many educational institutes are academic sources lessons learned through the experiences of playing a role in creating specialized defeat, victory, and forgiveness. Sports personnel, study, research, tool, and also advance virtue, morality, discipline, innovation. If these elements are combined and sportsmanship (Bailey, 2006; in real practice for student athletes based Samahito, 2009). These ideas correspond on the balance of academic approaches and to Gallien’s (2007) contention that real practices, educational institutes could development by means of sports is definitely be places to build up elite sustainable as it brings about the obvious athletes (Soler, 2010). The educational uplift in virtue and morality to the society. institutes also receive added value as well. Therefore, educational institutes are a good Thus, sport is an educational tool for place to start with the adoption of sports sustainable development of humans and for the development of their personnel. quality of living from all perspectives, i.e. Based on the previously mentioned reason, body, health, mind, virtue, morality, career, in terms of educational management, sports economy, and politics. In addition, sports should be continuously offered as a part of can develop the potential of athletes into varied educational programs offered for excellence, leading to an immediate

33 Amphorn Sriyaphai, Supitr Samahito, and Pongsak Swatdikiat reputation for the individual athlete as well level. During the literature review, it was as the nation. Sports can be an extremely found that most student athletes who are in well-paid career which is a way to boost the age of education or studying in a up the national economy and build up university have all faced serious problems, numerous related businesses and activities especially elite athletes. That is, if elite such as sports equipment, sports clothes, athletes intensely focus on sports training, stadiums, sports training centers, fitness their academic performance drops due to centers, sports marketing, sports absenteeism for trainings and attending competition arrangements, athlete trading, tournaments which causes them to not be using sports as the focus of direct media able to catch up on their lessons. Some of campaigns to target groups of businesses them have a delay in graduation, while and tourists. A number of occupations for some drop out of school completely. This the development of athletes have emerged, is a difficult situation where the athletes including those which require academic must choose between sports and education experts, e.g. coach, referee, sports as their top priority. On one hand, partial manager, sports medicine physician, sports athletes abandon education for sports therapist, and sports scientist. Many cities because if they are successful in sports, they have offered themselves to be hosts of big will rapidly gain reputation and income. sports games such as the SEA Games, the On the other hand, some athletes stop Asian Games, and the Olympic Games playing sports and pay attention to education because of the enormous incidental benefits for their future and their potential in sports these sporting events have in terms of is lost meaning their previous efforts in public relations, reputation, income, sports were in vein. The balance of sports economy, and politics. The entire range of training and academic education has benefits available has increasingly drawn become a dilemma for athlete in all levels the attention of all sectors of society to the (Boudreaux, 2004; Holm, 2009). world of sports. Consequently, if sports are developed National sports can be developed continuously and systematically in terms of effectively and sustainably with the areas presented in this paper, namely, cooperation from educational institutes management, course management, constant which play significant roles as sources of lessons, research for sports development, gathering proficient personnel both in terms creation of sports tool and equipment with of academic approaches as well as the modern technology by concretely adopting practice of sports. These institutes are able sports science principles, putting a serious to provide people such as sport scientists, focus on the development of ways to physical education teachers, coaches, systematize sports and make them more referees, and particularly athletes. The professionally oriented in order to provide capacity for sports is implanted in athletes careers to elite athletes after their by educational institutes starting from graduation, and thoroughly develop related elementary school, continuing through human resources in educational institutes, secondary school, and up to the university it would lead to sports development which

34 Managing Sport in Educational Institutes for National Sport Development can be extended to provide professions in Debsirin School, Assumption College, line with the National Sports Development Yupparaj Wittayalai School, Sriyapai Plan, as a means of applying sports for School, and Banphai School). sustainable development in terms of both 2. One executive member from each of the quality of life and the national economy. 15 universities nationwide who are in charge of sports. The sample was Purpose composed of 5 public universities (Chulalongkorn University, Kasetsart This research aimed to study and to University, Khon Kean University, Mahidol analyze the sports development structures University, and Chiang Mai University), 5 and strategies as well as proposing private universities (Assumption management guidelines to be applied in University of Thailand, Bangkok educational institutions in order to develop University, Bangkokthonburi University, sport as a whole in Thailand Rattana Bundit University, and Sripatum University), and 5 Rajabhat universities (ChiangMai Rajabhat University, Suan METHODOLOGY Dusit Rajabhat University, Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University, Nakhon Sawan The researcher studied two dimensions Rajabhat University, and Phuket Rajabhat of sports management, namely University). organizational management and activity 3. Two executives from the Ministry arrangement in relation to education and of Tourism and Sports, one from the sports, in basic education and higher Department of Physical Education, and education. The basic educational level another one from the Sports Authority of consists of general schools. The higher Thailand. education level is universities in Thailand, 4. Three committee members of the 5th Korea, China, and Japan with the following National Sports Development Plan and 33 details. members in relation to the drive for the 5th National Sports Development Plan. Sample Group 5. Five executive members and coaches from five organizations within the The sample group was made up of a Sport Associations of Thailand. (Thai total of 91 persons who are stakeholders Amateur Weightlifting Association, Thai and were selected by purposive sampling Cycling Association, Taekwondo technique which can be classified as Association of Thailand, Football follows: Association of Thailand, and Lawn Tennis 1. One executive member from each of Association of Thailand). 8 elementary schools and high schools 6. Foreign executive experts from nationwide which obviously support sports educational institutions where they play (Vajiravudh College, King’s College, prominent roles in educational management Bodindecha (Sing Singhaseni) School, and sports development. Two experts from

35 Amphorn Sriyaphai, Supitr Samahito, and Pongsak Swatdikiat each of the following countries: People’s analysis and for constructing the research Republic of China, Republic of Korea, and instruments. Japan, and Sport Management experts from the United States of America and Chinese Step 2 Data Survey and Field Visit Taipei. 1. Gathering information from 8. Five executive members from the documents, textbooks, statistics, and sports Educational Commission of International achievements from the educational University Sport Federation (FISU/EduC). institutes which were selected as part of 9. Ten top athletes from national teams the sample group in relation to their who are now studying in educational arrangement of sports and teaching institutes. activities. 2. Interviewing stakeholders, i.e. Research Instruments student athletes, teachers, lecturers, coaches, and other related persons from Four structure interview questionnaires selected educational institutes. comprising questions about planning, 3. Site visits to observe the organizing, staffing, leading, and evaluating arrangement of sports and teaching were developed by adopting the activities in educational institutes selected management principles of Fayol (Pryor and as part of the sample group, aiming at Taneja, 2010) and sport management preparing initial data for considering the principles initiated by Chelladurai (2009). selection of sample group and in-depth All of the instruments were verified by an interview of executives. Index of Item Objective Congruence: IOC for the content validity (>.05) (Rovinelli Step 3 In-Dept Interviews & Hambliton, 1977). For the reliability, the The in-depth interviews were information was tested using the conducted with two sample groups triangulation technique while the individually. The first group is Thais information analysis was conducted on the consisting of executives from educational basic of descriptive analysis. institutes, executives of national sports organizations who are in charge of Data Collection determining policies, athletes, and talented athletes who are studying in educational Step 1 Document Study institutes. The second group was foreigners Studying and reviewing documents who are experts in educational management related to sports management in educational and sports arrangement in the university and institutes from basic education and higher sport private sectors. education level in terms of management structure and activity arrangements Step 4 Focus Group concerning sports development both at the The focus group was conducted among national and international levels. The persons related to driving the Fifth National information obtained was used for content Sports Development Plan which covers 6

36 Managing Sport in Educational Institutes for National Sport Development sport and exercise strategy plans as This should lead to sustainable and follows: (1) sports and basic exercise, (2) concrete development of sports nationwide. sports and exercise for the masses, (3) sports for excellence, (4) sports for professional purposes, (5) sports science RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and technology, and (6) sports and exercise management strategy. These 6 areas were The data analysis is carried out based used to brainstorm and to seek directions on studying documents, in-depth interviews, for applying the strategies as a framework. and focus groups using the descriptive

Table 1 The operation of educational institutions in the Asia region whose direct mission is related to the development of sports.

Elements of Sport Management in Educational Institutes for National Sports Country Development Basic Education Level Higher Education Level National Level Thailand • Establishing 11 sports • Establishing the • Making a National Sports schools under the Institute of Physical Development Plan. Ministry of Tourism Educations (IPE) on 17 • Main national state agencies and Sports (since 1990) campuses nationwide. responsible for sports and 7 municipality development consist of the schools under the following: Ministry of Interior - The Ministry of Tourism and were upgraded to Sports is responsible for municipality sports sports and recreation. schools (fully operated - The Ministry of Education is in 2002). responsible for educational • Setting up sports management. academies operated by - The Ministry of Interior private sector. promotes and supports sports and recreation at the regional level.

Republic of • Founding sports • Establishing Korea • Enacting educational laws in Korea schools under Korea National Sport 1949. National Sport University. • Main national state agencies University whose holding direct responsibility education is connected are: to the university level. - Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism of Korea responsible for sports and recreation. - Establishing Korea Institute of Sport Science (KISS).

37 Amphorn Sriyaphai, Supitr Samahito, and Pongsak Swatdikiat

People’s • Establishing sports • Forming a sports • Setting up the Ministry of Republic of schools beginning in university in every Sports in 1952. China 1956. Currently there precinct, e.g. Capital • Formulating the National are more than 3,000 University of Physical Sports Development Plan schools. Education and Sport, determining 7 strategies for • Founding sports Beijing Sport sport development. schools in every University, Chengdu • Founding 36 sports science precinct. Sport University, and institutes at the provincial Shanghai University of level. Sport. • Establishing 19 centers of state agency of sports science in several fields countrywide. • Creating National Sport Training Center for each kind of sport.

Japan • Establishing sports • Setting up Nippon • Formulating “The Basic Act schools. Sports Science on Sport Plan” consisting of 4 • Founding sports University in the big main strategies which cover academies operated by cities of the country. sports development for all the private sector. levels and ages. • Writing “The Strategy for Sport Nation” to support the sports industry. • The main state agency at the national level which has direct responsibilities in sports development is the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology (MEXT). • Establishing the Japan Institute of Sport Science (JISS) analysis method. Its aims are to acquire that they all have a similar development data concerning the structure and system for education and sports. That is, management strategies of educational they have national sports development institutes for national sports development plans and at least one ministry to provide and to outline the direction of sports direct support for education and sports. management in the educational institutes However, they have differences in details, from basic education and higher education movement mechanisms, and practices. The commissions for the purpose of fostering People’s Republic of China which is national sports development. The findings globally accepted as a great nation in the are shown in Table 1. arena of sports has a systematic According to the analysis of relevant management which produces concrete information, the overall summary in results, followed by the Republic of Korea Thailand, the Republic of Korea, the and Japan which have systematic People’s Republic of China, and Japan is management as well. Although Thailand

38 Managing Sport in Educational Institutes for National Sport Development receives government support in terms of for sports in childhood in order to seriously promoting and all-level competition sports promote the significance of exercise and arranged countrywide, formulating clear sports to children and youths. The national policy, and establishment of state educational institutes would be the main agencies in charge of sports at the national organizations playing the role of providing level, it was found that the number of hours courses relevant to sports and physical to be spent by students for physical education, development of children and education and sports activity has youths, research, and creating sport-related decreased. Some schools have almost no tools and innovations under the support of time spent studying physical education. The national sports organizations, i.e. the lack of exercise among Thai students has Department of Physical Education, Sports resulted in the rise of obese children which Authority of Thailand, and other relevant has become a national problem. At the organizations. To achieve the systematic university level, it was found that a great and efficient development of sports number of athletes in the White Elephant management in educational institutes, the Project changed their universities and quit institutes should employ a management playing sports. This reflects the failure of strategy which runs academic and sports sports management in Thailand. The activities in parallel. The executives need management of sports in educational to apply an operational process which uses institutes which can play its part in the the management functions defined by Fayol national sports development rests on the (Pryor and Taneja, 2010), the sports elements of the structure of sports management of Chelladurai (2009), and organizations, the management process, and other management principles comprising 5 the arrangement of academic and sports dimensions of management, namely, activities in the educational institutes which planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and is discussed in the following paragraphs. evaluating. National sports development should commence with building up a correct basis

Management Functions Fayol Management Management Functions of Sport Cliffs Notes Function of Functions Functions of Management Managers (Pryor & Taneja, 2010) Gulilck (1937) (Chelladurai, 2009) (Houghton Mifflin (Shafritz & Ott, 1992) Harcoust, 2014)

Planning Planning Planning Planning Organizing Organizing Organizing Organizing Commanding Staffing Leading Staffing Coordinating Directing Evaluating Leading Controlling Co-ordinating Controlling Reporting Budgeting

Management functions apply for sport organization Planning Organizing Staffing Leading Evaluating

39 Amphorn Sriyaphai, Supitr Samahito, and Pongsak Swatdikiat

I. Planning organizations which are focused on professionalism, international standards, or The significant things that proceed a centralized system (Slack and Hinings, during planning are reliance upon policies, 1992). These structures can be adjusted to service receivers, and facts, and the correspond with national culture and the analysis of related conditions. In terms of objectives of various sports organizations, planning for sports management in enabling quick command and facilitating educational institutes to promote national operational convenience. These structures sports development, all levels of should follow a simple management educational institutes should adopt the structure or a specific structure owing to framework of the Fifth National Sports principles initiated by Mintzberg which Development Plan as a guideline for provide freedom, power of pressure, and formulating their sports development plans. support work units which hold negotiation The plans of educational institutes need to power with top management (Rail, 1988; correspond with policies and operational Green and Collins, 2008). The sports work plans of national and international sports should not be mixed with other tasks, but organizations. These development plans for should be under the direct command of top sports excellence must go together with executives. The top executives with academic success by integrating personnel, authority should perform the management venues and equipment, budgets, and the by themselves for rapid sports development management process together. The main and more apparent results. In this regard, operational plans for sports should the organizational structure of sports in comprise at least three sub-plans, which educational institutes should be split into are a management plan, a financial plan, three parts as a minimum. and a master plan for procurement of 1) The academic function is related to equipment and support factors (Kriemadis, teaching and research so as to develop 2011). The educational institutes where are relevant sports knowledge. Its job functions ready and already have a clear target of are intensively different owing to multiple sports development should formulate levels of education. In the school level, the marketing plans and risk management plans work is directly under the academic unit (Green and Collins, 2008). Brainstorming and director. While in the university level, from all related parties, especially the the work is directly under the faculty, major community is required in order to be able subject, and department. A separate unit for to truly derive benefits from sports, which monitoring the academic progress of would lead to other dimensions of athletes needs to be established. development. 2) The function of sport for health covers work which is unrelated to teaching, II. Organizing but extra activities which can help develop the students based on their age. The main The educational institutes are required person in charge should be a graduate in to align their structures with national sports the fields of physical education, sports,

40 Managing Sport in Educational Institutes for National Sport Development sports science, or similar fields. Sport clubs from that of other fields. However, the should be implemented in the educational process of development carries different institutes by involving the senior students practices (Chelladurai, 2006). The staff, in management activities to support and in relation to tasks of sports in educational take care of younger students, under the institutes, consists of the following three supervision of teachers who are advisors main groups: to the club. The sports executives hold authority in 3) The function of sports development decision making due to their level of for excellence should have an independent importance (chancellor, dean, director, committee which is directly under the top head of department, head of subjects, head executive by engaging all relevant parties of divisions, etc). The qualifications of including third parties who are sports good executives in sports require experts. The establishment of a sports skill possessing wide knowledge and vision in development unit is required by assigning management and sports, adoration and the task to experts based on their sports understanding in sports, the ability to profession as determined by the educational network, flexibility, ability to provide institutes without redundancy or overlap of justice, and access to staff in job functions function. The teachers from major subject/ as well as athletes. The executives should Department/Faculty of Physical Education give opportunities to staff in all functions or Faculty of Sports Science should hold to participate in sports development. the main responsibilities. This task can be In basic education and higher education, operated in cooperation with external the operational staff comprises teachers in experts to increase experience in academic fields, coaches, and sports team conjunction with learning by doing at the managers. They need to possess expertise same time. A sports training center and and gain experience in sports directly both sports science center for excellence should at the national and international levels. be set up, under the supervision of a group They must be able to actually fulfill their of advisors who are experts at the tasks and be role models for the athletes. It international and national levels from is necessary for the educational institutes external sports agencies and companies, to employ permanent sports personnel who which display obvious support for sports. hold degrees in sports science and physical education to be directly in charge of sports. III. Staffing If the permanent staff is inadequate, the organizations need to seek third parties who Good staffing will improve actually have knowledge to provide support organizational efficiency. Staffing is related as needed. Additionally, the organizations to the process of recruitment, development, must take care of, give morale support to, motivation, and retention. The significant and encourage their staffs. objective of staffing is increasing The athletes are both the core operational efficiency of the staff. The constituents and the core products of sports management of staff in sports is not different development by the educational institutes

41 Amphorn Sriyaphai, Supitr Samahito, and Pongsak Swatdikiat

(schools and universities) which are the undoubtedly require clear support from main organizations that are required to have state agencies. The number of hours for awareness of and be intentional about students to practice sports must be creating athletes. Therefore, educational increased. Standard competitions or institutes must manage the students’ time to activities need to be held by starting from allow them to study academic subjects and sports for the masses, sports for excellence, practice sports side by side. In sports and sports for professional purposes, development, three consecutive processes respectively. These rely on cooperation (Green, 2005) must be included, namely, from all parties in all sectors to establish recruitment, retention, and transition systematic management which has because the final outcome which can fulfill connections to all levels of education, sport the task of sports development is all of associations, as well as the Sports those students who are able to apply sports Authority of Thailand and the National for excellence and professional careers. Olympic Committee of Thailand. The processes which need to be IV. Leading focused on and applied for the development in ability of athletes are sport scientific Leading is one of management training and sport socialization strategies in order to enable the related staff (Nakornkhet, 2012). Such a concept is in to achieve the targets of the organization. line with that of Samahito (2013) who The executives must use strategies to contends that holistic knowledge has been command, control, persuade, and motivate adopted by numerous countries as a basis individuals and groups to achieve for sport development. Holistic knowledge operations as planned. In relation to sports covers the three dimensions of high management in schools and universities, the performance athletes, boosting general completeness of the academic dimension healthiness by mass sports/recreation must be maintained while supporting sports, and the development of the sport excellence in sports to keep both academic industry. These also include sport business and sport values. These two sides should management and sport technology be in balance. The sports should be a part development for the full development of of developing the quality of life of students athletes. The knowledge of sports science in terms of health, intelligence, and morality plays its important roles in developing the with the ultimate goal of sport becoming capacity of athletes as they move to their income and profession in the future. excellence and become professionals, Holm (2009) and Padis (2009) mentioned through the operations carried out by the that educational institutes need to National Sport Science Institute, which popularize of the idea of playing sports first gathers experts in several fields from and then they can build a highly competitive educational institutes to be its committee team. Additionally, schools and members. universities need to create an environment The educational institutes should train that is a sports community. This will the students about how to play sports and

42 Managing Sport in Educational Institutes for National Sport Development their rules in parallel with promoting sports curriculum. The evaluation must be for health. Then, it should be further conducted in terms of performance and developed into sports for excellence and three operational procedures comprising as a profession by focusing on four data collection, assessment, and applying dimensions, i.e. 1) teaching sports and its results for task improvement. related subjects to support athletes, 2) arranging systematic trainings and support Guidelines for Managing Sport in factors for sports development, 3) holding Educational Institutions for National special sports activities for students in Sports Development school and university, and 4) creating networks for sports cooperation with other 1. Providing a basic sports education organizations to exchange knowledge and level for elementary and secondary schools keep updated. with the direction of management as follows; V. Evaluating a) Providing an activity of physical education at a minimum of one activity per Operational evaluation must be on the one semester to all students in all levels; grounds of same system and standard, and b) All of elementary and secondary must hold efficient criteria in practice for schools need to provide extra activities for fairness. The principles of operational the students to exercise and play sports. evaluations in accordance with the modern The schools need to procure sport concept of Permchat (2005) contain at least equipment, prepare venues, and arrange the three components, i.e. operational environment in the educational institutes so outcomes, organizational targets and that it fosters playing sports and exercising; objectives, and participation of staff and c) In studying physical education, executives in determining their goals. Also, playing sports, and exercising, the teachers they have to focus on 360ð feedback which or related parties need to help students engages stakeholders. The evaluation of adopt sport values such as sportsmanship, educational institutes would be under the discipline, and fair play; supervision and control of the Office for d) A special project should be National Education Standards and Quality implementing to support and promote elite Assessment (ONESQA) which would do athletes and special programs should be the overall assessment of the educational started to increase the efficiency of athletes institutes. There is no clear format of becoming elite and playing for the national evaluation in sports operations in teams; Thailand’s educational institutes. The e) Well-prepare schools should researcher agreed with Goff (2000) that one receive support from the Ministry of of the indices of sport success in schools Education or Ministry of Interior to found and universities is the quality of athletes a “Sports Center for Excellence” in as measured by the two dimensions of schools. Experts in sports need to be in sportsmanship and graduation based on the charge of this project;

43 Amphorn Sriyaphai, Supitr Samahito, and Pongsak Swatdikiat

f) Schools should cooperate with e) Universities should set up a project provincial sports associations or the Sports to follow up and assess the academic Authority of Thailand based on the kind of performance of athletes over time, so as to sport to acquire support in terms of build up confidence in athletes and avoid professional coaches, both Thai and the idea of abruptly quitting sports which foreign; and causes the loss of many athletes. g) The schools which offer special In order to drive true benefits from the classrooms for elite athletes should findings regarding the support of national cooperate with instructors of subjects to sport development, educational institutions, formulate study plans for this group of especially at the university level education athletes to avoid a problem of inadequate in fields of physical education, sport classroom attendance. science and health science should be 2. The management at the higher provided, and it is strongly advised that education level for universities should serious adoption of the management include the following. principles of planning, organizing, staffing, a) The university must offer general leading, and evaluating should be programs for students to attend physical incorporated into their management education activities at least twice processes. throughout their entire programs. Apart from providing opportunities for students to play sports and exercise, the instructors SUGGESTIONS must insert lessons on morality as part of the content for the students in classroom; One of the key factors for success in b) The education must be linked to the sports development in educational secondary schools. The university must institutions for the national sports focus on sports, exercise, and sports development is supervising the operations excellence, but the amount of focus may be so that they proceed as planned. The less than those in a sports university or the mechanism which drives the operations is Institute of Physical Education; personnel consisting of two sides. The first c) Extra activities in the form of sport is producer side which covers executives, clubs whose management must be based teachers, lecturers, coaches, and sport on principles needed to be provided for truly scientists, etc. And the second is products qualified graduates for the labor market; side covering student athletes. These two d) The executives of universities parts must be mixed in suitable proportions. should establish a project to develop That is, the organizations must recruit students who are skillful in sports in the genuinely skillful personnel to train athletes educational institute so as to promote the who are ready in terms of capacities and national sport development, by collabora- skills. In this way, the institutes would ting with the University Sports Board of definitely achieve success. A sports team Thailand and the Sports Authority of requires teamwork with frequent Thailand; and assessments both of themselves and the

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