Archaeological Surveys
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Sligo Harbour Dredging Dumping at Sea Licence Application Appendix F.1(v) APPENDIX F.1(v) ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Appendix F.1(v) F.1(v) 00 EPA Export 16-06-2015:23:32:20 Sligo Harbour Dredging Dumping at Sea Licence Application Appendix F.1(v) For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Appendix F.1(v) F.1(v) 00 EPA Export 16-06-2015:23:32:20 Sligo Harbour Dredging Dumping at Sea Licence Application Appendix F.1(v) 5.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS 5.1 INTRODUCTION The Archaeological Diving Company Ltd (ADCO) was appointed by RPS Consulting Engineers on behalf of Sligo County Council to undertake an archaeological impact assessment in advance of dredging works proposed within Sligo Harbour and its approach channel. The dredging will occur along the existing approach channel from the quays in Sligo Port to Oyster Island (Figure 5.1). The dredged material will be disposed of at an approved marine disposal area located some 52 km (28 nautical miles) northwest of Bungar Bank, west of Donegal Bay and southwest of Malin More Head, Co. Donegal and north of Downpatrick Head, Co. Mayo (Figure 5.2). The study area comprises the works areas, while the architectural heritage assessment is required to include the immediate vicinity of Sligo Harbour and the wider locality where there might be any significant impact. The dredge areas are located within a Natural Heritage Area (NHA), a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and a Special Protection Area (SPA). The archaeological and architectural assessment is based on a desktop review of existing archival and published information. The architectural heritage assessment included a site inspection of the Sligo Port area and immediate vicinity. A marine geophysical survey of the dredge areas and the disposal area was carried out under licence from the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government (DoEHLG)1, licence 11D010. The primary geophysical survey data was reviewed and interpreted by a maritime archaeologist and is absorbed within the present report. The following section addresses the known and potential archaeological and architectural For inspection purposes only. heritage environment; assessesConsent the ofactual copyright andowner requiredproposed for any other impacts use. on that environment from the works programme; and makes recommendations to resolve any further archaeological requirements prior to the works programme commencing and during dredging operations. 5.2 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY A desk study of cartographic and archival information was conducted as a preliminary stage of archaeological assessment for the project. • Topographical files in the National Museum of Ireland; • Register of Monuments and Places in the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (DoA,H&G); • National Inventory of Architectural Heritage; • Ordnance Survey mapping for the area since the First Edition six-inch series in 1838; 1 Heritage functions were transferred from the Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government (which has since been re-named to the Department of Environment, Community and Local Government) to the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht with effect from 1 May 2011 Appendix F.1(v) 5-1 00 EPA Export 16-06-2015:23:32:20 Sligo Harbour Dredging Dumping at Sea Licence Application Appendix F.1(v) • Admiralty Charts; • Other historic mapping; • Inventory of Historic Shipwrecks and the Ports and Harbours record at the DoA,H&G • the record of licensed archaeological work; • relevant published sources were reviewed. The following legislation, standards and guidelines were considered and consulted for the purposes of this evaluation: • Advice Notes on Current Practice (in preparation of Environmental Impact Statements), 2003, EPA; • Architectural Heritage (National Inventory) and Historic Monuments (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2000 and the Local Government (Planning and Development) Act 2000; • Frameworks and Principles for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage, 1999, (formerly) Department of Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and Islands; • Guidelines for the Assessment of Archaeological Heritage Impacts of National Road Schemes, NRA; • Guidelines on the information to be contained in Environmental Impact Statements, 2002, EPA; • Heritage Act, 1995; • National Monuments Acts, 1930-2004; • Planning and Development (Strategic Infrastructure) Bill, 2006; • Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Pack, 2010 EPA; • In the absence of a specific Code of Practice between the Marine Industry and the Minister of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, the following Codes of Practice that exist between industry and the Minister were consulted: Bord Gáis Éireann (2002); .Coillte (no date); EirGrid (2009); ESB Networks (2009), Irish Concrete Federation (2009), National Roads Authority (no date), Railway Procurement Agency For inspection purposes only. (2007). Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. • The following county and local development plans were considered and consulted for the purposes of this evaluation: • County Sligo Heritage Plan 2007-2011. • County Donegal Development Plan 2006-2012. On-site marine geophysical survey and architectural fieldwork has been carried out as part of the present report. 5.2.1 Limitations No limitations were encountered during the desk study. 5.2.2 Classification of Impacts/Effects Impact/effect categories will typically have regard to those set out in the ‘Guidelines on the information to be contained in Environmental Impact Statements’, 2002, EPA; ‘Advice notes on Current Practice (in preparation of Environmental Impact Statements), 2003, EPA; ‘Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), 2010’; and ‘Guidelines for the Assessment of Archaeological Heritage Impacts of National Road Schemes’, no date, National Roads Appendix F.1(v) 5-2 00 EPA Export 16-06-2015:23:32:20 Sligo Harbour Dredging Dumping at Sea Licence Application Appendix F.1(v) Authority. Impacts/effects are generally categorised as either being a direct impact, an indirect impact or as having no predicted impact. 5.3 THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT The specific details of individual observations are included at the end of this section. A general overview of what the sum of these observations implies is presented below, and this is followed with individual presentations of the relevant source material. 5.3.1 Overview The presence of Maeve’s Cairn southwest of Sligo town bears witness to the importance of Sligo Harbour as a natural inlet and landing place since early prehistoric times. The cairn which sits on top of Knocknarea acts as a sentinel overlooking the harbour and the landscape around and about. It would also have served as a beacon, to draw early settlers safely in from the Atlantic to the haven of the harbour. The development area for the present project occurs beyond the limits of what was subsequently to become the town of Sligo, and there is a small collection of artefacts and small field monuments, such as burials known as barrows, which reveal the extent of the prehistoric footprint on the headlands around the harbour. Shell middens are found in some numbers along the shoreline and these sites serve as the real testimony to active marine exploitation. Although none of the midden sites have been subject to scientific dating, it is clear from their partially buried nature that these most reasonably belong to the preshistoric period. Oysters, winkles and periwinkles were caught and processed on the shore, the users then throwing the shells into large heaps or middens, where they were discarded. Later settlement sites of enclosures and ringforts are positioned at a slight remove from the For inspection purposes only. shoreline. They reveal the imprintConsent of copyright settlement owner required in forthe any otherperiod use. after saints Palladius and Patrick worked in Ireland in the fifth century to bring Christianity and to usher in a social transformation that was in keeping with change across Europe. Society in the early medieval period remained rural, and would have focused on crop husbandry and livestock, while the proximity to the sea that we see around the harbour would have dictated a continued relationship with fishing and coastal trade. It is in the later medieval period that Sligo town emerges. A bridge existed in 1188 across the Garvogue river, establishing the importance attached to the settlement’s location on the main road north from Galway to Donegal. The word Sligo, Irish Sligeach meaing ‘shelly place’, tempts one to see the continued connection with shell-fishing. A description of the island at the mouth of the Garavogue or Sligo River in the year 1599 mentions that, ‘at every tide they may gather great store of oysters, cockles and mussels, all of which will be a great help with her Majesty's stores’.2 Certainly from the seventeenth century, the town relied heavily on fishing and oyster in particular. 2 Quoted from A. J. Went, ‘Historical notes on the oyster fisheries of Ireland’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 62 (1961-63): 195-223, p. 213. Appendix F.1(v) 5-3 00 EPA Export 16-06-2015:23:32:20 Sligo Harbour Dredging Dumping at Sea Licence Application Appendix F.1(v) Sligo is also linked intrinsically to the O’Conors during the later middle ages, and the settlement’s strategic importance, both as a safe haven from the Atlantic and as a communications hub was endorsed by the construction of a fortification, the arrival of the Domincans in1253, and also town defences. Sligo was pivotal to powers seeking to control Ulster. It presented the first significant harbour on the northwest coast south of Donegal, while routeways through the hills inland gave access across the Curlews to Boyle in north Roscommon, after which there were ample connections south and east to Roscommon town, Athlone and ultimately Dublin. These routes on land and sea were to be of critical importance to the Tudor administration in their attempts to ‘plant’ Connacht and subdue Ulster in the late 1500s, and conversely Sligo was a prize to be kept by the Irish.