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Bakalářská Práce 2007 Katedra psychologie FSS MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRN Ě FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra psychologie Diplomová práce (obor psychologie) MANIPULATIVNÍ TECHNIKY SCIENTOLOGICKÉ CÍRKVE Vypracoval: Ji ří Steinbauer Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Zbyn ěk Vybíral, Ph.D. Brno 2007 Prohlašuji, že jsem práci vypracoval samostatn ě, a že jsem všechny v ědom ě použité informa ční zdroje uvedl v seznamu literatury. 2 Děkuji doc. PhDr. Zby ňkovi Vybíralovi, Ph.D. za odborné vedení práce. 3 Obsah 1 Úvod.........................................................................................................................................5 2 Sekty ........................................................................................................................................7 2.1 Definice sekty ...................................................................................................................7 2.2 Znaky sekty.....................................................................................................................10 3 Scientologie, respektive Dianetika ........................................................................................17 3.1 Základní principy Scientologie.......................................................................................18 3.1.1 Oficiální p ředstavení Scientologické církve podle oficiálního webu:.....................18 3.1.2 Popis princip ů Scientologie dle nezávislých zdroj ů ................................................18 3.1.3 Auditing ...................................................................................................................19 3.2 Charakteristika Scientologie...........................................................................................21 3.2.1 Oficiální popis scientologického náboženství .........................................................21 3.2.2 Charakteristika Scienotlogické církve dle nezávislých odborník ů ..........................22 3.2.3 Most ke svobod ě ......................................................................................................24 4 Manipulace-manipulativní techniky ......................................................................................25 4.1 Kritéria zhoubných kult ů ................................................................................................26 5 Výzkumná část.......................................................................................................................30 5.1 Výzkumný soubor...........................................................................................................30 5.2 Metoda sb ěru dat.............................................................................................................31 5.3 Zpracování a analýza dat ................................................................................................32 5.3.1 Tématická analýza ...................................................................................................32 5.3.2 Kategoriální systém .................................................................................................32 5.4 Analýza a interpretace ....................................................................................................33 5.4.1 Kategorie manipulativního chování z tématické analýzy........................................33 5.4.2 Podrobné analýzy rozhovor ů ...................................................................................42 6 Diskuze výsledk ů...................................................................................................................78 7 Záv ěr ......................................................................................................................................82 Seznam literatury ......................................................................................................................83 Seznam p říloh ...........................................................................................................................86 4 1 Úvod Neupisovat se žádné filozofické škole, žádnou vyslovitelnou pravdu nepovažovat za výlu čnou a jedinou, být pánem svých myšlenek; Učit se ú činn ě ze všeho minulého, naslouchat sou časník ům, být otev řen všem možnostem. Karl Jaspers Po státním p řevratu roku 1989, kdy došlo k celkové demokratizaci a zejména po roce 1991, kdy vstoupil v platnost zákon č.308 sbírky zákon ů o svobod ě náboženské víry a postavení církví a náboženských spole čností, došlo k nár ůstu po čtu všech náboženských skupin. Vedle církví tradi čních sem p řišly nebo byly založeny náboženské skupiny nové – tzv. Nová náboženská hnutí. Všechny tyto skupiny zaznamenaly prudký rozvoj, který odpovídá podmínkám soudobé spole čnosti, kdy vedle sebe pluralitn ě p ůsobí zavedené tradi ční církve a nov ě se formující náboženské skupiny. Otev řela se ale také možnost nezaujat ě náboženské trendy v České republice zkoumat a porovnávat je s náboženskými fenomény v jiných spole čnostech.(Lužný, 1997, s.11) Výzkum p ůsobení náboženských hnutí vnímá Lužný jako „naléhavou výzvu“ už vzhledem k „bou řlivým polemikám“ jak mezi ve řejností tak v akademické obci. Scientologická církev mezi nová náboženská hnutí bezpochyby pat ří a o její kontroverzi se zmi ňuje řada autor ů (Vágnerová (1999), R ůži čka (2001), Porterfield (1997), Giddens (2001), Hassan (1994) a další. O manipulaci jsem se za čal zajímat v prvním ro čníku studia. Byla nám tehdy představena kniha Manipulativní nátlak, aneb pro č tak snadno uposlechneme druhé od amerického marketingového experta Douglase Rushkoffa (2001). Zaujalo mne, jakým zp ůsobem reflektuje manipulace, kterým jsme vystavováni každý den a jak je schopen o nich pojednávat. Sv ět sekt m ě zajímal již dlouho p ředtím. Přesto jsem m ěl o nich spoustu informací zkreslených. Paradoxem je, že informace, které jsem získával p řevážn ě z populárních zdroj ů, vytvá řely o sektách p řív ětiv ější obraz reality, než je skute čnost taková, jak ji vnímám dnes. To reflektuje Steven Hassan (1994), který tvrdí, že nebezpe čnost 5 manipulace - sektá řské zejména - máme tendenci podce ňovat, protože pýcha homo sapiens nep řipouští možnost, že by člov ěk rozumný mohl být takto zneužit. Původn ě jsem plánoval napsat práci o manipulativních technikách sekt obecn ě. Práce, která by se snažila popsat sekty p ůsobící v České republice obecn ě, by však byla p říliš obecná a nedovolovala by prozkoumat problematiku do hloubky. Proto jsem si ve spolupráci s vedoucím mé diplomové práce vybral jednu skupinu, kterou jsem se kvalitativn ě pokusil zanalyzovat - Scientologickou církev. Ta m ě fascinovala svým systémem, který je mezi skupinami považovanými za sekty naprosto unikátní. Je u ní kombinován rozsáhlý „pseudov ědecký“ systém, zahrnující mimo jiné i lé čivé přístupy nazývané auditing, obsahov ě nejblíže psychoterapii. Autorem systému je zakladatel sekty – církve Lafaytte Ron Hubbard, jenž zárove ň vytvo řil a popsal spirituální ideologii a církevní život. Tím v sob ě spojuje dva základní proudy podle Hassanovy typologie sekt(1994)– náboženský a psychoterapeuticko-výchovný. Navíc tato církev dokázala p řitáhnout řadu tak zvaných celebrit, což může motivovat širokou škálu lidí. Cílem práce je zjistit, jaké Scientologická církev používá manipulativní techniky a jakým zp ůsobem je aplikuje. To se pokusím provést analýzou dat, která nasbírám rozhovory se členy Scientologické církve. Identifikovat manipulativní techniky podle kritérií, která postuloval Lifton (1987). 6 2 Sekty Nutkavé hledání jistoty není výrazem opravdové víry, ale má ko řen v pot řeb ě p řemoci nesnesitelnou pochybnost. Erich Fromm Jak vyplývá z dat Českého statistického ú řadu (1991,2001), obliba skupin rozvíjejících spiritualitu roste, p řestože v absolutních číslech se Česká republika stává stále více ateistickým národem, než jakým byla kdykoli v historii. Mezi nov ě vznikajícími náboženskými hnutími jsou ve velké mí ře zastoupeny i skupiny, jejichž motivy a vzorce chování nejsou spole čností akceptovány. N ěkteré jsou dokonce hodnoceny jako manipulativní a psychickému a fyzickému zdraví člov ěka nebezpe čné - sekty. Samotný fakt, že existuje již 12 let Spole čnost pro studium sekt a nových náboženských hnutí a jejich poradna, sv ědčí o legitimnosti vědeckého zájmu o sektá řskou problematiku. Jak uvádí Zden ěk Vojtíšek (1998), kvalitní náboženská spole čnost své následovníky vede dál k rozší ření obzor ů, k p řijímání podn ětů z vn ějšku, k promýšlení souvislostí, sebereflexi, k dosp ělé a odpov ědné ví ře. Sekta má naopak zájem na tom, aby její členové zůstali „d ětmi“, a to jak ve smyslu duševní, tak duchovní zralosti, nebo ť d ětská mentalita je pro ni z hlediska ovládání nejvýhodn ější. 2.1 Definice sekty „Sekta je produkt mocenského prost ředí, ve kterém vzniká - chápe se jako jediný nositel jediné pravdy a odtud čerpá p řesv ědčení o své jedine čnosti a výlu čnosti. Její další vývoj (pokud k n ěmu dojde) sm ěř uje k ustavení podobné mocenské kontroly, proti které svým vznikem protestovala.“ (Lužný, 1997, s.122) Samotné slovo sekta nepochází, jak je n ěkdy chybn ě zmi ňováno, z latinského secare (odd ělovat) nýbrž z taktéž latinského sequi – následovat (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition, 2003). „Stejn ě jako v jiných oblastech sociáln ě v ědního výzkumu p řináší užívání pojm ů sekta a církev řadu problém ů. Ty plynou z prostého faktu, že sociální v ědy používají k popisu 7 lidského chování jazyka, kterého lidé užívají v komunikaci, tedy jazyka, který nese významy dané kulturní tradicí. Proto
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