Impact of Dyeing Industrial Pollution on Farm Income and Production in Tiruppur District of Tamil Nadu
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JournalImpact of of Rural Dyeing Development, Industrial Vol. Pollution 36 No. (2) on pp. Farm 243-254 Income and Production in Tiruppur......... 243 NIRD&PR, Hyderabad. IMPACT OF DYEING INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION ON FARM INCOME AND PRODUCTION IN TIRUPPUR DISTRICT OF TAMIL NADU S. Gandhimathi* and N. Dhanabaghiyam** ABSTRACT India targeted to achieve 3-4 per cent growth per annum in agricultural sector and to produce 400 million tonnes of foodgrains by 2020. To achieve this target the strategies of the green revolution are not valid. The high usage of fertilisers and chemicals did not increase the productivity of agriculture. They had caused environmental degradation. Hence, there is a need to identify new strategies to achieve the goals. Environmental degradation is one of the most pronounced problems in agriculture. The industrial pollution is a major cause of environmental degradation. The growing industries had aggravated the problems of environmental degradation in agriculture. Hence, the policies which promote sustainable agriculture, in terms of food security, rural employment and environmentally sustainable technologies are needed. The findings of the study showed that all the farmers (cent per cent) had responded that the dumping of industrial waste was the major cause of industrial pollution in agriculture. The quality of land was completely eroded and the crops were burnt due to dyeing industrial pollution. It was not able to use for drinking water of the farmers and livestock. If one additional farmer had cultivated in an area polluted industries, the farm income had reduced to the extent of ` 3, 24, 644.196. Moreover, the farmers in polluted area were not able to allocate farm inputs more efficiently. Hence less technical efficiency was observed in the production function of polluted area. *Associate Professor of Economics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. **M.A. Economics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science And Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 36, No. 2, April - June : 2017 244 S. Gandhimathi and N. Dhanabaghiyam Introduction productivity in India was attributed to low level Agriculture is the major source of of public investment, exhaustion of yield livelihood in India. The country has taken notable potential by high-yielding varieties, strides in the agricultural sector during the last environmental degradation and unbalanced five and half decades of economic planning.The usage of fertilisers, etc. (State of Indian share of agriculture in total Gross Domestic Agriculture Report 2011-12: 2012). Product (GDP) was around 14 per cent in 2011 - India targeted to achieve 3-4 per cent 2012. The value of GDP in agriculture was ` 2, growth per annum in agricultural sector and to 796.18 crore in1950 -1951. It had shown an produce 400 million tonnes of foodgrains by increasing trend and reached ` 52, 025.14 crore 2020. To achieve this target, the strategies in the in 2011-2012. However, the share of agricultural green revolution are not valid. The high usage of GDP in total GDP had shown a decreasing trend fertilisers and chemicals did not increase the by recording 51.88 per cent in 1950 -1951 and productivity of agriculture, which had caused 14.01 per cent in 2011-12 (Hand Book of Indian environmental degradation. Hence, there is a Economy, 2013). The growth rate of net sown need to identify new strategies to achieve the area had declined from 12.2 per cent during 1950 goals. In this background, environmental - 1951 to 1960 - 1961 to -0.4 per cent during degradation is one of the most pronounced 2000 -2001 to 2007 -2008. The growth rates of problems in agriculture. The industrial pollution gross and net irrigated areas between 1960 - is a major cause of environmental degradation. 1961 and 1990 -1991 witnessed an increase of 3 The growing industries had aggravated the and 5.8 percentage points, respectively, whereas problems of environmental degradation in between 1990 -1991 and 2007-2008, the growth agriculture. The number of factories in India had rates reduced by 12.3 and 10.9 percentage increased from 127957 in 2002-03 to 158877 in points, respectively (Chakrabarty, 2011). 2009-10. Industries consume 37 per cent of the The gross domestic product was not world’s energy and emit 50 per cent of world’s correlated with the growth of agriculture in the CO2, 90 per cent of world’s SO2 and nearly all of 7th Plan period. It means that the growth of GDP its toxic chemicals. The growing of industries had was not because of growth of agriculture and it polluted water and air. The polluted air and water was attributed to other sectors in the 7th Plan had adversely affected the agricultural period. Moreover, a target of 4 per cent growth production. The industrial development led to rate was fixed in the agriculture sector. Only 2.5 increase in the CO2 emissions in India. per cent was achieved in the 10th Five Year Plan. The agriculture and allied sectors registered an Hence, the policies which promote average annual growth rate of 2.03 per cent sustainable agriculture, in terms of food security, during the first three years of the 11th Five Year rural employment and environmentally Plan. It revealed that the target growth rate in sustainable technologies such as soil agricultural sector was not achieved in the above conservation, sustainable natural resource Plan periods. India produced 21.6 per cent of management and biodiversity protection are the world’s paddy but the productivity was less essential for holistic rural development. Any than the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh efforts to reduce poverty must aim at improving and Myanmar in 2008. The low agricultural the agriculture by reducing the environmental Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 36, No. 2, April - June : 2017 Impact of Dyeing Industrial Pollution on Farm Income and Production in Tiruppur......... 245 problems. In this backdrop, an attempt is made Dhurjati Mukherjee (2012) stated that to analyse the impact of dyeing industrial pollution after 2050 temperature in India is expected to on agricultural production in the State of Tamil rise by 3-40 over current levels and rainfall would Nadu. The following are the specific objectives become heavier, more intense and erratic and of the study. less regular. It would affect the agriculture more severely. There is a possibility of extreme Objectives maximum and minimum temperature all over 1. To assess the types of pollution and the country due to increase in greenhouse gas consequences of industrial pollution in concentrations. This is an important finding from the study area the point of view of agriculture as the mid-day temperature increase enhances the saturation 2. To analyse the impact of dyeing industrial deficit of the plants. pollution on farm income and production. Ratna Reddy and Bhagirath Behera (2005) Review of Literature assessed the impact of water pollution on John Morton (2007) reported that the agriculture. They analysed the economic costs impact of climate change on agriculture is felt in of water pollution in terms of loss of agricultural both developed and developing countries. It had production and income from livestock. The study reduced the agricultural production and was based on primary data collected from productivity. Considerably more framework is polluted and non-polluted areas in Andhra needed to measure the impact of climate change Pradesh. It revealed that the cost due to pollution on agriculture. was higher. Passing of laws alone would not reduce the industrial pollution. Maharajan and Kirubakaran Samual (2010) studied the impact of environmental pollution Shivkumar (2012) assessed the environmental challenges and issues of Indian on agriculture. The study was conducted in agriculture. He reported that the future Tuticorin industrial town area. Twelve major agriculture productivity growth may be industries were located in the district. They were challenged by the environmental problems such engaged in the production of cotton, staple yarn, as land degradation, groundwater depletion, caustic soda, PVC resin, fertilisers, soda ash, liquid waterlogging and excessive use of chemical carbon-di-oxide gas, etc. The study revealed that inputs. To face these challenges, policy measures industrial disposals and other chemical must lay emphasis on organic farming. contamination entered into the agricultural water sources affected agricultural production. It Shabir Ahmad Padder (2013) had analysed caused low production and productivity. The the impact of climate change on agriculture in environmental pollution caused health disorders India. According to him, an increase of 0 such as irritation, deftness, allergy, unhygienic temperature from 1 to 4 C reduced the grain condition, respiratory problems and diarrhoea. yield of rice by 0-49 per cent, potato by 5- 40 per The developing countries like India should be cent, soyabean by 11-36 per cent and green gram by 13-30 per cent. Climate change shortened instrumental in raising societal concerns about rabi season. It increased vulnerability to diseases environmental problems. Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 36, No. 2, April - June : 2017 246 S. Gandhimathi and N. Dhanabaghiyam and pest attack. High temperatures restrict the blocks in Tiruppur district such as Gudimangalam, quality of produce. They caused to decline in the Udumalpet, Palladam, Pongalur, Tiruppur, milk production. India lost 1.8 million tonnes of Kundadam, Dharapuram, Kangeyam and milk production due to climate stresses. Madathukulam were considered. Among these, Kangeyam block was selected for the study. In Methodology Kangeyam block, the Noyyal Orathuppalayam Study Area: Tiruppur is an industrially advanced dam and a reservoir called Orathuppalayamdam district of Tamil Nadu. More than 80 per cent of is located on the Noyyal river between farmers in the district are marginal and small. The Chennimalai and Kangeyam in Orathuppalayam total area under cultivation in the district is of Tiruppur district. The dam is situated 16 km 228556 hectares.