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Regional Oral History Office History of Science and Technology Program Regional Oral History Office History of Science and Technology Program The Bancroft Library The Bancroft Library University of California, Berkeley University of California, Berkeley Medical Physics Oral History Series Howard C. Mel, Ph.D. BIOPHYSICS AT BERKELEY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE STAFLO APPARATUS An interview conducted by Sally Smith Hughes, Ph.D. in 1980 Copyright @ 2002 by The Regents of the University of California Since 1954 the Regional Oral History Office has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of northern California, the West, and the nation. Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through tape-recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well- informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. The tape recording is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewee. The corrected manuscript is indexed, bound with photographs and illustrative materials, and placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and in other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ******9~*9~*9r************************* All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between the Regents of the University of California and Howard C. Me1 dated February 21, 2002. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley. No part of the manuscript may be quoted for publication without the written permission of the Director of the Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley. Requests for permission to quote for publication should be addressed to the Regional Oral History Office, 486 Bancroft Library, Mail Code 6000, University of California, Berkeley 94720-6000, and should include identification of the specific passages to be quoted, anticipated use of the passages, and identification ofthe user. The legal agreement withHoward C. Melrequires that she be notified of the request and allowed thirty days in which to respond. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Howard C. Mel, "Biophysics at Berkeley and Development of the Staflo Apparatus," an oral history conducted in 1980 by Sally Smith Hughes, Regional Oral History OfficeIHistory of Science and Technology Program, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 2002. Copy no. Cataloguing information MEL, Howard C. (b. 1926) Biophysicist "Biophysics at Berkeley and Development of the Staflo Apparatus", 2002, iv, 141 pp. Childhood in northern California; graduation from Berkeley High School; naval training in radar and gunnery, and service with naval intelligence during WWII; undergraduate education at the University of California, Berkeley (B.S., physical chemistry, 1948); studies at University of Geneva and the Conservatory of Music; affiliation with Donner Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley research on fission products; human and animal radionuclide experiments (plutonium, strontium, astatine, and others), cyclotron operations, including radioisotope production; graduate student in College of Chemistry, Berkeley, Ph.D. 1953; Bikini Island bomb tests; radiation safety standards; heavy ion research; Radioactivity Research Center, University of California, San Francisco; the woman scientist; comments on Barbara Nachtrieb Armstrong, Aharon Katchalsky, Wendell Latimer, Linus Pauling, Charles Tobias, John Lawrence, Kenneth Scott, and others. Interviewed in 1979 by Sally Smith Hughes for the History of Science and Technology Program's Medical Physics Series. Produced by the Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, in 2002. TABLE OF CONTENTS-Howard C. Me1 ACKNOWLEDGMENT--by ~amesD . Hart MEDICAL PHYSICS SERIES HISTORY--by Sally Smith Hughes MEDICAL PHYSICS SERIES LIST iii BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION I FAMILY BACKGROUND AND EDUCATION Grandparents and Parents Early Schooling Interest in the Physical Sciences Graduate Student in the College of Chemistry, Berkeley and Additional Reminiscences of Early Education Student at Berkeley High School, and Decision to Attend the University of California, Berkeley World War I1 Experiences Naval Training in Radar and Gunnery, 1945 The University of Geneva and the Conservatory of Music, 1946-1947 Return to Berkeley as an Undergraduate, 1947- 1948 Wendell Latimer The Use of Intuition and Analogy in Science The Calo Dog Food Company Graduate Student in the College of Chemistry, Berkeley, 1950-1953 Fulbright Fellowship at the Free University of Brussels, 1953-1955 FACULTY MEMBER, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, 1960-THE PRESENT Instructor in Chemistry at Berkeley, 1955-1959, and Arrival at Donner Laboratory Thoughts about the Learning Process Development of the Staflo: The Stable-Flow Free Boundary Apparatus Genesis of the Concept Searching for Stability Introducing Blood Cells Early Years in Donner Laboratory Choosing a Research Group A Multidisciplinary Faculty Ties with the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory The Course--Atomic Radiation and Life Hardin Blair Jones Scientific Interests Assistant Director of Donner Laboratory and Involvement in Public Issues More on Negative Feedback and Stability Meeting Alexander Kolin Application to Heterogeneous Cell Mixtures Analysis of Erythroblastic Islands (EBI) in the Bone Marrow More Again on the Staflo Origins Gravity as an Applied Force Other Research Interests Thoughts on His Research Trajectory and the Research Process Quantitative Methods for Measuring Cell Characteristics Research in the Laboratory of Marcel Bessis Demands of the University Interest in Thermodynamics Evolution of the Field and Melts Interests Work by Me1 and Students on the Application of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics Contributions and Criticism of Applying Thermodynamic Principles in Biology The Search for Basic Laws in Biology The Watch as an Analogy for Cell Functioning Ideas on Vitalism Donner Laboratory Communication within the Donner Laboratory The Directorship Accusation of the Laboratory's Isolation Accusation of Inbreeding The Laboratory's Future Move to the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Site The Division of Medical Physics and the Field of Nuclear Medicine Formation and Evolution Attaining Departmental Status Academic and Nonacademic Appointments Interdepartmental Graduate Group in Biophysics and Medical Physics The Biophysical Society Competition between Molecular Biology and Biophysics at Berkeley The International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics and Aharon Katchalsky Katchalsky at Berkeley Training Grants in Biophysics, and Systems and Integrative Biology Interactions between the Division of Medical Physics and UCSF Thoughts on Doing Science TAPE GUIDE APPENDICES 110 A. Curriculum vitae & publications 111 B. Synopsis of H.C. Me1 and Family Activities Related to France and the French Language 12 1 C. Summary of the Dissertation Submitted by Howard C. Me1 123 D. "New Method of Continuous Free Boundary Elecrophoresis," Journal of Chemical Physics, August 1959 127 E. "Electrophoretic Interaction Studies by the Stable-Flow Free-Boundary Method," Science, October 28, 1960 128 F. "Hematology without the Microscope," Editorial by Marcel Bessis and Howard Mel, Blood Cells, 1975 130 G. Introduction to UC Berkeley Aharon Katchalsky Memorial Symposium Proceedings 133 H. Text of Speech Given by Maurice Druon on the Occasion of Awarding the Prix de Rayonnement de la Langue Fransaise of the Acad6mie Fransaise to Howard C. Me1 I. Seventy-Fourth Annual Amphion Holiday Program INDEX Acknowledgment This interview with Dr. Howard C. Me1 is one of several dealing with the development of the Donner Laboratory and the Division/Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics at the University of California, Berkeley, within the larger series of oral histories produced by the History of Science and Technology Program of The Bancroft Library. Besides these interviews, the Program assembles other primary source materials, including the papers and personal memorabilia of scientists and engineers, and the papers of certain organizations with which they were associated. The information in the papers and interviews helps to demonstrate the development of science and technology not only in the western United States, but also in the nation as a whole. The project was made possible initially by the generosity of William R. Hewlett and David Packard. Mrs. Calvin K. Townsend established the Doreen and Calvin K. Townsend Fund to provide ongoing support of the Program. The University Endowment Fund, National Science Foundation, and National Endowment for the Humanities have assisted diverse aspects of the Program with a series of grants. Further aid has come from the Marco Francis Hellman Fund, established to document science and technology and their relations to business in California. The Me1 oral history was also aided by a gift from the Chabot and Dieckmann Memorial Library Fund'. Other donors to the project have included the Woodheath Foundation, the California
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