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Net Zero by 2050 a Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050
Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 Interactive iea.li/nzeroadmap Net Zero by 2050 Data iea.li/nzedata INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the IEA member IEA association full spectrum countries: countries: of energy issues including oil, gas and Australia Brazil coal supply and Austria China demand, renewable Belgium India energy technologies, Canada Indonesia electricity markets, Czech Republic Morocco energy efficiency, Denmark Singapore access to energy, Estonia South Africa demand side Finland Thailand management and France much more. Through Germany its work, the IEA Greece advocates policies Hungary that will enhance the Ireland reliability, affordability Italy and sustainability of Japan energy in its Korea 30 member Luxembourg countries, Mexico 8 association Netherlands countries and New Zealand beyond. Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Please note that this publication is subject to Switzerland specific restrictions that limit Turkey its use and distribution. The United Kingdom terms and conditions are available online at United States www.iea.org/t&c/ This publication and any The European map included herein are without prejudice to the Commission also status of or sovereignty over participates in the any territory, to the work of the IEA delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Source: IEA. All rights reserved. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org Foreword We are approaching a decisive moment for international efforts to tackle the climate crisis – a great challenge of our times. -
A Review of Energy Storage Technologies' Application
sustainability Review A Review of Energy Storage Technologies’ Application Potentials in Renewable Energy Sources Grid Integration Henok Ayele Behabtu 1,2,* , Maarten Messagie 1, Thierry Coosemans 1, Maitane Berecibar 1, Kinde Anlay Fante 2 , Abraham Alem Kebede 1,2 and Joeri Van Mierlo 1 1 Mobility, Logistics, and Automotive Technology Research Centre, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (T.C.); [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (A.A.K.); [email protected] (J.V.M.) 2 Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +32-485659951 or +251-926434658 Received: 12 November 2020; Accepted: 11 December 2020; Published: 15 December 2020 Abstract: Renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind and solar are frequently hit by fluctuations due to, for example, insufficient wind or sunshine. Energy storage technologies (ESTs) mitigate the problem by storing excess energy generated and then making it accessible on demand. While there are various EST studies, the literature remains isolated and dated. The comparison of the characteristics of ESTs and their potential applications is also short. This paper fills this gap. Using selected criteria, it identifies key ESTs and provides an updated review of the literature on ESTs and their application potential to the renewable energy sector. The critical review shows a high potential application for Li-ion batteries and most fit to mitigate the fluctuation of RESs in utility grid integration sector. -
Biomass Basics: the Facts About Bioenergy 1 We Rely on Energy Every Day
Biomass Basics: The Facts About Bioenergy 1 We Rely on Energy Every Day Energy is essential in our daily lives. We use it to fuel our cars, grow our food, heat our homes, and run our businesses. Most of our energy comes from burning fossil fuels like petroleum, coal, and natural gas. These fuels provide the energy that we need today, but there are several reasons why we are developing sustainable alternatives. 2 We are running out of fossil fuels Fossil fuels take millions of years to form within the Earth. Once we use up our reserves of fossil fuels, we will be out in the cold - literally - unless we find other fuel sources. Bioenergy, or energy derived from biomass, is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels because it can be produced from renewable sources, such as plants and waste, that can be continuously replenished. Fossil fuels, such as petroleum, need to be imported from other countries Some fossil fuels are found in the United States but not enough to meet all of our energy needs. In 2014, 27% of the petroleum consumed in the United States was imported from other countries, leaving the nation’s supply of oil vulnerable to global trends. When it is hard to buy enough oil, the price can increase significantly and reduce our supply of gasoline – affecting our national security. Because energy is extremely important to our economy, it is better to produce energy in the United States so that it will always be available when we need it. Use of fossil fuels can be harmful to humans and the environment When fossil fuels are burned, they release carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere. -
Biomass with CO2 Capture and Storage (Bio-CCS)
Biomass with CO2 Capture and Storage (Bio-CCS) The way forward for Europe This document has been prepared on behalf of the Advisory Council of the European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants (ZEP) and the Steering Committee of the European Biofuels Technology Platform (EBTP). The information and views contained in this document are the collective view of the ZEP Advisory Council and EBTP Steering Committee and not of individual members, or of the European Commission. Neither the ZEP Advisory Council, the EBTP Steering Committee, the European Commission, nor any person acting on their behalf, is responsible for the use that might be made of the information contained in this publication. European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants Contents KEY CONCLUSIONS........................................................... ....................................................................... 4 1 WHY EUROPE NEEDS TO GO CARBON-NEGATIVE ....................................................................... 5 1.1 More powerful technologies are now needed to keep global warming below 2°C........................5! 1.2 Bio-CCS: the only large-scale technology that can remove CO2 from the atmosphere.... ........... 5! 1.3 The EBTP/ZEP Joint Taskforce Bio-CCS: uniting high-level European stakeholders ................. 6! 2! CO2 CAPTURE AND STORAGE.......................................................................................................... 7! 2.1! CCS could provide almost 20% of global -
Bioenergy's Role in Balancing the Electricity Grid and Providing Storage Options – an EU Perspective
Bioenergy's role in balancing the electricity grid and providing storage options – an EU perspective Front cover information panel IEA Bioenergy: Task 41P6: 2017: 01 Bioenergy's role in balancing the electricity grid and providing storage options – an EU perspective Antti Arasto, David Chiaramonti, Juha Kiviluoma, Eric van den Heuvel, Lars Waldheim, Kyriakos Maniatis, Kai Sipilä Copyright © 2017 IEA Bioenergy. All rights Reserved Published by IEA Bioenergy IEA Bioenergy, also known as the Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) for a Programme of Research, Development and Demonstration on Bioenergy, functions within a Framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and publications of IEA Bioenergy do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of its individual Member countries. Foreword The global energy supply system is currently in transition from one that relies on polluting and depleting inputs to a system that relies on non-polluting and non-depleting inputs that are dominantly abundant and intermittent. Optimising the stability and cost-effectiveness of such a future system requires seamless integration and control of various energy inputs. The role of energy supply management is therefore expected to increase in the future to ensure that customers will continue to receive the desired quality of energy at the required time. The COP21 Paris Agreement gives momentum to renewables. The IPCC has reported that with current GHG emissions it will take 5 years before the carbon budget is used for +1,5C and 20 years for +2C. The IEA has recently published the Medium- Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2016, launched on 25.10.2016 in Singapore. -
The Economics of Solar Power
The Economics of Solar Power Solar Roundtable Kansas Corporation Commission March 3, 2009 Peter Lorenz President Quanta Renewable Energy Services SOLAR POWER - BREAKTHROUGH OR NICHE OPPORTUNITY? MW capacity additions per year CAGR +82% 2000-08 Percent 5,600-6,000 40 RoW US 40 +43% Japan 10 +35% 2,826 Spain 55 1,744 1,460 1,086 598 Germany 137 241 372 427 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 2008E Demand driven by attractive economics • Strong regulatory support • Increasing power prices • Decreasing solar system prices • Good availability of capital Source: McKinsey demand model; Solarbuzz 1 WE HAVE SEEN SOME INTERESTING CHANGES IN THE U.S. RECENTLY 2 TODAY’S DISCUSSION • Solar technologies and their evolution • Demand growth outlook • Perspectives on solar following the economic crisis 3 TWO KEY SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES EXIST Photovoltaics (PV) Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Key • Uses light-absorbing material to • Uses mirrors to generate steam characteristics generate current which powers turbine • High modularity (1 kW - 50 MW) • Low modularity (20 - 300 MW) • Uses direct and indirect sunlight – • Only uses direct sunlight – specific suitable for almost all locations site requirements • Incentives widely available • Incentives limited to few countries • Mainly used as distributed power, • Central power only limited by some incentives encourage large adequate locations and solar farms transmission access ~ 10 Global capacity ~ 0.5 GW, 2007 Source: McKinsey analysis; EPIA; MarketBuzz 4 THESE HAVE SEVERAL SUB-TECHNOLOGIES Key technologies Sub technologiesDescription -
163 Bioenergynews15.1
iea news june 2003.qxd 17/06/2003 8:25 a.m. Page 1 Bioenergy set for growth in Australia Guest Editorial by Dr Stephen Schuck, Member for Australia Bioenergy is relatively well established in some sectors in Australia. The installed electricity generating capacity at Australia’s 30 sugar mills, using bagasse, totals 369 MW. Australia is a leader in capturing and using landfill gas. Some 29 projects across Australia, up to 13 MW in size, have a total installed capacity of close to 100 MW. There are also 11 wastewater treatment plants around Australia which capture biogas for producing 24 MW of electricity. In addition, 6 to 7 million tonnes of firewood are used in Australia every year. In recent years there has been increased interest in the development of bioenergy to meet government greenhouse gas reduction targets. In April 2001, Australia’s Mandatory Renewable Energy Target (MRET) came into force. The Target requires an additional 9,500 GWh of new renewable electricity to be generated per year from sources such as bioenergy. It is set to raise Australia’s renewable energy proportion from 10.5% in 1997 to approximately 12.5% percent by 2010. The MRET has provided a stimulus for bioenergy in Australia. For instance Australia’s oldest sugar mill, the Rocky Point Mill in South Eastern Queensland, has been upgraded to 30 MWe for year-round operation, using wood waste in the non-crushing season. Australia’s first large-scale anaerobic digester (82,000 tonnes per year) fed by food and other organic wastes is currently being commissioned near Sydney. -
Oraşe Inteligente – Experienţă Şi Practică La
Regneală H. S. SOLAR ENERGY FIELD WELCOMES NEW TRENDS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION. CASE STUDY: ROMANIA SOLAR ENERGY FIELD WELCOMES NEW TRENDS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION. CASE STUDY: ROMANIA Horaţiu Sorin REGNEALĂ The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania regnealăhoraţ[email protected] 5 Abstract In 2012 and 2013, solar energy has become the most important source of renewable energy in the European 201 Union, whose main role is to produce electric power. Business models in the solar energy field, as well as the perception on the legal context, that is a major source of influence for the companies in the field, have been a main subject of debate in Romania and the European Union, but have not been scientifically researched. The purpose of this paper is to develop a comparative study on the situation of business models in the Romanian field of solar energy, between the years 2013 and 2014, as well as the development of photovoltaic industry forecasts June / 2 in Romania in the coming years. In order to perform this study, we used the method of Delphi based on questionnaires and interviews with experts in this field of activity. This study is a continuation of the research carried out last year (Tanţău et al., 2014) and illustrate the major changes in the Romanian field of photovoltaic Issue Issue energy, after modifying the law No. 220/2008 by Emergency Ordinance of the Romanian Government No. 57/2013 and the appearance of Decision of the Government No. 994/2013. The study treats the new directions in the field 5 of photovoltaic energy in Romania representing the basic pylon of the future trends of business models in the photovoltaic industry, that were not previously provided in the scientific literature. -
Bioenergy Assessment Toolkit
Bioenergy Assessment Toolkit Anelia Milbrandt and Caroline Uriarte Produced under direction of the United States Agency for International Development by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) under Interagency Agreement AEG-P-00-00003-00; Work for Others Agreement number 3010543; Task Numbers WFE2.1012, WFE2.1013, and WFE2.1014. NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-56456 October 2012 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Bioenergy Assessment Toolkit Anelia Milbrandt and Caroline Uriarte Prepared under Task Nos. WFE2.1012, WFE2.1013, and WFE2.1014 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report 15013 Denver West Parkway NREL/TP-6A20-56456 Golden, CO 80401 October 2012 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This manuscript has been authored by employees of the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC (“Alliance”) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 with the U.S. Department of Energy (“DOE”). This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. -
CBD Forest Bioenergy Briefing Book, Polluting the Climate
Wheelabrator Shasta Energy biomass plant, photo by Trip Jennings Biomass Energy Is Polluting: A False Climate Solution That Worsens the Climate Crisis Biomass is currently categorized as a “renewable” energy source along with solar and wind, but the reality is that biomass energy has more in common with fossil fuels. Like coal and oil, biomass is a carbon-burning form of energy production that emits carbon dioxide and contributes to the climate crisis. In fact, biomass power plants are California’s dirtiest electricity source—releasing more carbon at the smokestack than coal. Adding to these harms, cutting trees for biomass energy reduces the forest’s ability to sequester and store carbon. All in all, biomass power is a double whammy for the climate: it emits more carbon at the smokestack and leaves less carbon stored in the forest. Biomass power plant emissions in 2018 Capacity Total CO2e Biomass power plants are California’s dirtiest (MW) (pounds) per electricity source. net MWh Ampersand Chowchilla Biomass Power 12.5 2,996 Burney Forest Products (BioRAM) (cogen) 31 3,768 Biomass power plants are much more climate- Collins Pine Biomass Power (cogen) 12 19,120 polluting than other electricity sources in California. DG Fairhaven 15 3,877 DTE Stockton Biomass Power (cogen) 50 3,298 The average greenhouse gas emission rate for HL Power (BioRAM) 35.5 2,980 California’s current electricity portfolio is about 485 Humboldt Sawmill Company (cogen) 32.5 5,016 Merced Power 12.5 3,220 pounds carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per Mt. Poso Cogeneration (cogen) 63.6 2,507 megawatt hour (MWh).1 In 2018 woody biomass Pacific Ultrapower Chinese Station (BioRAM) 25.7 4,418 Rio Bravo Fresno Biomass Power (BioRAM) 27.8 3,150 power plants in California emitted more than seven Rio Bravo Rocklin Biomass Power (BioRAM) 27.8 3,435 Roseburg Forest Products (cogen) 13.4 4,967 times that amount, averaging 3,500 pounds CO2e SPI Anderson Biomass Power II (cogen) 30.1 4,480 2 per net MWh for the non-cogeneration facilities. -
Is Biopower Carbon Neutral?
Is Biopower Carbon Neutral? Kelsi Bracmort Specialist in Agricultural Conservation and Natural Resources Policy February 4, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41603 Is Biopower Carbon Neutral? Summary To promote energy diversity and improve energy security, Congress has expressed interest in biopower—electricity generated from biomass. Biopower, a baseload power source, can be produced from a large range of biomass feedstocks nationwide (e.g., urban, agricultural, and forestry wastes and residues). The two most common biopower processes are combustion (e.g., direct-fired or co-fired) and gasification, with the former being the most widely used. Proponents have stated that biopower has the potential to strengthen rural economies, enhance energy security, and minimize the environmental impacts of energy production. Challenges to biopower production include the need for a sufficient feedstock supply, concerns about potential health impacts to nearby communities from the combustion of biomass, and its higher generation costs relative to fossil fuel-based electricity. At present, biopower generally requires tax incentives to be competitive with conventional fossil fuel-fired electric generation. An energy production activity typically is classified as carbon neutral if it produces no net increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on a life-cycle basis. The legislative record shows minimal debate about the carbon status of biopower. The argument that biopower is carbon neutral has come under scrutiny in debate on its potential to help meet U.S. energy demands and reduce U.S. GHG emissions. Whether biopower is considered carbon neutral depends on many factors, including the definition of carbon neutrality, feedstock type, technology used, and time frame examined. -
Biomass and Bioenergy
Biomass and Bioenergy Renewable Energy ∙ Rural Development ∙ Environmental Benefits Justin Heavey - Senior Research Support Specialist SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry My Background Education • B.S. Environmental Studies (Renewable Energy) • M.S. Natural Resources Management Experience • 2008-2011 . Office of Sustainability at SUNY-ESF (Analyst) • 2011-2013 . Research Foundation of SUNY (Research Assistant) • 2013-2015 . Willow Project Research Group (Research Support Specialist) . NEWBio Project (Extension Staff) . Office of Sustainability at SUNY-ESF (Fellow) . Instructor – Environmental and Energy Auditing Overview 1. Biomass & Bioenergy 2. The Willow Project at SUNY-ESF 3. Willow Production and Management 4. Environmental & Other Benefits Biomass and Bioenergy Bioenergy Energy from the sun stored in plants (biomass) • Agricultural Crops – Corn, soybeans, sunflower • Herbaceous Crops – Switchgrass, Miscanthus, ag residues • Woody Biomass – Fire wood, forest residues – Short rotation woody crops… • Poplar, southern pine, shrub willow (EIA, 2011) US Energy Use Renewable Energy= • 9% of total supply Biomass/Bioenergy = • 43% of renewables • Wood & Biofuels (EIA, 2011) Projected Biomass Supply • Potentially large increase over next 15 years • Largest percentage from energy crops • i.e. Shrub willow and others • 600 Million tons/year (dry) from energy crops alone (USDOE 2011) Policy Uncertainty • 31% of U.S. CO2 emissions come from power plants • Federal Clean Power Plan (Aug. 2015) reduces CO2 power plant emissions by