International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Organically Linking Green Development and Ecological Environment Protection in Poyang Lake, China Using a Social-Ecological System (SES) Framework Ji Feng 1, Zheng Zhao 2, Yali Wen 1,* and Yilei Hou 1,* 1 College of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; [email protected] 2 College of Tourism, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (Y.W.); [email protected] (Y.H.) Abstract: Wetlands are unique ecosystems formed by the interaction between land and water on Earth. Poyang Lake, which is a part of China’s largest freshwater lake wetland, is well known for its ecological and economic importance. This study uses a social-ecological system (SES) framework that integrates watershed and human activities; we used action scenarios to analyse the influencing factors, solutions, and feedback mechanisms involved in the SES framework. We chose Nanchang, Jiujiang, and Shangrao in the Poyang Lake wetlands of the Jiangxi province as the study areas to provide a problem-oriented analytical strategy for the organic interface between ecological conservation and green development. The key issues indicate that the Poyang Lake region faces multiple problems, such as ecosystem structural changes and environmental pollution, caused by anthropological Citation: Feng, J.; Zhao, Z.; Wen, Y.; activities, inefficient implementation of conservation policies, and insufficient funding for pollution Hou, Y. Organically Linking Green prevention and control. Our findings provide a systematic solution for major conservation and Development and Ecological development issues in the Poyang Lake region and are adapted to the characteristics of the lake. We Environment Protection in Poyang also provide a theoretical reference and direction for the implementation of green development and Lake, China Using a Social-Ecological System (SES) Framework. Int. J. modernisation of ecological governance in the Great Lakes basin in China. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2572. https://doi.org/10.3390/ Keywords: social-ecological system framework; Poyang Lake area; wetland ecosystem; green development ijerph18052572 Academic Editors: Nick Voulvoulis and Peter Goethals 1. Introduction Ecological and environmental problems are becoming increasingly prominent world- Received: 11 December 2020 wide, posing a serious threat to the sustainable development of human society. Protection Accepted: 26 February 2021 of the ecological environment has not only become an urgent social need but a common Published: 4 March 2021 challenge and everyone’s responsibility. In 1972, the Human Environment Declaration, which was adopted by the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, became Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral the policy of action for the ecological and environmental protection in several countries. with regard to jurisdictional claims in In this conference, for the first time, environmental problems were considered a global published maps and institutional affil- problem. The search for solutions to environmental pollution problems related to industrial iations. production has become the core of green development. In 2008, the United Nations urged countries around the world to actively implement the “Green Economy” and “Green New Deal”. In 2015, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030 were launched, forming the basic framework for a total of 17 goals. Protecting, restoring, and Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. promoting the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems are key elements of SDGs 15—the Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. service functions of the ecosystem and its sustainability have always been emphasised and This article is an open access article valued. The connotation of green development ideas is constantly evolving and improving. distributed under the terms and China is also facing serious ecological challenges that may hinder its future develop- conditions of the Creative Commons ment. China’s ecological function and fragile ecological zones mostly overlap with less Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ developed regions, and they have a prominent ecological safety barrier function [1]. At 4.0/). the same time, these areas impose restrictions on the use of natural resources, which is Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2572. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052572 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2572 2 of 23 an important cause of the conflict between conservation and development. In addition, the Chinese government has made a commitment to the SDGs by organically integrat- ing the sustainable development agenda with China’s national medium and long-term development plan and have set out details and programmes for specific goals. Therefore, in the context of the 2030 sustainable development goals, it is very relevant to study the relationship between ecological protection and green development. Poyang Lake provides a good case study for the research. At present, Poyang Lake is facing the same “development paradox” dilemma as other developing countries in the world; the ecological environment and fluctuation of ecological laws have been critically damaged in the process of economic development and income growth [2] and are troubled by the serious contradiction between protection and development. In terms of economic devel- opment, continuous population growth and irrational economic development patterns have exacerbated the degradation of the wetland ecosystem. In terms of ecological envi- ronment, the lack of policies related to wetland protection has caused frequent occurrences of tragedy of the commons in the Poyang Lake area. Poyang Lake is undergoing a pe- riod of overlapping and advancing economic development and ecological protection and converging history [3]. Therefore, realising the organic link between green development and ecological environmental protection in the Poyang Lake region has become an urgent and significant problem in reversing the decline of the ecosystem service function in the Yangtze River basin. This is also crucial for helping the ecologically fragile area of Poyang Lake to deal with its ecological management crisis and to realise the coordination between environmental protection and economic development. We reviewed previous studies extensively and found that scholars have analysed the connotation of green development from the perspective of the relationship between the natural environment and human, social, and economic development. Charest analysed the relationship between green development and water resources, human health, and economic development during the study of the Canadian Green Plan and reported that a connotation of green development is the coordination of natural environment and human activities [4]. There are also several scholars who directly studied the embodiment of green develop- ment in the economy, expanded the connotation of green development concept from the perspective of the green economy, and analysed the connotation and mechanism of green economy from the perspective of environmentalism. “Green” is the symbol of healthy development of the environment and a green economy is the product of environmental protection. When discussing the development path of the green economy, many scholars have analysed the operating mechanism and internal requirements of the green economy and interpreted the characteristics of changes in economic development from red to green environmental management policies [5–7]. In addition, scholars have also analysed the basic characteristics and developmental requirements of the green industrial revolution and discussed the institutional thinking about the green economy; they have studied the impact of the green economic structure on the world using specific countries as examples and the relationship between green economy and smart growth under neoliberalism [8–10]. In the field of wetland conservation, in recent years, researchers have focused more on enhancing sustainable watershed management by developing policies to implement eco- logical restoration, assessing the impacts of conservation projects on wetland ecosystems using a conceptual model to define socio-economic vulnerability, and considering different stakeholder perspectives to enhance sustainable watershed management [11–15]. This pro- vides an opportunity for organisations such as the Society of Wetland Scientists to raise the profile of wetlands and to initiate a discussion on how to respond to and change direction of the destructive development trajectory that led to wetland loss and degradation [16]. Additionally, the field of social sciences has begun to focus on ideological connotations, policy design, and adaptive governance to achieve green development of regional complex ecosystems. For example, scholars compared the differences and relationships between green and sustainable development and analysed the function and mechanism of green development. They believe that green development is the effective unity of the economic, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2572 3 of 23 social, and natural systems. This type of development proposition not only satisfies people’s material and cultural needs but also their ecological and environmental needs, and it goes beyond the proposition of sustainable development