READS Training and Reference Manual 4
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Access Control
Security Engineering: A Guide to Building Dependable Distributed Systems CHAPTER 4 Access Control Going all the way back to early time-sharing systems, we systems people regarded the users, and any code they wrote, as the mortal enemies of us and each other. We were like the police force in a violent slum. —ROGER NEEDHAM Microsoft could have incorporated effective security measures as standard, but good sense prevailed. Security systems have a nasty habit of backfiring, and there is no doubt they would cause enormous problems. —RICK MAYBURY 4.1 Introduction Access control is the traditional center of gravity of computer security. It is where se- curity engineering meets computer science. Its function is to control which principals (persons, processes, machines, . .) have access to which resources in the sys- tem—which files they can read, which programs they can execute, how they share data with other principals, and so on. NOTE This chapter necessarily assumes more computer science background than previous chapters, but I try to keep it to a minimum. 51 Chapter 4: Access Controls Figure 4.1 Access controls at different levels in a system. Access control works at a number of levels, as shown in Figure 4.1, and described in the following: 1. The access control mechanisms, which the user sees at the application level, may express a very rich and complex security policy. A modern online busi- ness could assign staff to one of dozens of different roles, each of which could initiate some subset of several hundred possible transactions in the system. Some of these (such as credit card transactions with customers) might require online authorization from a third party while others (such as refunds) might require dual control. -
Caveat Venditor: Technologically Protected Subsidized Goods and the Customers Who Hack Them Christopher Soghoian
Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property Volume 6 Article 3 Issue 1 Fall Fall 2007 Caveat Venditor: Technologically Protected Subsidized Goods and the Customers Who Hack Them Christopher Soghoian Recommended Citation Christopher Soghoian, Caveat Venditor: Technologically Protected Subsidized Goods and the Customers Who Hack Them, 6 Nw. J. Tech. & Intell. Prop. 46 (2007). https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njtip/vol6/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern Pritzker School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property by an authorized editor of Northwestern Pritzker School of Law Scholarly Commons. NORTHWESTERN JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Caveat Venditor: Technologically Protected Subsidized Goods and the Customers Who Hack Them Christopher Soghoian Fall 2007 VOL. 6, NO. 1 © 2007 by Northwestern University School of Law Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property Copyright 2007 by Northwestern University School of Law Volume 6, Number 1 (Fall 2007) Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property Caveat Venditor: Technologically Protected Subsidized Goods and the Customers Who Hack Them By Christopher Soghoian* I. INTRODUCTION ¶1 This paper focuses on the subsidization of a technology-based durable good.1 It goes on to discuss the delicate dance between the producer trying to protect its profit, competitors trying to create and sell aftermarket goods,2 and those innovative customers who use the items in completely unplanned and unprofitable ways. ¶2 An age old, but increasingly popular business model involves the subsidization of a proprietary durable good by a manufacturer, such that the good is sold below cost.3 Due to careful design, technological, and legal restrictions, the producer creates a primary product that is only compatible with its own aftermarket goods. -
The Basic Economics of Internet Infrastructure
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 34, Number 2—Spring 2020—Pages 192–214 The Basic Economics of Internet Infrastructure Shane Greenstein his internet barely existed in a commercial sense 25 years ago. In the mid- 1990s, when the data packets travelled to users over dial-up, the main internet T traffic consisted of email, file transfer, and a few web applications. For such content, users typically could tolerate delays. Of course, the internet today is a vast and interconnected system of software applications and computing devices, which society uses to exchange information and services to support business, shopping, and leisure. Not only does data traffic for streaming, video, and gaming applications comprise the majority of traffic for internet service providers and reach users primarily through broadband lines, but typically those users would not tolerate delays in these applica- tions (for usage statistics, see Nevo, Turner, and Williams 2016; McManus et al. 2018; Huston 2017). In recent years, the rise of smartphones and Wi-Fi access has supported growth of an enormous range of new businesses in the “sharing economy” (like, Uber, Lyft, and Airbnb), in mobile information services (like, social media, ticketing, and messaging), and in many other applications. More than 80 percent of US households own at least one smartphone, rising from virtually zero in 2007 (available at the Pew Research Center 2019 Mobile Fact Sheet). More than 86 percent of homes with access to broadband internet employ some form of Wi-Fi for accessing applications (Internet and Television Association 2018). It seems likely that standard procedures for GDP accounting underestimate the output of the internet, including the output affiliated with “free” goods and the restructuring of economic activity wrought by changes in the composition of firms who use advertising (for discussion, see Nakamura, Samuels, and Soloveichik ■ Shane Greenstein is the Martin Marshall Professor of Business Administration, Harvard Business School, Boston, Massachusetts. -
Part 1: Practical Time Management Strategies. Tyler Hoffman // Digital Solutions Consultant the Vision
Part 1: Practical Time Management Strategies. Tyler Hoffman // Digital Solutions Consultant The Vision. 2 The Vision: Essentialism. 3 The Vision: Essentialism. Removing “non-essentials”… • Non-essential tasks • Non-essential engagements • Non-essential information …to focus on what is essential: • “What can I and only I do, that if done well, will make a real difference?” 4 The Plan: Big Rocks First. 5 The Plan: Eat that Frog. Plan, Prioritize and Complete your most essential tasks first. “There is never enough time to do everything, but there is always enough time to do the most important thing. ” 6 The Tools. 7 Eat that Frog: Upgrade Your Key Skills “With practice , you can learn any behavior or develop any habit that you consider either desirable or necessary.” 8 Lynda.com Online, Self-Paced Learning • Video-based online learning for hundreds of topics • Free for CWRU faculty • Available for computer, smartphone and tablet → case.edu/utech/lynda 9 Unlocking CWRU Account. • help.case.edu à reset forgotten password • IT Service Desk à 216.368.HELP (4357) 10 Grammarly Improve Grammar and Spelling • Browser plug-in for checking grammar and spelling online • Improves document and email proofreading in Microsoft Office • Basic account is free → grammarly.com → Lynda.com training video 11 Grammarly Check Grammar and Spelling Online 12 Eat that Frog: Plan Every Day in Advance “The most sophisticated Outlook system , computer app, or time planner is based on the same principle . It is based on your sitting down and making a list of everything you have to do before you begin.” 13 Wunderlist Create a Better To-Do List • Create lists of tasks that sync across all of your devices • Set reminders and due dates • Create sub-tasks • Invite collaborators • “Add to Calendar” feature → wunderlist.com → Lynda.com training video 14 Wunderlist Create a Better To-Do List 15 Eat that Frog: Use the ABCDE Method A A task that will yield very positive or negative results if you fail to do it. -
Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme
Juan Garbajosa · Xiaofeng Wang Ademar Aguiar (Eds.) Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming LNBIP 314 19th International Conference, XP 2018 Porto, Portugal, May 21–25, 2018 Proceedings Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing 314 Series Editors Wil M. P. van der Aalst RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany John Mylopoulos University of Trento, Trento, Italy Michael Rosemann Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Michael J. Shaw University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA Clemens Szyperski Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7911 Juan Garbajosa • Xiaofeng Wang Ademar Aguiar (Eds.) Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming 19th International Conference, XP 2018 Porto, Portugal, May 21–25, 2018 Proceedings Editors Juan Garbajosa Ademar Aguiar Technical University of Madrid University of Porto Madrid, Madrid Porto Spain Portugal Xiaofeng Wang Free University of Bozen-Bolzano Bolzano Italy ISSN 1865-1348 ISSN 1865-1356 (electronic) Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing ISBN 978-3-319-91601-9 ISBN 978-3-319-91602-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91602-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018944291 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. -
Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554
Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) Implementation of Section 304 of the ) CS Docket No. 97-80 Telecommunications Act of 1996 ) ) Commercial Availability of Navigation Devices ) ) Compatibility Between Cable Systems and ) PS Docket No. 00-67 Consumer Electronics Equipment ) COMMENTS OF MICROSOFT CORPORATION Gerard J. Waldron Jodi M. Steiger Covington & Burling LLP 1201 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20004 (202) 662-6000 Its Counsel August 24, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION & SUMMARY ……………………………………………………………..1 I. MICROSOFT SUPPORTS THE GOALS OF SECTION 629 FOR ALL MVPDs........ 3 A. Rules Should Include the Personal Computer ............................................................... 4 B. Rules Should Attempt to Achieve Economic Viability for all Interested Parties ....... 5 II. THE COMMISSION’S RULES SHOULD PROMOTE RETAIL AVAILABILITY OF DEVICES BY PROMOTING NETWORK COMPETITION AND TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE TECHNOLOGY BEING USED BY DIFFERENT MVPDs............................................................................................................................... 6 A. Network Competition Promotes Retail Availability...................................................... 6 B. The Commission’s Cable-Centric Navigation Device Rules Should Not Be Applied to Non-Cable MVPDs ....................................................................................................... 7 C. The CEA and NCTA Proposals Under Consideration Should Not Be Applied to IPTV................................................................................................................................ -
Sega Was Important in the IP-In-Interfaces Odyssey for at Least
Draft as of August 21, 2008 Please do not cite, copy, or distribute without the author’s permission. Are Patents on Interfaces Impeding Interoperability? by Pamela Samuelson* Abstract: Many patents have issued for communications protocols and other interface designs for information and communications technologies (ICT). Commentators and policymakers have frequently expressed concern about the exclusionary potency of interface patents because they can confer on patentees power to block interoperability in socially harmful ways. This Article considers numerous policy options that have been proposed to respond to the dangers posed by interface patents, including exclusions of interfaces from patent protection, immunization of use of patented interfaces if necessary to achieve interoperability, withholding injunctive relief for infringement of interface patents, and treating refusals to license interface patents as abuses of intellectual property rights or violations of competition or antitrust laws. The Article observes that a great deal of interoperability is occurring notwithstanding the existence of interface patents, in part because private consortia have adopted policies in support of interoperability and in part because owners of such patents often have incentives to license them to facilitate interoperability. There is as yet insufficient evidence that interface patents are such serious impediments to interoperability as to justify adoption of strong measures, such as their exclusion from patent protection. INTRODUCTION Interoperability among information and communications technologies (ICT) is widely praised for promoting socially desirable goals, including fostering competition and innovation, enhancing consumer satisfaction, and promoting economic growth.1 ICT interoperability means “the ability to transfer and render useful data and other information across systems, applications, or components.”2 To achieve interoperability, firms must have access to and be able to use the precise information that defines the * Richard M. -
Wintel: Cooperation Or Conflict
#05-083 Wintel: Cooperation or Conflict Ramon Casadesus-Masanell David B. Yoffie Copyright © 2005 Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Wintel: Cooperation or Conflict∗ Ramon Casadesus-Masanell† David B. Yoffie‡ April 13, 2005 Abstract We study the incentives of complementors (producers of complementary products) to cooperate vs. compete and how these interact. In a system of complements, like the PC, the value of the final product depends on how well the different components work together. This, in turn, depends on the firms’ investment in complementary R&D. We ask whether profit maximizing complementors will fully cooperate to make the final product as valuable as possible. Contrary to the popular view that two tight complements will generally have well aligned incentives, we demonstrate that natural conflicts emerge over pricing, the timing of investments, and who captures the greatest value at different phases of product generations. Preliminary draft ∗We thank Vicente Salas Fumás, Michal Pozarzycki, Ana Sotelo, and seminar participants at IESE’s ‘Brown Bag’ series for helpful comments. †Harvard Business School and IESE Business School ‡Harvard Business School 1 1 Introduction Intel and Microsoft are perhaps the best known pair of complementary firms in the world. More than 80% of the personal computers worldwide ship with an Intel microprocessor running Microsoft’s Windows operating system. Since 1980, when IBM chose both Intel and Microsoft as the core components of the first IBM PC, Intel and Microsoft have been joined at the hip. -
Beyond Fair Use: the Right to Contract Around Copyright Protection of Reverse Engineering in the Software Industry
Copyright © 2006, Chicago-Kent Journal of Intellectual Property BEYOND FAIR USE: THE RIGHT TO CONTRACT AROUND COPYRIGHT PROTECTION OF REVERSE ENGINEERING IN THE SOFTWARE INDUSTRY David N. Pruitt* Introduction The law should promote technological innovation in the computer software industry, but not at the cost of prohibiting private parties from entering into freely negotiated agreements for the proper handling of their intellectual property. This Note's position is that federal copyright law is not intended to prohibit private parties from freely negotiating the way privately owned intellectual property may be used in a licensing agreement, if the terms are not unconscionable and do not violate the antitrust laws. Specifically, the focus of this Note is on common software licensing terms that prohibit licensees from engaging in a process known as reverse engineering. To the extent that the innovation in the software industry is harmed by such restrictive provisions, a free-market approach that allows parties to freely enter into licensing agreements will rely on new software providers to inevitably enter the market and provide more favorable licensing terms if they can do so at a price that the market will bear. Reverse engineering is an important process used by computer programmers to build new software that is compatible with existing software. Although the process involves making copies of copyright-protected computer software, it falls under the Copyright Act's "fair use" exception.' The recently enacted Digital Millennium Copyright Act, which prohibits circumventing technological measures designed to protect access to a copyright-protected work, provides an exception for the limited purpose of reverse engineering to achieve compatibility between software products. -
What Is Blended Learning?
Horn flast1.tex V3 - 09/15/2014 10:43am Page xiv Horn f00.tex V3 - 09/15/2014 6:03pm Page i More Praise for Blended ‘‘The interest in leveraging technology in schools is growing at a rapid pace. That means district leadership is critical in order to harness these innovative tools as effectively as possible. This book provides superintendents with a blueprint to ensure that blending learning boosts student achievement.’’ —Daniel A. Domenech, executive director, American Association of School Administrators ‘‘Blended not only describes what various blended learning models look like, it carefully lays out a blueprint that school administrators, teachers, and parents can use to make blended learning a reality in their schools. As Horn and Staker clearly state in this book, what we need more than anything in education today is a culture of iteration and innovation to think through and take advantage of this dynamic shift in potential learning models. This important book is a tremendous resource for anyone who wants to take on the significant change we need to make in education. I am going to make sure everyone on my team reads it from cover to cover. Highly recommended!’’ —Jaime Casap, global education evangelist, Google ‘‘Our schools need to improve, and technology, if used smartly, can help them do that. This book, building on the authors’ previous groundbreaking work in Disrupting Class, provides a step-by-step guide for how to do blended learning right. It is a must-read for school officials and educators who want to get good results for their students.’’ —Joel Klein, CEO, Amplify; former chancellor, New York City Department of Education ‘‘This book takes the innovative work in Disrupting Class to the next level. -
“Competition Policy for Computer Software Markets”
1 “Competition Policy for Computer Software Markets” Abstract Against the backdrop of the ongoing Microsoft antitrust litigation, this paper examines issues of competition policy for computer software markets. US antitrust law provides the main focus, but occasional parallels are drawn with the EU competition regime. A “dynamic compatibility regime” is proposed. This involves a recognition that various restrictions (e.g. the exclusionary rules of a joint venture, or strong intellectual property protection) work to provide the initial safeguards or incentives necessary to encourage firms to engage in winner-takes-all “standards races”. Once a standard is established, however, the argument for such restrictions becomes far less convincing. Competition policy should recognise that quality access to the technical information underlying an established standard is likely to be indispensable for effective, ongoing competition in related markets. Where this is the case, the policy goal should be to encourage interoperability (i.e. compatibility between products which are complements to the standard) by compelling access to that information. Part One begins by considering the policy goal of “maximising consumer welfare” within the context of computer software markets. There follows an analysis of the economics of network industries in general and software markets in particular. The nature of competition in software markets is examined; this leads to the conclusion that policy should encourage compatibility. The network effects analysed in Part One dictate that few firms can individually develop and advance a new standard: collective efforts are common within the computer industry. Part Two considers the antitrust treatment of collective standard-setting within network industries in general, making the relatively uncontroversial argument that a dynamic compatibility regime is appropriate. -
Schumpeterian Competition Within Computing Markets and Organizational Diseconomies of Scope
Schumpeterian competition within computing markets and organizational diseconomies of scope. Timothy Bresnahan, Shane Greenstein, Rebecca Henderson1 Abstract: We address a longstanding question about the causes behind creative destruction. Incumbent dominant firms, long successful in an existing technology, are often much less successful in a new technological era. We argue that organizational diseconomies of scope between new and old businesses help explain the pattern of unsuccessful dominant firms in the two historical cases. We examine two of the most important historical episodes in computing markets, respectively, the introduction of the PC and the browser. We examine the internal organization of two contemporaneously leading computing firms, IBM and Microsoft. Each firm, having been an extremely successful marketer of an old technology, came to have grave difficulties running an organization which could effectively market in both the old and the new technologies. Our analysis locates the problem that each had firmly in the marketing or commercialization of new technologies. It was in the area of the greatest strength of these firms, not in any area of weakness, that the organizational diseconomies of scope arose. 1 We are all affiliated with the NBER and also with, respectively, Department of Economics, Stanford University; Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University; and Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. We thank Bill Aspray, James Cortada, Robert Gibbons, Brent Goldfarb, Tom Haigh, Bill Lowe, Cary Sherburne, Kristina Steffensen McElheran, Alicia Shems, Ben Slivka, Scott Stern, Catherine Tucker and many seminar audiences for comments. We are responsible for any errors. Organizational diseconomies of scope I. Introduction Schumpeterian “waves of creative destruction” are periodic bursts of innovative activity that threaten to overwhelm established dominant firms.