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Impacts of Human-Caused Fires on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning, and Their Causes in Tropical, Temperate

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Impacts of Human-Caused Fires on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning, and Their Causes in Tropical, Temperate Secretariat CBD Technical Series No. of the Convention on Biological Diversity IMPACTS OF HUMAN-CAUSED FIRES ON BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING, AND THEIR CAUSES IN TROPICAL, TEMPERATE AND BOREAL FOREST BIOMES 5 Impacts of human-caused fires on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and their causes in tropical, temperate and boreal forest biomes November 2001 Impacts of human-caused fires on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning Published by the Secretariat of the Convention Citation on Biological Diversity ISBN: 92-807-2112-7 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2001). Impacts of human-caused fires Copyright © 2001, Secretariat of the on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and Convention on Biological Diversity their causes in tropical, temperate and boreal forest biomes. Montreal, SCBD, 42p. (CBD The designations employed and the presentation Technical Series no. 5). of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity concerning the legal status of For further information, please contact: any country, territory, city or area or of its Secretariat of the Convention authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its on Biological Diversity frontiers or boundaries. World Trade Centre 393 St. Jacques Street, suite 300 The views reported in this publication do not Montréal, Québec, Canada H2Y 1N9 necessarily represent those of the Convention on Phone: 1 (514) 288 2220 Biological Diversity nor those of the reviewers. Fax: 1 (514) 288 6588 E-mail: [email protected] This publication may be reproduced for educa- Website: http://www.biodiv.org tional or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holders, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The Secretariat of the Convention would appreciate receiving a copy of any publications that uses this document as a source. i Impacts of human-caused fires on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning Foreword The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), The Technical Publications Series is intended to: negotiated under the auspices of the United • Foster scientific and technical cooperation; Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), was • Improve communication between the adopted in 1992 and entered into force in 1993. Convention and the scientific community; Its aims are the conservation of biological diver- • Increase awareness of current biodiversity- sity, the sustainable use of biological resources, related problems and concerns; and and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits • Facilitate widespread and effective use of arising from the use of genetic resources. One of the growing body of scientific and technical the major challenges facing the Convention on information on conserving and using bio- Biological Diversity is the communication of logical diversity. research results in a way that provides the policy makers, their advisors, the scientific community The CBD Technical Publications Series comes at and other stakeholders with helpful insights. a time when the international community through the Conference of the Parties to the Major factors leading to biodiversity loss are Convention has committed itself to achieving habitat loss and degradation, invasive alien tangible results in all aspects of the sustainable species, overuse of resources and pollution. Due management of biological diversity for social to the complexity of these factors, various and economic purposes. We therefore believe approaches and strategies are being used to that this series will be useful to the broader sci- reduce biodiversity loss. All, however, require the entific community and those concerned with best available scientific information that allows biodiversity management. the development and implementation of sound management strategies. I am very pleased to make available to the scientif- ic community and those actively involved in biodi- The goal of the CBD Technical Publications versity management the fifth publication in the Series is to contribute to the dissemination of CBD Technical Series, addressing the impacts of up-to-date and accurate information on selected human-caused fires on biodiversity and ecosystem topics that are important for the conservation of functioning, and their causes in tropical, temperate biological diversity, the sustainable use of its and boreal forest biomes. It is my hope that this components and the equitable sharing of its ben- publication will broaden our understanding of the efits. A large and growing body of evidence has complexity of the issue and at the same time facil- clearly established the need to disseminate syn- itate the implementation of remedial measures to thesis publications relevant to CBD objectives reduce or halt biodiversity loss. and selected reports presented at CBD meetings. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have contributed in one-way or another in the preparation and production of this series. Hamdallah Zedan Executive Secretary ii Impacts of human-caused fires on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning Acknowledgements The paper was commissioned by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological and prepared by the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). It was then peer reviewed externally. It was also posted on the website of the Convention for comments by the scientific community at large. The Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity wishes to acknowledge the consultants who prepared the final draft of the document: Rona Dennis (CIFOR), Erik Meijaard (Australian National University), Grahame Applegate (CIFOR), Robert Nasi (CIFOR) and Peter Moore (WWF-IUCN). The Secretariat expresses its gratitude to the following individu- als and organizations for their review and com- ments: Amha bin Buang (ITTO), Johann G. Goldammer (Global Fire Monitoring Center), John Herity and the Canadian Forestry Service, Gareth Rees and his Australian colleagues. Hamdallah Zedan Executive Secretary iii Impacts of human-caused fires on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning Impacts of human-caused fires on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and their causes in tropical, temperate and boreal forest biomes Note by the Executive Secretary Executive summary The problems and negative impacts associated with large-scale uncontrolled forest fires have increased worldwide over the past two decades. By far the worst forest fires, in terms of burnt area, in recent times occurred in 1997-98. Estimates suggested that fires adversely impacted as much as 20 million hectares of forest worldwide. Despite the devastating picture evoked by media reports and the Internet in recent years, it is important to remember that fire is a vital and natural part of some forest ecosystems, and that humans have used fire for thousands of years as a land management tool. Similarly, the El Niño climate event that is often blamed for creating the drought conditions necessary for such large-scale fires is not a new phenomenon. However, in the latter part of the 20th century, changes in the man-fire dynamic and an increase in El Niño frequency, have led to a situation where fires are now a major threat to many forests and their biodiversity therein. Tropical rain forests, in particular, which were once thought to be resistant to fires, are now experienc- ing large-scale fires due to unsustainable management practices. Temperate forests in the United States in which fire was deliberately suppressed for management and political reasons are now experiencing devastating wildfires due to an unnatural accumulation of fuel. Due to political and economic crises, boreal forests of Russia are experiencing some of the worst fires in decades. Despite the sharp media focus, the position on international agendas and the many donor funded devel- opment and research projects, forest fires continue to be a problem in many countries. In addition, sur- prisingly little attention has been paid to the impact of fires on forest ecosystems and biodiversity. Out of the 36 fire projects carried out or ongoing in Indonesia, a country of great biological diversity, between 1983 and 1998, only one addressed biodiversity. However, the research community has faired slightly bet- ter, although few long-term studies exist outside North America. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) provides an adequate framework to address the negative impacts of human-induced fires on tropical, temperate, and boreal forest biological diversity: • To achieve a reliable and operational system for national, regional and global forest fire monitoring and reporting to facilitate amelioration strategies (CBD Articles 5, 7, 17 and 18); • To protect ecosystems vulnerable to forest fires and that are critically important for conservation at the national and global level, such as biodiversity hot spots and protected areas (CBD Article 8); • To promote ecologically sustainable forest management, including environmentally sound expan- sion of plantations, elimination of illegal logging, and improvement of timber harvesting practices that reduce organic debris, and thus minimise unwanted fires (CBD Articles 11 and 12); • To rehabilitate and restore degraded or burned forest lands (CBD Articles 8 and 10); • To identify the processes and impacts of fires in vulnerable and globally significant ecosystems including tropical and boreal peat-land systems, and tropical woodlands (CBD Article 7); • To train, educate and enhance public
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