DOCONINT 2114041 ID 096 156 95 $2 014 194 AUTHOR Rocchio, Richard; Lee, Eve TITLP Planning for Environmental Education: The Naticnos Experience 1970-73. INSTITUTION Center for Research and Education, Denver, Colo. SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (DREW), Washington, D.C. PUB DATE Dec 73 NOTE 258p. EDRS PRICE HP-$0.75 HC-$12.60 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS *Curriculum Design; Curriculum Development; Curriculum Guides; *Environmental education; Planning; *Program Design; *Program Development; Program Evaluation; State Surveys; *Statewide Planning ABSTRACT This document addresses itself to designing and conducting the various aspects of planning a comprehensive environmental education program. The intent is to provide a methodology to be used as a guide for those responsible for developing statewide environmental education programs. Among the various components are background information on the growth of the concept of environmental education, previous planning efforts, controversial issues regarding environmental education planning, an illustrative model of the planning process which includes assessment considerations and techniques for determining goals and objectives of both the planning process and the resulting program, strategies for suPcessful planning end/or implementation, suggestions for developing a system of evaluation, and a summary statewent ofthe new directions of various environmental programs. The appendixes provide specific examples of information guidelines for state plan proposals, names and addresses for state planning contacts, and a variety of references thought to be useful to a potential planner. (NLB) P LANNING F 0 R E NVIRONMENTAL E DUCATION: THE NATION'S EXPERIENCE 1970-73 U 6 DEPARTMENT Or HEALTH. EDUCATION A WILPARO NATIONAL INSTITUTC OF EDUCATION THIS Fx"HPARNT HAS BEEN REPRO rucF0 ^"sCTLV M RPCF.Ivr0 FROM tHr PPPS^N OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN AT!tin IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS iiATFn DO NOT NECFSSARILY REPIRh SrNT OFFICIAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDuCATION POS. HON OR POLICY by Richard Rocchio and Eve Lee J too December 1973 Q.1 2010 C. 17TN AVENUE ^ DENVER. COLORADO 11011011.... oreCENTER FOR RESEARCH AND EDUCATION ____ PHONE (303) 31111.4311 CARLE: CREDEN The work leading to the preparation of this documentwas performed pursuant to two grants from the U. S. Office of Education, Department of Health, Education and Welfare. However, the opinions expressed herein do not neces- sarily reflect the position or the policy of the U.S. Office of Education and no official endorsement by the U. S. Office of Education should be inferred. ii TABLE OP CONTENTS Pie Preface V PART I - BACKGROUND Chapter 1 State Planning for Environmental Education Environmental Education Act of 1970 3 Office of Environmental Education 4 State Planning Efforts Prior to the Act 7 Summary of the Situation Today 8 2 Definitions and Meaning Based on Assumptions of Philosophy 15 PART II - PRE-PLANNING 3 Controversial Issues re Environmental Education Planning 23 PART III - THE PLANNING PROCESS 4 A Goal-Referenced Model 34 5 Assessment -- where are we now? 39 6 Goals and Objectives -- Where do we want to be? 43 7 Strategies -- How do we get there? 47 8 Evaluation -- How do we know if we're achieving our goals? 53 PART IV - MAKING IT HAPPEN 9 operating Decisions 57 Participative versus Elite Approach 58 Planning and/or Implementation 62 10 Situation Assessment The Planning Climate 65 Taking Invehtory of Problei J, Needs, and Resources 65 it Goals and Objectives Goals of the Planning Process 69 Program Goals Resulting from Planning Ef2orts 71 12 Strategies for Achieving the Goals Identifying Constraints 73 Methods to Overcome the Constraints 75 Environmental Education Programs and Activities 77 Implementation as a Parallel Activity with Planning 80 Organizational Structure 81 13 The Master Plan Document 85 14 Implementation of tho Plan 89 Roles and Responsibilities 90 Getting Educational Activities Under Way 91 15 Evaluating the Effectiveness of a State Plan 95 PART V - WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE? 16 An Assessment of the Present State of the Art and Directions for the Future 103 iii APPENDICES A. USOE/EE Guidelines for State Plan Proposals 113 B. State Plan Summaries 123 Alabama 125 Alaska 127 California 120 Colorado 133 Connecticut 137 Delaware 139 Florida 141 Hawaii 145 Maryland 147 Massachusetts 149 Michigar 151 Minnesotr 155 New Jersey 159 New York 163 North Carolina 167 Ohio 171 Oregon 173 Tennessee 177 Texas' 183 Washington 185 Wisconsin 187 Names and Addresses for State Planning Contacts 189 C. Questionnaire and Summary of Replies 195 D. Arjeno4 for National Conference on State Planning 219 Roster Gf Conference Participants 227 E. Definitions of Environmental Education 231 F. Unobtrusive Measurement 237 References on Evaluation and Measurement G. Forms and Format for Gathering Information about Needs, Resources and Services 241 H. Organizational schemes for Environmental Problems 263 I. Planning Goals 273 Program Goals 276 J. Force Field Analysic 279 Brainstorming 280 Creative Problem Solving 281 K. Technical Assistance 283 References on Training 289 References on Use of Mass Media 291 iv Preface In the second year of the Environmental Education Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-516), the U. S. Office of Education (USCE) designated Colorado's statewide planning program a national demonstration project because of the participative nature of its approach. As a result, a grant was awarded to the Center for Research and Education (CRE), acting for a Colorado citizen advisory group, to provide technical assistance to other states in their planning efforts. /n rendering technical assistance, members of the Center for Research and Education staff made consultative visits to five states, the District of Columbia and the Tennessee Valley Authority. Planners from four states visited Colorado for consultation. Technical assistance was also provided to people from 36 states through in-service training sessions conducted at five regional conferences. Finally, two years of telephone conversations and correspondence provided contact with countless individuals around the country. This document will attempt to achieve two manor purposes. It became increasingly apparent that people needed some written mate- rials as a guide in designing and conducting various aspects of a compre- hensive planning effort. The need was especially critical in view o! the fact that in the vast majority of cases the people responsible for statewide master planning were not planners by training or experience. While there is a great deal of written material. it was clear that to be useful to the planning generalist such material must be practical while addressing itself to the special conditions of comprehensive planning for something as intangible as social services. It should provide examples as well as access to a variety of additional information. No should such material be limited to one approach, but rather include the planning expe- rience of people with a variety of interests and backgrounds. This document is our attempt to meet these needs. The second purpose is to record the experience of those states that undertook to develop a master plan for environmental education. It is hoped that this appraisal will be of some assistance to USUE's Office of Environ- mental Education in its efforts to evaluate the costs and benefits and the impact of these planning endeavors. It is hoped that this document will also make a contribution to the attempt to define environmental education and to determine what some of the future directions in this field should be. The book is divided into five major sections. If you want to gain a general, overall perspective on environmental education planning, you prob- ably should read each chapter as it appears. If you have been closely in- volved in the planning process and your present interest is more narrowly focused, you may want to skip some of the background and read specific chapters. Part I provides some background information whichwe believe will be helpful in putting the rest of the book intoproper context. It includes a discussion of the legislation enacted as a result of the national priority placed on environmental education anda glossary of terms which will be used throughout the report. Part II presents some controversial issues to be consideredin making the decision whether or not to launcha state planning effort. Part III describes the systematic planningprocess which we are using as the framework to discuss all the implications of environmental education planning. It deals with what we do and wht. Part IV concentrates on how to move through the steps of the planningprocess. Part V attempts to evaluate how far we've comeas a result of the planning effort during the past several years-- and to speculate on how to advance the state of the arc. Much of the information presented herewas gathered during the tech- nical assistance experience just iescribed. In an attempt to bring some synthesis to the effort and to add some objectivity, fourother activities were undertaken specifically to help us in preparing this book. A questionnaire was circulated to planners in 42 statesaround the nation asking them to share their experience. This was followed by a national conference in Estes Park, Colorado in May of 1973 where plannersfrom 20 states and 10 members of the National Advisory Council produceda volume of information which is incorporated here as well. A number of grant arpli- cation proposals for state planning and 21 Master Plan documentshave been reviewed. Finally, key sections of the draft of this reportwere circulated among a representative group of state planners for additional comments and insights. For the serious student who may be concerned about the research validity of this work, we want to make it clear from theoutset that this is not the report of a research study. It is largely the work of the authors in summarizing their own experience and in synthesizing the ideasprovided by scores of others. We wish to express here our sincere appreciation to all those whocon- tributed by providing us with information, and to the following people who gave as direct counsel concerning the contents of this book: Jon Wert, David Walker, B.