Limiti E Confini Del Diritto Di Asilo Nel Mediterraneo

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Limiti E Confini Del Diritto Di Asilo Nel Mediterraneo ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Limiti e confini del diritto di asilo nel Mediterraneo Etnografia di alcuni percorsi di fuga dalla Siria Facoltà di Scienze Politiche, Sociologia, Comunicazione Dottorato in “Sociologia e Scienze Sociali Applicate” Dipartimento di Scienze Sociali ed Economiche – DISSE - XIX ciclo In Cotutela con Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona – UAB Doctorado en Sociología – Departament de Sociología Candidata Chiara Denaro Direttore: Co-Direttrici: Enrico Pugliese Luisa Carlota Solé Puig Natalia Ribas Mateos Anno Accademico 2016/2017 Limiti e confini del diritto di asilo nello spazio mediterraneo. Etnografia di alcuni percorsi di fuga dalla Siria Limits and borders of the right to asylum in the Mediterranean space. Etnography of certain escape routes from Syria. Ad Amal e Sami Limits and borders of the right to asylum in the Mediterranean space. Ethnography of certain escape routes from Syria. Abstract: Using Syrian citizens’ flight to the MENA region and to Europe between 2013 and 2016 as the frame to this research, I reflect on the content of the right to asylum in three border zones of Southern Europe (Lesbos, Sicily and Melilla) in order to shed light on its variable contours. Starting by analysing the reconfiguration of the Mediterranean space post-2011, both as migration regime and political space, the research path focuses on the right to asylum issue by putting the question of access at the core: access to the territory of a supposedly safe country, access to the asylum procedure, and access to first reception. Moreover it examines the agency and voice of Syrian refugees during their journeys in order to promote a better understanding of certain inedited social phenomena in which they have been protagonists. The most relevant was the challenge to the prescriptions imposed by the Dublin Regulation, which took shape through various types of interaction with (old and new) stakeholders and, in some cases, through acts of resistance aimed at pursuing their journeys to Central and Northern European countries, generally imagined as their final destinations. Through a multi-sited ethnography and comparative approach the research attempts to explore the mechanisms through which refugees’ agency has developed and the main content of their voice by showing how they have been able to call certain social structures into question, such as those embodied by migration and border regimes. In refugees’ narratives concerning their journey towards and through Europe, their self-representation as human beings, who are entitled to specific fundamental rights, emerges as dominant and fosters an interpretation of their paths of agency and resistance as rational answers to the current emptying process of the right to asylum. In other words, their secondary movements appear as attempts to revitalize the right to asylum, by filling it with the best possible content. Indice 3 Indice delle Figure 7 Indice delle Tabelle Prefazione 8 Introduction 10 1. The reconfiguration of the Mediterranean space: migration routes, actors, policies 2. Right to asylum limits and borders: which content? 3. The Syrian refugee journey: towards and through Europe 4. A traditional expositive structure 5. Acknowledgements Capitolo I Percorsi di fuga dalla Siria, verso e attraverso l’Europa 29 1. Dalla rivoluzione alla guerra: una contro-narrazione 1.1. Sull’impossibilità di respirare: lo scoppio della rivoluzione siriana 1.2. La resistenza pacifica dei comitati locali e l’Esercito Siriano Libero 1.3. Riflessioni a margine delle narrazioni sulla “lotta al terrorismo” 2. Vie di uscita dalla Siria 2.1. L’evoluzione dei regimi confinari: “no legal route out of Syria” 2.2. Ricezione dei rifugiati nella regione del Medio Oriente e Nord Africa 2.2.1. La Turchia 2.2.2. L’Egitto 3. Verso quale Europa? 3.1. Il Sistema Comune Europeo di Asilo in tempi di crisi: realtà o finzione? 3.2. Europa come spazio sicuro: un assunto problematico Capitolo II Spazio Mediterraneo, diritto di asilo, agency dei rifugiati: un quadro teorico multidisciplinare 67 1. Spazio Mediterraneo: mobilità, confini, politiche in evoluzione 1.1. Mediterraneo come spazio, sistema, regime 1.2. Mobilità umane: quali categorie? 1.3. Rotte e corridoi: quali mutamenti? 1.4. Vite non degne di lutto: i morti nel Mediterraneo 1.5. Il confine Mediterraneo 2. Il diritto di asilo nei luoghi di frontiera: quale contenuto? 2.1. Accesso al territorio: non-refoulement e non perseguibilità dell’accesso irregolare 2.2. La compressione del regime giuridico dell’asilo: riflessione sul concetto di “paese sicuro” 2.3. Asilo come porta di accesso ad altri diritti: ipotesi di “svuotamento” 3. Rifugiati come protagonisti: agency, voice, e cittadinanza 3.1. Agency e nonmovimenti sociali: riflessioni sul concetto di “fuga” 3.2. Voci dei rifugiati 3.3. Atti di cittadinanza Capitolo III Etnografia di frontiera e mobilità di transito: quali sfide metodologiche? 97 1. Il disegno della ricerca 1.1. Protagonisti: rifugiati siriani verso l’Europa 1.2. Spazi: luoghi di frontiera mediterranei 1.3. Tempi: il triennio 2013-2016 2. Approccio etnografico combinato e multisituato 2.1. Osservazione e note di campo: diverse distanze 2.2. Interviste in profondità 2.3. Raccolta di materiale audiovisuale 3. Sfide metodologiche 3.1. Accesso al campo nelle mobilità di transito: osservazione continuativa di brevi permanenze 3.2. Il dilemma etico: affrontando vulnerabilità e trauma 3.3. Negoziazione dell’identità e “posizionamento” Capitolo IV La riconfigurazione dello spazio mediterraneo nel post-2011: mobilità, attori, politiche 118 1. Rifugiati siriani attraverso il Mediterraneo: rotte e corridoi migratori 1.1. Il corridoio centrale: “le rotte letali” dall’Egitto e dalla Libia 1.2. Il corridoio orientale: dalla Turchia alla Grecia, verso i Balcani 1.3. Il corridoio occidentale: attraverso le Enclaves di Ceuta e Melilla 1.4. Ipotesi sulla riconfigurazione delle rotte 2. Politiche di gestione dei flussi migratori via mare: una approssimazione storica 2.1. Bilanciando sorveglianza delle frontiere e diritti umani: la retorica militare- umanitaria 2.2. Esternalizzazione dell’asilo e gerarchizzazione dei rifugiati su base nazionale 2.3. Crisi come fenomeno trasversale: migrazioni, confini, protezione dei rifugiati 3. Elementi di riconfigurazione dello spazio (politico) mediterraneo 3.1. Moltiplicazione degli attori nelle operazioni SAR: Mediterraneo come “spazio transnazionale” 3.2. Giustapposizione di istanze contrastanti: Mediterraneo come “campo di battaglia” 3.3. Il coinvolgimento della società civile: Mediterraneo come “spazio di cittadinanza” Capitolo V Variazioni di contenuto dell’asilo nei luoghi di frontiera: accesso al territorio, alla procedura, alla prima accoglienza 149 1. La Sicilia dei grandi sbarchi (2013-2016) 1.1. Accogilenza dei rifugiati: “l’emergenza strutturale” 1.2. Il mancato accesso alla procedure: “no-fingerprints” 1.3. La Stazione di Catania 1.4. Milano come porta d’Europa 2. L’isola di Lesbo: un campo profughi a cielo aperto (2015) 2.1. Gli sbarchi continui 2.2. I campi: Moria, Kara Tepe, Pikpa 2.3. Accesso alla procedura: differenziazione su base nazionale 2.4. Atene, Salonicco, Idomeni: luoghi di transito verso la rotta balcanica 3. L’enclave di Melilla: il doppio filtro 3.1. L’Oficina de Asilo : un luogo di accesso, legalmente inaccessibile 3.2. Il Centro de Instancia Temporal de Inmigrantes: accesso alla procedura e all’accoglienza 3.3. Il caso dei trasferimenti alla penisola Capitolo VI Voci attraverso l’uscita: focus sulle vie di fuga dalla Siria 179 1. Voci dei rifugiati: parole e immagini 1.1. Auto-narrazioni e documentazione della fuga: chi fugge? Perché? 1.2. Richieste di aiuto e denunce: dalla terra al mare 1.3. Il ruolo dei social-network e media 2. Quali ascoltatori? Riflessioni su nuove forme di attivismo 2.1. Osservazione critica del mare: individui, associazioni, sopravvissuti 2.2. Attivisti “senza cappello” 2.3. Verso la criminalizzazione dell’umanità 3. Dialoghi sul diritto ai diritti 3.1. Cosa è asilo, e cosa non lo è: pratiche di negoziazione e resistenza 3.2. Diritto di fuga e diritto di scelta 3.3. Agency, empowerment e resistenza: atti di cittadinanza e politiche del quotidiano Conclusive reflections Towards a transnational citizenship? 210 1. The reconfiguration of the Mediterranean: a “transnational political space” and “site of struggle” 2. The right to asylum: compressed at a global level, then emptied at a local one 3. Voice through exit: dialogues about revitalizing the right to asylum 4. Reflections concerning a transnational citizenship: human being, first and foremost Bibliografia 223 Indice delle figure: Fig.1 – Mediterranean land and seaborne migration routes Fig.2 – Syrian refugees run away as Turkish soldiers use a water cannon (AFP/ Getty Images) Fig.3 – Vista aerea del Campo profughi Zaatari , New York Times – Digital Globe Fig.4 –Thousands of people flowed from Syria across
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