1270 Broadway, Suite 1109 New York, NY 10001 www.asiacatalyst.org [email protected]
2 9 1.1 9 1.2 10 1.3 11 14 17 3.1 17 3.2 18 3.3 19 21 4.1 21 4.2 22 4.3 24 27 5.1 27 5.2 32 5.3 37 43 6.1 43 6.2 44 47 50 51 52 55
1
2014 10400 92.2% 2015
98%
2004
2
2014 12 2015 8
1 2
517 74 18
1.
51.3% 265/517 42.9% 222/517
70.9% 47.2% 26.8% 56.1% 9.1% 37.2%
2.
82.8% 75.6% 93.2% 92.3% 89 37% 22.7% 17
63.8% 46.5% 89.5% 84.6% 41.7% 37.4
3 3.
21.2% 36.5%
47.7% 67.8 47.7% 75.9%
4. 1 2
35.4% 183/517 74 47 29
29 29 69% 13.8% 17%
5.
78% 64.5% 50.9%
·
·
·
4 6.
7.
21.2% 24.8% 24.8%
11.2% 49.5%
8.
5 2013 2014
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
6 •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
7
8
2014 50.1 0.037% 1 2
2006 33.1% 2014 92.2% 3 2014 66.4% 4 2014 2014 1-6 18110 59.3 5
2014 0.22% 6 1% 7 8 3.0% 9
50 48.6% 10 361 43 11 310 20 66% 44% 12 13
1. 2015 2015 5 2. 3. 4. 5. http://www.chinaaids.cn/yqjc/hdjz2/201412/t20141229_108527.htm 2015 8 17 6. 2015 2014 6 7. 2012 2012 3 31 8.Baral SD, Wirtz A, Poteat T, et al. Was the HIV infection burden in female sex worker in China overestimated? Authors’ Reply. The Lancet. Vol 13 (January 2013); 13-14. 9.Stefan Baral at al, Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta- analysis. The Lancet, Vol 12, July 2012. 10.Stefan David Baral at al, Was Was the HIV infection burden in female sex workers in China overestimated? - authors' reply. The Lancet, Vol 13, January 2013. 11.Xiao Hua Tao, Tao Jiang, High prevalence of syphilis among street-based female sex workers in Nanchang, China. Indian Dermatol Online Journal. 2014 Oct-Dec; 5(4): 449–455. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4228639/ 12. 2014 7 25 http:// www.infzm.com/content/102550 13.Helen Ward and Minttu Rönn, The contribution of STIs to the sexual transmission of HIV, Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2010 Jul; 5(4): 305–310.
9 2006 2.5% 2014 25.8% 2014 7.7% 14 2009 2618 6.13% 7.59% 15 14.32 10.73% 14.72% 16
2014 220 25.9% 17 2013 19.1% 49 18 43.7% 26% 19
2011 The Rights(s) Evidence|Sex Work, Violence and HIV in Asia: A Multi-Country Qualitative Study | :
·
·
14. 2015 2014 6 15.Weiming Tang. Burden of HIV and Syphilis: A Comparative Evaluation between Male Sex Workers and Non-Sex- Worker Men Who Have Sex with Men in Urban China. PLOS. One. May 11, 2015. 16. 17.Cai Y et al. Prevalence and associated factors of condomless receptive anal intercourse with make clients among transgender women sex workers in Shengyang, China, Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2016, 19(Suppl 2): 20800.
10 ·
·
·
·
·
94% 20 21
48 22
1985 23
20.World Health Organizations. Consolidated Guidelines on HIV Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Care for Key Populations. 21. dam/undp/library/hivaids/English/HIV-2012-SexWorkAndLaw.pdf 23.Yingying Huang and Suiming Pan, Government crackdown of sex in China: Responses from female sex workers and implications for their health. Global Public Health, 2014. Vol.9, No. 9, 1067-1079; China Sex Worker Organization Network Forum, Research on the Impact of 2010 Crackdown on Sex Work and HIV Interventions in China. December 2011.
11
2014 11
12
13
2014 2015 8 518 517 74 18
6
(Convenience Sampling)
1.
( ) 303 59% 36.9 57 169 77 162 (31%) 25 133 19 10 52 (10%) 31.4 34 5 13 517 (100%) 32.6 224 193 100
74
14 SPSS 13.0 Microsoft Excel
57.4% 93 41.4% 67 35% 107 64% 194 75% 39
36.9 25 31.4
105 90 58 69 85
74 35 (47%, 35/74) 17 (23%, 17/74), 22 (30%, 22/74) 18 2 4 4 7 1
15
16
24
25 26 27
28
29 30
20 31 2014 116 32 1987 2000 30 33 34 35
24. 2005 8 28 2006 3 1 66 67 25. 1979 7 1 2011 358 26. 27. 2012 8 22 http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/ yataibaodao/aw-08222012090849.html 2016 1 4 2012 12 28 http://news.qq.com/a/20121228/000567.htm 2016 1 4 2014 1 25 http://www.guancha.cn/society/2014_01_15_199901.shtml 2016 1 4 28. 1993 9 4 29. 30. 2013 12 31. 2010 32. 116 2014 8 1 http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2014-08- 01/070230612580.shtml 2016 6 28 33. 34. 2014 6 9 http://roll.sohu. com/20140609/n400577559.shtml 2015 9 12 35.
17 36 37 2014 2 38
39 70 64% 40
41 20 80-90 1984-1991 62 1992 1993 25 1993-2004 200 42 21 2010 4 2014 2 10 43
36.Tom Mountford, 2010 3 http://www.iglhrc.org/ 37. 38. 2800 http://gz.bendibao.com/news/2014326/content155639.shtml 2015 9 12 39. " " 2013 9 5 http://zjnews. zjol.com.cn/system/2013/09/05/019577419.shtml 2015 9 20 40. 2015 1 41.Huang Yingying and Pan Suiming. Government crackdown of sex work in China: Response from female sex workers and implication for their health. Global Public Health, 2014. Vol.9. No.9, 1067-1079. 42.Scott Burris, Guo Meixia, The Risk Environment for commercial sex worker in China: Considering the role of law and law enforcement practice. Gender Policy and HIV in China. Dudley Poston and Joseph Tucker. Peking University Press, 2007. 43.Government crackdown of sex work in China: Response from female sex workers and implication for their health 2010 2011 12 010%E4%B8%A5%E6%89%93%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E7%89%88_(%E5%B7%B2%E6%8E%92% E7%89%88)%5B1%5D.pdf BBC 2014 2 13 http://www.bbc.com/ zhongwen/trad/china/2014/02/140213_guangdong_vice_crackdown 2015 9 27
18 21 44 45 2015 66 840 46 47 48
1 2 3 49
50
51 52
44. 45. http://www.sex-study.org/news.php?isweb=2&sort=74&id=471&classid 2015 9 27 46. i 2015 4 30 http://newspaper.jfdaily.com/isdb/html/2015- 04/30/content_1196502.htm 2015 9 27 47.Government crackdown of sex work in China: Response from female sex workers and implication for their health 48.Situational analysis of administrative detention for people who use drugs and sex workers in China. 49. [1991]176 1991 12 12 50. 2011 4 16 html 2015 8 15 51.2011 143 145 http:// www.hnssft.gov.cn/zwgk/zcfg/zcjd/201401/t20140101_1018330.html 52. 2006 239 http://www.nanjing.gov.cn/njszf/qzf/pkq/njsgajpkfj/201012/t20101222_2018487.html 2015 8 15 C401BD2C1.swf 2015 8 15
19
1
1
2
3 ...... 53
54 55
53. 2006 239 http://www.nanjing.gov.cn/njszf/qzf/pkq/njsgajpkfj/201012/t20101222_2018487.html 2015 8 15 54. 2002 11 21 980 http://www.southcn.com/weekend/ tempdir/200211280023.htm 55. 2004 6 1 http://beijing.qianlong.com/3825/2004/05/31/[email protected] 2015 9 1
20
21
2004 56 57 / 58 100 300 4-8% 30% 25-40% 59
2012 1528 2013 1247 2014 749 2015 457 60
2 61
2012 2013 2014 2015
FSW 1528 1247 749 457
FSW 731 552 520 499
FSW 731 552 520 499
56. ( ) 2004 129 2004 8 20 http://www.moh.gov.cn/mohbgt/pw10409/200804/27106.shtml. 57. [2005] 102 2005 5 20 58. 2014 6 15 59. 60. - 2011-2015 61.
22 62 63
94% 64
2006 65
95% 90% 66 67 68 69 2015 70
62. 2015 7 7 63. 2015 7 7 64.WHO, Consolidated Guidelines on HIV Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Care for Key Populations. July 2014. http://www.who.int/ hiv/pub/guidelines/keypopulations/en/ 65. 2006 1 18 3 1 66. 2012 1 13 http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-02/29/ content_2079097.htm 67. 2006 12 20 http://society.people.com.cn/ GB/1062/5192800.html 2015 9 12 2004 07 07 http://news.qq.com/a/20040707/000138.htm 2015 9 12 2008 11 13 http://news.qq.com/a/20081113/002619.htm 2015 9 12 2004 03 01 http://www.chinanews.com/n/2004- 03-01/26/408109.html 68. 2006 11 30 2007 1 1 69. 2014 6 2014 6 20 http://www.yncdc.cn/UploadFile/12/20140707155888.pdf 70. 2015 5 2015 6 3 http://www.cqn.com.cn/news/minsheng/jiankang/1043860.html
23 2015 2 14 71
1998 72
2004 73
( ) 2004 74
2005 75
2004 76
71. 6 24 2015 72. [1998] 1 1998 1 8 73. 2004 248 2004 7 7 74. ( ) 2004 129 2004 8 20 http://www.moh.gov.cn/mohbgt/pw10409/200804/27106.shtml 75. < > . [2005] 102 2005 5 20 76. 2004 6
24 2007 77
2006-2010 2006-2010 78
25 1989 79 2014 80 81
82 83
77. 2007 7 6 78. 2006-2010 2006 2 27 http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2006- 03/10/content_224306.htm 79. 1989 284 1989 10 13 80. 2014 138 2014 7 14 81. 2001 9 7 http://www.china.com.cn/ chinese/2001/Sep/57198.htm 2015 8 8 2002 40 2008 03 25 http:// news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2008-03/25/content_7854105.htm 2015 8 14 82. 2014 7 14 http://china.newssc.org/system/20140714/000462404.html 2015 8 22 83. 2011 8 5 http://news.ynet. com/3.1/1108/05/6068073.html 2015 8 22
25 84
1998 85 1998 2010 86
2004 2010 2011-2015 87
2004 88 2005 89
84. 2005 7 5 http://opinion.people.com.cn/BIG5/35560/3519052. html 2015 8 22 85. [1998] 1 1998 1 8 86. 1998 2010 1998 10 26 http://news.xinhuanet.com/zhengfu/2002-09/29/content_579877.htm 87. 2004 7 2004 3 16 2012 1 13 88. http://www.moh.gov.cn/mohyzs/pzzjs/200804/32003.shtml 89. 2005 6 22 01
26 2001 100% 90 91 100% 92
2006 100% 10 93 2008 " 94
90. 2002 11 21 http://www.southcn.com/weekend/ tempdir/200211280023.htm 2015 8 23 91. 92. 2002 10 16 http://www.lifeweek.com. cn/2002/1016/1934.shtml 2015 8 23 93.Rojanapithayakorn W, The 100% Condom Use Programme in Asia, Reproductive Health Matters, 2006 Nov; 14(28):41-52. 94. 2008 12 23 http:// www.aizhi.co/view.php?id=396 2015 8 10
27
28
5.1.1
95 51.3% 265/517 42.9% 222/517 64.9 % 114/222 35.1% 78/222 78.2% 61/78
1:
95.
29 78% 207/265 64.5% 96 50.9% 135/207
2:
70.9% 188/265 97 72.5% 137 189 60.6% 20/33 72.1% 31/43 47.2% 125/265 26.8 71/256 56.1% 106 9.1% 3/33 (37.2% 16/43) 57.6% 19/33 39.5% 17/43
96. 97. 24
30 3:
5.1.2
66% 341/517 51.1% 264/517 42.2% 218/517 17.8 % 92/517 6.1% 32/517
96.2% 497/517 82.8% 428/517 75.6% 229/303 93.2% 151/162 92.3% 48/52 98
89 37.5% 33/89 22% 15/89 17%
98. 2014 88.7% 77.5%
31 74 44.6% 33/74
59.2% 306/517 54.8% 166/303 64.8% 105/162 67.3% 35/52
4:
63.8% 330/517 46.5% 141/303 89.5% 145/162 84.6% 44/52
187 41.7% 78/187 37.4 70/187 45.7 74/162 40% (65/162) 17.6% 3/17 12.5% 1/8
32 5.1.3
35.4% 183/517 133 23 37 66 70 132
21.1% 47/222 36.5% 81/222
47.7% 106/222 67.8 200/295 44.7% 71/259 66% 95/144
5
33 ( ) 47.7% 106/222 75.9% 224/295 35.2% 56/159 59% 85/144
6:
74
34 5.2.1
47
23
30 99
6 100 6 3 1800 500 101
102
4
99. 2015 3 28 100. 2015 3 23 101. 2015 5 28 102. 2015 5 28
35 900 103
100
100 104
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105
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106
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107
103. 2015 5 7 104. 2015 4 19 105. 2015 5 20 106. 2015 7 10 107. 2015 7 3
36 5.2.2
108 29
12 109 110 111
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10
113
114
108. 1995 2 28 1995 2 28 1995 2 28 109. 2015 7 25 110. , 2015 6 9 2015 4 1 111. , 2015 7 9 112. 2015 6 9 113. 2015 5 21 114. , 2015 3 30 2015 5 24 2015 6 2 2015 5 30 2015 5 21 2015 6 7
37 200 115
116
7
117
118
119 29 29 69% 13.8% 17%
120
115. 2015 3 30 116. 2015 6 7 117. 2015 6 28 118. 2015 5 9 119. , 2015 3 30 120. 2015 4 1
38 5.2.3
121
7
12
8 3000 30000 12 6 122 123 4
5.3.1
10 124
121. 122. 2012 12 3 2013 1 1 188 123. 2015 6 25 124. 2015 4 25 ; 2015 4 1
39 125
126
127
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128
21 129 130 131
132
133
125. 2015 5 2 126. 2015 5 9 127. 2015 7 6 128. 2015 5 5 129. 2015 7 9 130. 2015 7 8 131. 2015 4 30 2015 7 15 132. 2015 4 24 133. 2015 6 28
40
134 135
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136 3 137
138
139
140
141
134. 2015 6 7 2015 5 7 2015 5 18 135. 2015 7 9 136. 2015 4 29 137. 2015 6 25 138. 2015 5 18 139. 2015 6 15 140. 2015 6 12 141. 2015 7 11
41 5.3.3
21.2% 47/222 24.8% 55/222 24.8% 55/222 142 143 144
145
146
147
148
149 150
142. 2015 5 30 143.Huang Yingying and Pan Suiming. Government crackdown of sex work in China: Responses from female sex workers and implications for their health. Global Public Health, 2014. Vol. 9, No. 9, 1067 1079. 144. 2015 6 20 145.Huang Yingying and Pan Suiming, Government crackdown of sex work in China: Responses from female sex workers and implications for their health, Global Public Health, 2014. Vol. 9, No. 9, pp. 1067-1079. 146. 2015 7 10 147. 2015 4 1 148. 2015 7 7 149.Susanne Y.P. Choi, State Control, Female Prostitution and HIV Prevention in China.The China Quarterly. Vol 205, March 2011, pp 96-114. 150.Huang Yingying and Pan Suiming. Government crackdown of sex work in China: Responses from female sex workers and implications for their health.
42 11.2% 58/517 49.5% 256/517 48.7% 252/517
151
152
5.3.4
153 2014 154 2014 155
156
157
151. 2015 7 12 152. 2015 6 12 153. 2015 6 23 2015 7 12 154. 2015 7 12 155. 2015 6 15 156. 2015 6 18 157. 2015 7 15 2015 6 12 2015 7 15 2015 7 12 2015 7 12
43 30 400 MB money boy 158
159
160 161 162
163
164
158. 2015 7 12 159. 2015 6 23 160. 2015 7 12 2015 7 15 161. 2015 7 15 162. 2015 7 15 163. 2015 6 15 164. 2015 7 8
44 165
166
165. 2015 8 2 166. 2015 7 12
45
46
1 2 3 167
168 169
170
2012 171 172 173
167.Cyrus R. Vance Center for International Justice. Policy Changes Regarding Use of Condom Possession as Evidence of Prostitution- Related Offenses in New York City and San Francisco. August 14, 2015. 168. 169.Policy Changes Regarding Use of Condom Possession as Evidence of Prostitution-Related Offenses in New York City and San Francisco. Cyrus R. Vance Center for International Justice. August 14, 2015. 170.Cyrus R. Vance Center for International Justice. Additional Analysis in Connection with Policy Changes Regarding Use of Condom Possession as Evidence of Prostitution-Related Offenses in New York City and San Francisco. September 18, 2015. 171.Human Rights Watch, Sex worker at Risk Condoms as Evidence of Prostitution in Four U.S. States. July 2012. https://www.hrw.org/ report/2012/07/19/sex-workers-risk/condoms-evidence-prostitution-four-us-cities. 172.Condom Fact Sheet in Brief. http://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/brief.html 173.Cyrus R. Vance Center for International Justice. Additional Analysis in Connection with Policy Changes Regarding Use of Condom Possession as Evidence of Prostitution-Related Offenses in New York City and San Francisco. September 18, 2015.
47 174
175
2013 2014 5 176 Bill de Blasio 177
178 179
2008 2011 180
174.Cyrus R. Vance Center for International Justice. Policy Changes Regarding Use of Condom Possession as Evidence of Prostitution- Related Offenses in New York City and San Francisco. 175.Cyrus R. Vance Center for International Justice. Additional Analysis in Connection with Policy Changes Regarding Use of Condom Possession as Evidence of Prostitution-Related Offenses in New York City and San Francisco. September 18, 2015. 176.Cyrus R. Vance Center for International Justice. Policy Changes Regarding Use of Condom Possession as Evidence of Prostitution- Related Offenses in New York City and San Francisco. August 14, 2015. 177. CNN, May 12, 2014. 178.Open Society Foundations. Criminalizing Condoms. How policing practices put sex workers and HIV services at Risk in Kenya, Namibia, Russia, South Africa, The United States, and Zimbabwe , July 12, 2012, https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/ Nepal and Papua New Guinea, November 10, 2015. 179.United Nations Development Programme. . Bangkok, 2012. http://www.undp.org/ content/dam/undp/library/hivaids/English/HIV-2012-SexWorkAndLaw.pdf. 180.Trustlaw, Survey of Condom Possession as Evidence of Prostitution in Cambodia, Myanmar, Nepal and Papua New Guinea, November 10, 2015.
48 13.5 181 KTV 182
2000 1048 183 2001 2003 1048 1/2000 2011-2015 184
181. 182.IMPOWR.org, Summary: Prostitution in Myanmar (Burma), February 7, 2015. http://www.impowr.org/content/summary- prostitution-myanmar-burma. 183. 184.
49
50
185
2001 100 100 186
2011 75.8%
185. http://acb.bingduba.cn/z/v/n.html 186. 2002 11 21 980 http://www.southcn.com/weekend/ tempdir/200211280023.htm
51 2015 51.4% 187 188
189 190 28 767 191
•
•
•
187. - 2011-2015 2015 12 188. 189.Kate Shannon, Steffanie A Strathdee et al. determinants. The Lancet . Vol 385. January 3, 2015. 204 33-46% 190.Yingying Huang and Suiming Pan, Government crackdown of sex in China: Responses from female sex workers and implications for their health. Global Public Health, 2014. Vol.9, No. 9, 1067-1079. 191. 2015 2014 6
52
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
53
•
•
•
54
1 2 3 4
/
192
18
hijra
192. Consolidated Guidelines on HIV Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Care for Key Populations 2014 7 40-41 The HIV and Sex Work Collection, Innovative responses in Asia and 13
55
Andrea Worden
Joanne Csete Megan McLemore Anna-Louise Crago Ruth Morgan Thomas Jonas Tillman Julia Cabassi
- • - • Marie-Claude Jean- Baptiste and the Cyrus R. Vance Center for International Justice Thomson Reuters Foundation TrustLaw Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP James Baum Stacey Mosher
56
193
193. To Protect and Serve: How police, sex workers, and people who use drugs are joining forces to improve health and human rights. July, 2014. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/reports/protect-and-serve
57 46 500
58
SWING 194
1996
Service Workers in Group (SWING) 2004 SWING 2005 SWING 9 2008
SWING
SWING SWING
4 36 SWING SWING
59
1:
189 62.4% 114 (37.6%) 159 (52.5%) 144 (47.5%) 33 (20.4%) 129 (79.6%) 26 (16.0%) 136 (84.0%) 43 (82.7%) 9 (17.3%) 37 (71.2%) 15 (28.8%) 265 (51.3%) 252 (48.7%) 222 (42.9%) 295 (57.1%)
2: 116 61.4% 23 69.7% 32 74.4% 171 64.5% 97 51.3% 18 54.5% 18 41.9% 133 50.2% 12 6.3% 17 51.5% 12 27.9% 41 15.5% 94 49.7% 14 42.4% 27 62.8% 135 50.9% 150 79.4% 19 57.6% 38 88.4% 207 78.1% 11 5.8% 4 12.1% 12 27.9% 27 10.2% 7 3.7% 0 0.0% 3 7.0% 10 3.8% 19 10.1% 4 12.1% 0 0.0% 23 8.7%
3:
137 72.5% 20 60.6% 31 72.1% 188 70.9% 106 56.1% 3 9.1% 16 37.2% 125 47.2% 32 16.9% 0 0.0% 4 9.3% 36 13.6% 11 5.8% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 11 4.2% 35 18.5% 19 57.6% 17 39.5% 71 26.8% 9 4.8% 1 3.0% 0 0.0% 10 3.8% 38 20.1% 4 12.1% 3 7.0% 45 17.0%
60 4:
4.1
229 75.6% 151 93.2% 48 92.3% 428 82.8% 74 24.4% 11 6.8% 4 7.7% 89 17.2% 303 162 52 517
4.2
3 1.0% 1 0.6% 1 1.9% 5 1.0% 134 44.2% 56 34.6% 16 30.8% 206 39.8% 166 54.8% 105 64.8% 35 67.3% 306 59.2% 303 162 52 517 100.0%
5 71 44.7% 13 50.0% 22 59.5% 106 47.7% 95 66.0% 92 67.6% 13 86.7% 200 67.8%
6:
56 35.2% 21 80.8% 29 78.4% 106 47.7% 85 59.0% 124 91.2% 15 100.0% 224 75.9%
61
62