DOCSLIB.ORG

Analysis of the Invasiveness of Cabomba Caroliniana A. Gray In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Analysis of the Invasiveness of Cabomba Caroliniana A. Gray In Bryant University Bryant Digital Repository Master of Science in Global Environmental Studies Graduate Theses 3-2016 Analysis of the Invasiveness of Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray in Massachusetts and Rhode Island Freshwater Lakes and Assessment of the Impacts of Local Community Action Groups on AIS Management and Intervention Programs Nicole Cournoyer Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bryant.edu/msglobalenv Recommended Citation Cournoyer, Nicole, "Analysis of the Invasiveness of Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray in Massachusetts and Rhode Island Freshwater Lakes and Assessment of the Impacts of Local Community Action Groups on AIS Management and Intervention Programs" (2016). Master of Science in Global Environmental Studies. Paper 3. https://digitalcommons.bryant.edu/msglobalenv/3 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Theses at Bryant Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master of Science in Global Environmental Studies by an authorized administrator of Bryant Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bryant University DigitalCommons@Bryant University Master of Science in Global Environmental Studies Graduate Theses 3-2016 Analysis of the Invasiveness of Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray in Massachusetts and Rhode Island Freshwater Lakes and Assessment of the Impacts of Local Community Action Groups on AIS Management and Intervention Programs Nicole Cournoyer Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.bryant.edu/msglobalenv This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Theses at DigitalCommons@Bryant University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master of Science in Global Environmental Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Bryant University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Analysis of the Invasiveness of Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray in Massachusetts and Rhode Island Freshwater Lakes and Assessment of the Impacts of Local Community Action Groups on AIS Management and Intervention Programs Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate Program of Bryant University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science, Global Environmental Studies (MSGES) ©Nicole Cournoyer Bryant University March 2016 Acknowledgements I would like to thank all of the individuals who helped me to complete my graduate thesis research. My parents encouraged and supported me throughout my graduate program and I would like to say a special thank you to both of them. I would like to acknowledge the staff members at the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management and the Save the Lakes organization for their guidance and the information they helped me to obtain. My special thanks to Judy Colaluca, a member of the Sand Dam Reservoir Association as well as the President of Save the Lake, who provided me with opportunities to attend meetings, speak with residents, and participate in active lake management programs. I would also like to thank the Department of Science & Technology faculty for their guidance and mentoring as I have gained research skills during the thesis process, particularly the graduate committee members (Gaytha Langlois, Qin Leng, Hong Yang, and Brian Blais) for their valued input and guidance throughout the editing process. My special thanks to Gaytha Langlois for her continued support and encouragement throughout the thesis process. She went above and beyond to make sure I could complete everything I set out to do. iii Abstract Native to parts of South America and southeastern United States, Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray is an invasive aquatic pondweed species that has migrated to northern regions of the United States. C. caroliniana is known for its rapid growth pattern and its ability to dominate freshwater ecosystems. The overgrowth of this invasive species is difficult to manage, with few effective eradication/control methods available. Dense hairs and crystals found upon the leaf surfaces are believed to enhance the ability of Carolina fanwort to survive in a wide variety of ecosystems. Management of this particular species requires an active approach. This study explored the relative effectiveness of structured lake management groups in controlling and managing C. caroliniana populations. Three lakes were studied (one of which is a privately-owned lake while the other two are open to the public). Results show that a well-structured, active citizens’ group focusing on a privately managed lake appears to be more effective at controlling Cabomba caroliniana than a loosely organized public interest group on a publically managed lake. Keywords: Carolina Fanwort, Cabomba caroliniana, Aquatic Invasive Plants, Pondweed Management, Community Action Groups iv Table of Contents Title Page and Statement of Use and Copyright…………………………………….i Signature Page...……………………………………………………………………....ii Acknowledgements…….…………………………………………………………….iii Abstract..………………...…………………………………………………………......iv Table of Contents………………………………..……………………………………v List of Tables……………………………………………………..…………..viii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………ix List of Abbreviations…………..…………………………..………..………….xi Chapter 1: Introduction and Literature Review………………………………….1-1 Statement of Importance………………………………………..…………….1-1 Invasive Species………………………………………………….…………..1-1 Biological Characteristics of Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray……………….1-7 Spread of Cabomba caroliniana into New England Waterways………..…1-8 Morphology and Reproduction of Cabomba caroliniana………………….1-10 Eradication and Control Methods for Cabomba caroliniana………………1-16 Lakes/Pond Selected as Study Sites……………………………………..…1-21 Scope of Project…………………………………………………………...….1-22 Chapter 2: Materials and Methods……...………………………..………………...2-1 v Description of Study Site 1- Hickory Hills Lake, Lunenburg MA……….2-1 Description of Study Site 2-Spring Lake, Burrillville, RI…………….……2-3 Description of Study Site 3- Barber’s Pond, South Kingstown, RI…….....2-5 Sampling Locations…………………………………………………………...2-8 Field Sampling Procedures…………………………………………………..2-8 Laboratory Observations and Microscopy………………………………..2-10 Description of Surveys sent out to Hickory Hills Lake and Spring Lake...………………………………………………………....2-12 Description of Interview Questions and Respondents.………………….2-14 Chapter 3: Results…………………………………………………..………….……..3-1 Site Characterization and Plant Ecology……………………………………3-1 SEM and Light Microscope Observation of Cabomba caroliniana Leaf Surfaces…………………………………………………….……....3-2 Ecological Data………………………………………………………………...3-5 Assessment of Microbial Community Associated with Cabomba Caroliniana…………………………………………………………..….3-6 Survey Responses from Hickory Hills Lake Residents…………………....3-7 Survey Responses from Spring Lake Residents………………...……...…3-12 Interview Responses………………..………………………………………..3-19 Interview Questions Response Summary…………………………………3-21 vi Chapter 4: Discussion of Results…………………………………………...………4-1 Variations among Lake Sites……………………………………...………….4-1 Plant Biology and Ecology…………………………………………………...4-2 Biological Features of Cabomba carolinana Explain Its Success as an Invasive Plant………………….…………………….……………..….4-3 Ecological Implications of Cabomba carolinana….………………………..…4-7 Connections among Land Use Factors That Influence Water Quality......4-8 Invasive Species and Community Ecology………………………………..4-11 Responses from Community Surveys at Hickory Hills Lake…...…..…..4-12 Responses from Community Surveys from Spring Lake………………..4-14 Comparison of the Survey Responses from Residents in RI and MA….4-16 Responses from Interviews with Lake Management Decision Makers...4-18 Effectiveness of Fanwort Management Approaches……………….…….4-19 Summary of Findings………………………………………………………..4-21 Recommendations………………………………………………………..….4-22 Future Studies………………………………………………………………..4-23 Appendices…………………………………………………………………..….……A-1 References……………………………………………………………………....…….R-1 vii List of Tables Table 1-1………………………………………………………………………………1-10 Taxonomy of Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray Table 1-2…………………………………………………………………...…1-16 to 1-19 Accepted treatment methods for limiting the growth and activity of Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray Table 3-1……………………………………………………………………………..…3-5 Table of the ecological parameters at the three sample sites in Rhode Island and Massachusetts Table 3-2……………………………………………………………...………..3-9 to 3-11 Comparison of survey results from the Hickory Hills Lake Community. Table 3-3…………………………………………………………………...…3-13 to 3-15 Comparison of survey results from the Spring Lake Community. viii List of Figures Figure 1-1……………………………………………………………………………....1-5 Map of the Aquatic Invasive Species documented in Rhode Island Figure 1-2…………………………………………………………………………...….1-6 Illustration of a sign utilized in an educational campaign for boaters Figure 1-3…………………………………………………………………………..…1-12 Photograph and illustration of the typical structure of Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray Figure 1-4……………………………………………………………………………..1-13 Photo of the type specimen of Cabomba caroliniana Figure 1-5…………………………………………………………………………..…1-14 Illustration of the plant structure of Cabomba caroliniana, noting the stem and leaf arrangements, along with summer flowering structures. Figure 1-6……………………………………………………………………………..1-20 Map of documented ponds and lakes within Rhode Island containing Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray Figure 2-1………………………………………………………………………………2-3 Google earth Image of Hickory Hills Lake in Lunenburg, MA, USA Figure 2-2………………………………………………………………………………2-5 Profile of Herring Pond
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cabomba Caroliniana Global Invasive
    FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Cabomba caroliniana Cabomba caroliniana System: Terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Nymphaeales Cabombaceae Common name fanwort (English), Carolina water-shield (English), Carolina fanwort (English), Washington-grass (English), fish-grass (English), Washington-plant (English), cabomba (Portuguese, Brazil) Synonym Similar species Cabomba furcata, Ceratophyllum, Myriophyllum Summary Cabomba caroliniana is a submerged perennial aquarium plant that grows in stagnant to slow flowing freshwater. It spreads primarily by stem fragments and forms dense stands that crowd out well- established plants. C. caroliniana may clog ecologically, recreationally or economically important water bodies and drainage canals. Depending on its location (ie: drinking water supply or small closed water body) it may be managed by a number of control techniques including mechanical removal (being careful not to spread fragments to new locations) and habitat modification to increase shading (via planting trees) or decrease hydration (via draining). view this species on IUCN Red List Species Description C. caroliniana is fully submerged except for occasional floating leaves and emergent flowers (Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage 2003). The roots grow on the bottom of water bodies and the stems can reach the surface. Parts of the plant can survive free-floating for six to eight weeks. It is a perennial, growing from short rhizomes with fibrous roots. The branched stems can grow up to 10m long and are scattered with white or reddish-brown hairs. The underwater leaves are divided into fine branches, resulting in a feathery fan-like appearance. These leaves are about 5cm across and secrete a gelatinous mucous which covers the submerged parts of the plant.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Common Native & Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska
    Introduction to Common Native & Potential Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska Cover photographs by (top to bottom, left to right): Tara Chestnut/Hannah E. Anderson, Jamie Fenneman, Vanessa Morgan, Dana Visalli, Jamie Fenneman, Lynda K. Moore and Denny Lassuy. Introduction to Common Native & Potential Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska This document is based on An Aquatic Plant Identification Manual for Washington’s Freshwater Plants, which was modified with permission from the Washington State Department of Ecology, by the Center for Lakes and Reservoirs at Portland State University for Alaska Department of Fish and Game US Fish & Wildlife Service - Coastal Program US Fish & Wildlife Service - Aquatic Invasive Species Program December 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ............................................................................ x Introduction Overview ............................................................................. xvi How to Use This Manual .................................................... xvi Categories of Special Interest Imperiled, Rare and Uncommon Aquatic Species ..................... xx Indigenous Peoples Use of Aquatic Plants .............................. xxi Invasive Aquatic Plants Impacts ................................................................................. xxi Vectors ................................................................................. xxii Prevention Tips .................................................... xxii Early Detection and Reporting
    [Show full text]
  • (GISD) 2021. Species Profile Limnophila Sessiliflora. Pag
    FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Limnophila sessiliflora Limnophila sessiliflora System: Terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae Common name Asian marshweed (English), ambulia (English), limnophila (English), shi long wei (Chinese) Synonym Hottonia sessiliflora , (Vahl) Terebinthina sessiliflora , (Vahl) Kuntze Similar species Cabomba caroliniana Summary Limnophila sessiliflora is an aquatic perennial herb that can exist in a variety of aquatic habitats. It is fast growing and exhibits re-growth from fragments. Limnophila sessiliflora is also able to shade out and out compete other submersed species. 2-4,D reportedly kills this species. view this species on IUCN Red List Species Description L. sessiliflora is described as an aquatic, or nearly aquatic, perennial herb with two kinds of whorled leaves. The submerged stems are smooth and have leaves to 30mm long, which are repeatedly dissected. Emergent stems,on the other hand are covered with flat shiny hairs and have leaves up to 3cm long with toothed margins. The emergent stems are usually 2-15cm above the surface of the water. The flowers are stalkless and borne in the leaf axis. The lower portion (sepals) have five, green, hairy lobes, each 4-5mm long. The upper portion is purple and composed of five fused petals forming a tube with two lips. The lips have distinct purple lines on the undersides. The fruit is a capsule containing up to 150 seeds (Hall and Vandiver, 2003). In the course of studying Limnophila of Taiwan, Yang and Yen (1997) describe L. sessiliflora. Descriptions and line drawings are provided. Notes Hall and Vandiver (2003) state that, \"L.
    [Show full text]
  • Cabomba Caroliniana A
    NEW YORK NON -NATIVE PLANT INVASIVENESS RANKING FORM Scientific name: Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray, Ann USDA Plants Code: CACA Common names: Carolina fanwort Native distribution: North America, South America Date assessed: April 9, 2008 Assessors: Jinshuang Ma and Gerry Moore Reviewers: LIISMA Scientific Review Committee Date Approved: June 16, 2008 Form version date: 10 July 2009 New York Invasiveness Rank: High (Relative Maximum Score 70.00-80.00) Distribution and Invasiveness Rank (Obtain from PRISM invasiveness ranking form ) PRISM Status of this species in each PRISM: Current Distribution Invasiveness Rank 1 Adirondack Park Invasive Program Not Assessed Not Assessed 2 Capital/Mohawk Not Assessed Not Assessed 3 Catskill Regional Invasive Species Partnership Not Assessed Not Assessed 4 Finger Lakes Not Assessed Not Assessed 5 Long Island Invasive Species Management Area Widespread High 6 Lower Hudson Not Assessed Not Assessed 7 Saint Lawrence/Eastern Lake Ontario Not Assessed Not Assessed 8 Western New York Not Assessed Not Assessed Invasiveness Ranking Summary Total (Total Answered*) Total (see details under appropriate sub-section) Possible 1 Ecological impact 40 (40 ) 24 2 Biological characteristic and dispersal ability 25 (22) 18 3 Ecological amplitude and distribution 25 (25 ) 19 4 Difficulty of control 10 (7) 7 Outcome score 100 (94)b 68 a † Relative maximum score 72.34 § New York Invasiveness Rank High (Relative Maximum Score 70.00-80.00) * For questions answered “unknown” do not include point value in “Total Answered Points Possible.” If “Total Answered Points Possible” is less than 70.00 points, then the overall invasive rank should be listed as “Unknown.” †Calculated as 100(a/b) to two decimal places.
    [Show full text]
  • Cabomba Caroliniana) Ecological Risk Screening Summary
    Carolina Fanwort (Cabomba caroliniana) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, March 2015 Revised, January 2018 Web Version, 8/21/2018 Photo: Ivo Antušek. Released to Public Domain by the author. Available: https://www.biolib.cz/en/image/id101309/. 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From CABI (2018): “C. caroliniana is native to subtropical temperate areas of northeastern and southeastern America (Zhang et al., 2003). It is fairly common from Texas to Florida, Massachusetts to Kansas in the USA, and occurs in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northeastern Argentina in South America (Washington State Department of Ecology, 2008). The species has 1 two varieties with different distributions. The purple-flowered variety C. caroliniana var. caroliniana occurs in the southeastern USA, while yellow-flowered C. caroliniana var. flavida occurs in South America.” From Larson et al. (2018): “Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray is native to southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, northeast Argentina, southern and eastern USA.” From Wilson et al. (2007): “In the United States fanwort has been marketed for use in both aquaria and garden ponds since at least the late 1800s, resulting in its repeated introduction and subsequent naturalization outside its original range (Les and Mehrhoff 1999).” Status in the United States Sources differ on the native or invasive status of Cabomba caroliniana in individual states (CABI 2018; Larson et al. 2018), and one source reports that it may not be native to the United
    [Show full text]
  • Development of an Edna Assay for Fanwort (Cabomba Caroliniana) (Report)
    Development of an eDNA assay for fanwort (Cabomba caroliniana) Report by Richard C. Edmunds and Damien Burrows © James Cook University, 2019 Development of an eDNA assay for fanwort (Cabomba caroliniana) is licensed by James Cook University for use under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Australia licence. For licence conditions see creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 This report should be cited as: Edmunds, R.C. and Burrows, D. 2019. Development of an eDNA assay for fanwort (Cabomba caroliniana). Report 19/09, Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Townsville. Cover photographs Front cover: Cabomba caroliniana (photo: Northern Territory Government). Back cover: Cabomba caroliniana infestation (photo: Leslie J. Mehrhoff). This report is available for download from the Northern Australia Environmental Resources (NAER) Hub website at nespnorthern.edu.au The Hub is supported through funding from the Australian Government’s National Environmental Science Program (NESP). The NESP NAER Hub is hosted by Charles Darwin University. ISBN 978-1-925800-27-2 June, 2019 Printed by Uniprint Contents Acronyms....................................................................................................................................iv Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................vi
    [Show full text]
  • Chloroplast Dimorphism in Leaves of Cabomba Caroliniana (Cabombaceae)
    Aquatic Botany 121 (2015) 46–51 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Aquatic Botany journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/aquabot Chloroplast dimorphism in leaves of Cabomba caroliniana (Cabombaceae) Beatriz G. Galati a,∗, Marina M. Gotelli a,b, Sonia Rosenfeldt c, Elsa C. Lattar d, G. Mónica Tourn e a Cátedra de Botánica General, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina b CONICET, Argentina c Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina d Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), C.C. 209, W3400CBL Corrientes, Argentina e Sede Punilla, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Huerta Grande, Córdoba, Argentina article info abstract Article history: Cabomba Aublet is useful as a genetic model of angiosperm evolution. Previous anatomical studies and Received 6 February 2014 preliminary light microscopic observations on C. caroliniana A Gray revealed the presence of dimorphic Received in revised form chloroplasts in both types of leaves, floating and submerged leaves. Leaf anatomy and chloroplasts ultra- 11 November 2014 structure were analyzed and compared. The chloroplast ultrastructure of the mesophyll and epidermal Accepted 14 November 2014 cells is different. Mesophyll chloroplasts have several plastoglobuli, large starch grains and grana formed Available online 22 November 2014 by an average of 29 thylakoids. Epidermal chloroplasts are smaller, have grana formed by an average of 9 thylakoids and starch grains are occasional and smaller. A statistical analysis (t-test) was made to Keywords: Cabomba determine if differences between chloroplasts are significant. The ultrastructure of the epidermis chloro- Leaf anatomy plast is similar to the one of sun leaves chloroplasts and the ultrastructure of the mesophyll chloroplast Chloroplast ultrastructure is similar to the one of shade chloroplast observed in other species.
    [Show full text]
  • An Invasive Aquatic Plant Cabomba Caroliniana
    Fanwort: An Invasive Aquatic Plant Cabomba caroliniana Description • Fanwort is a submerged invasive aquatic plant that can form dense mats at the water surface. • The delicate green underwater leaves are fan-like and average 2 inches across. Leaves are arranged in opposite pairs on the stem. Small oval floating leaves are occasionally present. • Small diamond-shaped floating leaves with the stem attached in the center may develop. • Tubular stems can attain lengths of 6 feet. • The white or cream flowers are ½” wide and form during May through September; however, some variations of Fanwort have pinkish or purplish flowers. Fanwort Habitat Fanwort is a very hardy and persistent species that has established itself in a wide range of aquatic habitats. Fanwort is native to southern United States, but is non-native in northern regions. • Over-winters in the frozen lakes of northern climates and can thrive in warm southern water bodies. • Grows under a wide range of water chemistry conditions and can be found in both oligotrophic (low nutrient) and eutrophic (nutrient rich) lakes. Fanwort can tolerate a wide range of temperature and pH. • Prefers slow moving waters, including lakes and ponds, but occasionally can be found in rivers. Commonwealth of Massachusetts ~ Department of Conservation and Recreation ~ Office of Water Resources ~ Lakes and Ponds Program 1 Distribution Map Cabomba caroliniana states where Fanwort is native states with non-native Fanwort infestations Reproduction Fanwort reproduces by both vegetative methods and seed formation. • Vegetatively, C. caroliniana reproduces by stem (rhizome) fragmentation. Stems are very fragile, fragment easily and most pieces can re-sprout and grow into new plants • Seeds are also formed, and Fanwort can re-grow from seeds remaining in lake or pond sediment.
    [Show full text]
  • Cabomba As a Model for Studies of Early Angiosperm Evolution
    Cabomba as a model for studies of early angiosperm evolution. Aurelie C M Vialette-Guiraud, Michael Alaux, Fabrice Legeai, Cedric Finet, Pierre Chambrier, Spencer C Brown, Aurelie Chauvet, Carlos Magdalena, Paula J Rudall, C.P. Scutt To cite this version: Aurelie C M Vialette-Guiraud, Michael Alaux, Fabrice Legeai, Cedric Finet, Pierre Chambrier, et al.. Cabomba as a model for studies of early angiosperm evolution.. Annals of Botany, Oxford University Press (OUP), 2011, 108 (4), pp.589-98. 10.1093/aob/mcr088. hal-00855948 HAL Id: hal-00855948 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00855948 Submitted on 29 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Annals of Botany 108: 589–598, 2011 doi:10.1093/aob/mcr088, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org RESEARCH IN CONTEXT: PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE ON SEXUAL PLANT REPRODUCTION Cabomba as a model for studies of early angiosperm evolution Aurelie C. M. Vialette-Guiraud1,†, Michael Alaux2,†, Fabrice Legeai3, Cedric Finet1,‡, Pierre Chambrier1, Spencer C. Brown4, Aurelie Chauvet1, Carlos Magdalena5,
    [Show full text]
  • Pollen Ontogeny in Brasenia (Cabombaceae, Nymphaeales)1
    American Journal of Botany 93(3), 344–356 2006. POLLEN ONTOGENY IN BRASENIA (CABOMBACEAE,NYMPHAEALES)1 MACKENZIE L. TAYLOR2,3 AND JEFFREY M. OSBORN2,4 2 Division of Science, Truman State University, Kirksville, Missouri 63501-4221 USA Brasenia is a monotypic genus sporadically distributed throughout the Americas, Asia, Australia, and Africa. It is one of eight genera that comprise the two families of Nymphaeales, or water lilies: Cabombaceae (Brasenia, Cabomba) and Nymphaeaceae (Victoria, Euryale, Nymphaea, Ondinea, Barclaya, Nuphar). Evidence from a range of studies indicates that Nymphaeales are among the most primitive angiosperms. Despite their phylogenetic utility, pollen developmental characters are not well known in Brasenia. This paper is the first to describe the complete pollen developmental sequence in Brasenia schreberi. Anthers at the microspore mother cell, tetrad, free microspore, and mature pollen grain stages were studied using combined scanning electron, transmission electron, and light microscopy. Both tetragonal and decussate tetrads have been identified in Brasenia, indicating successive microsporogenesis. The exine is tectate-columellate. The tetrad stage proceeds rapidly, and the infratectal columellae are the first exine elements to form. Development of the tectum and the foot layer is initiated later during the tetrad stage, with the tectum forming discontinuously. The endexine lamellae form during the free microspore stage, and their development varies in the apertural and non-apertural regions of the pollen wall. Degradation of the secretory tapetum also occurs during the free microspore stage. Unlike other water lilies, Brasenia is wind-pollinated, and several pollen characters appear to be correlated with this pollination syndrome. The adaptive significance of these characters, in contrast to those of the fly-pollinated genus Cabomba, has been considered.
    [Show full text]
  • Cabomba Caroliniana A
    Last updated July 2017 State of Michigan’s Status and Strategy for Carolina Fanwort (Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray) Management Scope Carolina fanwort (Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray, hereafter CFW) is a submerged aquatic plant that is invasive in Australia, Europe, Asia, and parts of North America (Wilson et al. 2007). In the United States, CFW has established invasive populations in the Northeast, Pacific Northwest, and Midwest, but has only recently been recognized as a management concern in Michigan (Higman et al. 2010; MISIN 2017). An earlier version of this document was a product of an Environmental Protection Agency - Great Lakes Research Initiative 205(j) grant between the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality and Central Michigan University (CMU) in 2014 (Hackett et al. 2014). It was significantly revised by CMU and partners on the Michigan Invasive Species Grant Program and reviewed by Michigan Departments of Environmental Quality and Natural Resources for the purposes of: • Consolidating current science-based knowledge relative to the biology and ecology of CFW. • Summarizing scientific literature and research efforts that inform management options for CFW in Michigan. • Identifying future directions for research relative to successful CFW management in Michigan. This document references peer-reviewed journals and publications. Any chemical, company, or organization that is mentioned was included for its involvement in peer-reviewed, published, publicly shared information, not to imply endorsement of the chemical, company, or organization. Biology and Ecology I. Identification Carolina fanwort is a perennial aquatic plant with heterophyllous leaves (Ørgaard 1991). It gets its name from its submerged, fan-like leaves. These leaves have an opposite, sometimes whorled arrangement, 2 – 5 cm (0.75 – 2 in) wide, and are finely subdivided with the first division from a single point (Godfrey and Wooten 1981; eFloras 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Shade As a Management Tool for the Invasive Submerged Macrophyte, Cabomba Caroliniana
    J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 46: 168-171 Shade as a Management Tool for the Invasive Submerged Macrophyte, Cabomba caroliniana SHON S. SCHOOLER1 ABSTRACT son and Hallows 1983, Carter et al. 1994). Floating aquatic species also provide shade and reduce the growth of sub- Cabomba, or water fanwort (Cabomba caroliniana), is a sub- merged species (Janes et al. 1996), which may be a useful merged aquatic macrophyte that is currently spreading management method if floating native plants are available throughout the world and is considered a serious weed in and considered desirable. However, all of these methods are many countries. It is difficult to manage because convention- expected to alter the physico-chemical environment under al chemical and physical methods are not sustainable or ef- the mats, including reduction in dissolved oxygen concentra- fective. Shading was investigated as a management tions, increase in carbon dioxide concentrations, and reduc- technique. Floating pool covers were used to impose three tion of pH (Janes et al. 1996). shade treatments (0, 70, and 99%) at three depths (1, 2, 3 Cabomba (Cabomba caroliniana Gray, Cabombaceae), or m) at a lake in subtropical Australia. The 99% shade treat- water fanwort, is a fast-growing submerged aquatic plant that ment reduced biomass to zero within 120 days, and inspec- has the potential to infest permanent water bodies from trop- tion found that no live material remained on or in the ical to cool temperate regions throughout the world (Wilson sediment. The 70% treatment reduced biomass at 2 and 3 m et al. 2007). It is considered a serious pest in the United depth, but did not affect biomass at the 1-m depth.
    [Show full text]