DOCSLIB.ORG

Soil Piping in a Temperate Humid Climate the Flemish Ardennes (Belgium)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Soil Piping in a Temperate Humid Climate the Flemish Ardennes (Belgium) SOIL PIPING IN A TEMPERATE HUMID CLIMATE THE FLEMISH ARDENNES (BELGIUM) Els VERACHTERT Promoter: Prof. J. Poesen Co-promoters: Prof. Dr. J. Deckers Dr. M. Van Den Eeckhaut Dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the Members of the Examination requirements for the Committee: degree of Doctor of Prof. Dr. G. Govers Science Prof. Dr. G. Verstraeten Prof. Dr. J. Diels Prof. Dr. C. Bielders Prof. Dr. J. Nyssen November 2011 © 2011 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Groep Wetenschap & Technologie, Arenberg Doctoraatsschool, W. de Croylaan 6, 3001 Heverlee, België Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden vermenigvuldigd en/of openbaar gemaakt worden door middel van druk, fotokopie, microfilm, elektronisch of op welke andere wijze ook zonder voorafgaandelijke schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm, electronic or any other means without written permission from the publisher. ISBN 978-90-8649-457-6 D/2011/10.705/75 Acknowledgements Four years of diligent work on the field, in the lab, in the office with colleagues or solitary behind my computer screen, … This book in front of you is not only the result of my research, but can also be read as a chapter of my life. Luckily, I didn’t have to walk this road alone, but I enjoyed the support of many whom I’d like to acknowledge here. My PhD gave me the chance to develop my scientific skills, but a lot of other competences (management, communication skills, …) as well. Therefore, I’m grateful to my supervisor prof. Jean Poesen for giving me this opportunity. Thank you, Jean, for being always available for feedback, for proofreading my texts and giving helpful comments. The same holds for my co-supervisors prof. Seppe Deckers and dr. Miet Van Den Eeckhaut. Seppe, your enthusiasm guided me into the world of soil science. I’d like to thank you for motivating me and for engaging me in ardent discussions. Miet’s experience in the study area immediately set me on the right track for my own research. Miet, your help in the field and with data analysis, as well as your general advice, is highly appreciated! Prof. Gert Verstraeten and Prof. Gerard Govers completed my supervisory committee. I am grateful for your good advice and inspiring discussions, which brought my research to a higher level. All jury members are thanked for your constructive comments which helped in improving the manuscript. For the geophysical detection methods, I relied on the expertise of the Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany). Sander Huisman is especially thanked for his work and help with writing the chapter about these measurements. In de Vlaamse Ardennen werd ik opgevangen en ondersteund door enthousiaste mensen van het Steunpunt Erosie, het Agentschap voor Natuur en Bos (bedankt Johan Cordier in het bijzonder) en het Regionaal Landschap Vlaamse Ardennen. Ook een dankjewel aan de milieudiensten van de betrokken gemeentes en aan de boeren, buren en eigenaars van de velden om mij de nodige achtergrondinformatie te bezorgen en me toelating te geven om er te boren, graven, meten… Speciaal bedankt Michel Liagre, het waren vele maar aangename uren die ik op je weide in Kluisbergen heb doorbracht. My thanks goes also to everybody who helped me with the fieldwork: Kristof , Wim, Koen, Willem, Bastiaan, Karolien P, Karolien V, Annemarie, Steven, Nils, Sarah, i Vikram, Estela, Juan, Manuel, Fons, Pieter, Karen, mama, papa, … Ook was het fijn om te kunnen rekenen op een hele groep technisch personeel voor hulp en aangenaam gezelschap op het veld en in het labo: Valentijn, Jos, Mustafa, Lore, Sabrina, Bjorn, Steven. Tijdens de voorbije jaren werkten bovendien verschillende thesisstudenten (geografen en bio-ingenieurs) mee aan dit onderzoek: bedankt Nele K., Ruben, Wouter, Alexander, Steven en Nele W.! Niet alleen was het leuk om samen veldwerk te doen, jullie hebben mij (ook letterlijk) geholpen om dit onderzoek tot op de bodem uit te spitten. Geen doctoraat zonder… computerproblemen, helaas. Gelukkig stonden Johan en Hilde dan voor me klaar. De administratieve rompslomp namen Marie-Rose, Annemie, Sofie en de anderen van het balie-team voor hun rekening. Bedankt om zo mijn werk te verlichten. Even when the research didn’t proceed easily, I always enjoyed coming to the Geo- institute thanks to the lovely atmosphere created by a bunch of great colleagues (I will not attempt naming everybody and risk forgetting someone). Thanks to all of you for the pleasant breaks, interesting discussions, nice dinners, parties, … Even as a outsider, I immediately felt part of the ‘Geography family’. My office mates (Karolien V, Koen, Sarah, Karolien P., Ihab and Manuel) deserve special mention for raising my spirits whenever I needed it with nice conversations, ‘healing’ music and comfort food! ;-) Also, thank you Wim and Lien for being just one skype-message or a few offices away when I needed a chat. Estela, gracias por el apoyo y la amistad, no hubiera sido posible sin ti! Aan mijn familie en vrienden: jullie steun en interesse, de lieve mails en telefoontjes, … waren een stimulans om te blijven volhouden. Bio-ir ‘lotgenoten’, Nele, Eline en Bart bedank ik voor de gezellige lunches en (overzeese) peptalk. Mama, papa, en Karen, het doet deugd te weten dat ik steeds op jullie kan rekenen! Bedankt, Karen, ‘your word is as good as your bond’. Tot slot verdient ook Pieter, mijn grootste supporter, een bijzondere vermelding. Dankjewel om mij steeds aan te moedigen om door te zetten, maar om ook te zorgen voor de nodige ontspanning en zo mijn mentale gezondheid in de gaten te houden! ;-) Els ii Abstract Collapsible loess-derived soils are prone to soil piping erosion, where enlargement of macropores may lead to a subsurface pipe network and eventually to soil collapse and gully development. This study aims at understanding the factors controlling spatial patterns of piping in loess-derived soils in a temperate humid climate. In order to map the spatial distribution of collapsed pipes (CP) and to identify the environmental controls on their distribution, a regional survey was carried out in a 236 km² study area in the Flemish Ardennes (Belgium). In total, 137 parcels with 560 CP were mapped. The subsurface erosion in these parcels causes significant soil losses (0.6 – 1.2 t ha -1 yr -1) in a land use –pasture– that is typically considered to be non-susceptible to surface erosion. Standard geophysical detection methods turned out not to be successful yet in detecting subsurface pipes in silty soils that are not (yet) collapsed. To obtain information on the local soil characteristics controlling pipe development, 12 soil profiles covering parcels with and without CP were analysed in detail. Logistic regression and topographical thresholds were used to gather insight in the spatial distribution of the CP and to create susceptibility maps. Which conditions need to be met to induce piping in the Flemish Ardennes? A certain slope gradient in combination with a sufficiently large contributing area is needed, although the hydraulic gradient is more important than the surface slope gradient. Furthermore, the combination of loess-derived soils underlain by less-permeable clayey substrates favours the occurrence of high/perched water tables and gives rise to numerous springs. Other factors creating a concentrated water flow such as landsliding, road drainage or blocked/broken field drains, may add to a favourable hydrological situation for piping as well. In addition, many of the fields that match a steep topography and poor drainage are under pasture. This land use is the most favourable for biological activity by earthworms and small mammals. Anecic earthworm species enhance rapid vertical infiltration and mole burrows contribute to lateral flow in the soil profile. Preferential flow paths are generated and, with the necessary water supply and subsurface flow, can develop into pipes. Monitoring of pipe discharge, groundwater and precipitation revealed, although the fast responses of pipe discharge on rainfall events, the chemical composition of the pipeflow was most similar to the groundwater samples. Rain water mixes with soil water and groundwater and pushes pre-event water from the soil into the pipes by piston flow. iii Samenvatting Ondergrondse erosie door water of tunnelerosie (Eng.: piping, tunnelling) is niet onmiddellijk zichtbaar, waardoor dit erosieproces vaak aan de aandacht ontsnapt. Bij tunnelerosie worden ondergrondse lineaire holtes gevormd door stromend water wat kan leiden tot grondverzakkingen en discontinue ravijnvorming. Het onderzoek heeft tot doel meer inzicht te verschaffen in de ruimtelijke patronen van tunnelerosie in een 236 km² groot studiegebied in de Vlaamse Ardennen. Tijdens een intensieve terreinkartering werden in 137 percelen 560 instortingen door tunnelerosie (CP) in kaart gebracht. Daarbij leidt de ondergrondse erosie tot niet verwaarloosbare sedimentverliezen (0.6 – 1.2 ton ha -1 j -1) in de weides met CP, en dit voor een landgebruik dat beschouwd wordt als ongevoelig voor erosie. Om de gevoeligheid van een locatie voor tunnelerosie te voorspellen, werd gebruikt gemaakt van logistische regressie. Een tweede gevoeligheidskaart voor tunnelerosie in het studiegebied kon opgesteld worden aan de hand van topografische drempelcondities van helling en toestroomgebied. Tunnelerosie komt vooral voor op plaatsen met de vereiste topografische index (voldoende steile helling in combinatie met groot
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Landslides in Belgium—Two Case Studies in the Flemish Ardennes and the Pays De 20 Herve
    Landslides in Belgium—Two Case Studies in the Flemish Ardennes and the Pays de 20 Herve Olivier Dewitte, Miet Van Den Eeckhaut, Jean Poesen and Alain Demoulin Abstract Most landslides in Belgium, and especially the largest features, do not occur in the Ardenne, where the relief energy and the climate conditions seem most favourable. They appear in regions located mainly north of them where the lithology consists primarily of unconsolidated material. They develop on slopes that are relatively smooth, and their magnitude is pretty large with regard to that context. An inventory of more than 300 pre-Holocene to recent landslides has been mapped. Twenty-seven percent of all inventoried landslides are shallow complex landslides that show signs of recent activity. The remaining landslides are deep-seated features and rotational earth slides dominate (n > 200). For such landslides, the average area is 3.9 ha, but affected areas vary from 0.2 to 40.4 ha. The exact age of the deep-seated landslides is unknown, but it is certain that during the last century no such landslides were initiated. Both climatic and seismic conditions during the Quaternary may have triggered landslides. The produced landslide inventory is a historical inventory containing landslides of different ages and triggering events. Currently, only new shallow landslides or reactivations within existing deep-seated landslides occur. The focus on the Hekkebrugstraat landslide in the Flemish Ardennes allows us to understand the recent dynamics of a large reactivated landslide. It shows the complexity of the interactions between natural and human-induced processes. The focus on the Pays the Herve allows for a deeper understanding of landslide mechanisms and the cause of their origin in natural environmental conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Best Practices in Rural Development Flanders – Belgium
    Best practices in rural development Flanders – Belgium Nominated and winning projects Competition Prima Plattelandsproject 2010 Preface At the beginning of April 2010, the Prima Plattelandsproject competition was launched. In the frame of this competition the Flemish Rural Network went in search of the best rural projects and activities in Flanders, subsidized under the Rural Development Programme 2007-2013 (RDP II). No fewer than 35 farmers or organisations submitted their candidacy. A total of 32 candidates were finally retained by the Flemish Rural Network. These were distributed as follows in function of the competition themes: - added value through cooperation: 15 candidates; - smart use of energy in agriculture and rural areas: 0 candidates; - care for nature and biodiversity: 8 candidates; - communication and education as an instrument: 6 candidates; - smart marketing strategies: 3 candidates. The provincial juries decided which of the submitted files could continue to the next round (up to 3 projects per theme per province). Then an international jury selected the five best candidates for each theme for the whole of Flanders. After that, everyone had the opportunity to vote for their favourite(s)on the www.ruraalnetwerk.be website. No less than 7300 valid votes were registered! The four winning projects were honoured on 14 January 2011 during an event at the Agriflanders agricultural fair. Picture: The four winning projects. Since all 18 projects can be considered “best practices”, this brochure gives an overview of the winning and the nominated projects by theme. The texts and photographs were provided by the applicants, unless otherwise indicated. Enjoy your read! Flemish Rural Network Theme “Added value through cooperation” WINNING PROJECT: Library service bus Zwevegem Project description: The main facilities (including the municipal administrative centre and the library) are located outside of the city centre in the municipality of Zwevegem, in the extreme north of the town.
    [Show full text]
  • Belgian Beer Experiences in Flanders & Brussels
    Belgian Beer Experiences IN FLANDERS & BRUSSELS 1 2 INTRODUCTION The combination of a beer tradition stretching back over Interest for Belgian beer and that ‘beer experience’ is high- centuries and the passion displayed by today’s brewers in ly topical, with Tourism VISITFLANDERS regularly receiving their search for the perfect beer have made Belgium the questions and inquiries regarding beer and how it can be home of exceptional beers, unique in character and pro- best experienced. Not wanting to leave these unanswered, duced on the basis of an innovative knowledge of brew- we have compiled a regularly updated ‘trade’ brochure full ing. It therefore comes as no surprise that Belgian brew- of information for tour organisers. We plan to provide fur- ers regularly sweep the board at major international beer ther information in the form of more in-depth texts on competitions. certain subjects. 3 4 In this brochure you will find information on the following subjects: 6 A brief history of Belgian beer ............................. 6 Presentations of Belgian Beers............................. 8 What makes Belgian beers so unique? ................12 Beer and Flanders as a destination ....................14 List of breweries in Flanders and Brussels offering guided tours for groups .......................18 8 12 List of beer museums in Flanders and Brussels offering guided tours .......................................... 36 Pubs ..................................................................... 43 Restaurants .........................................................47 Guided tours ........................................................51 List of the main beer events in Flanders and Brussels ......................................... 58 Facts & Figures .................................................... 62 18 We hope that this brochure helps you in putting together your tours. Anything missing? Any comments? 36 43 Contact your Trade Manager, contact details on back cover.
    [Show full text]
  • Brochure Toerisme Herzele 20
    DEAR VISITOR OF OUR BEAUTIFUL MUNICIPALITY As Alderman for Tourism, I am honoured to present to you our tourist guide. A guide that is the brainchild of an enthusiastic team. It is a collection of the locals’ favourite places, peppered with beautiful photos and set out in a readily-understood format. ‘See’ Herzele. Herzele offers a lot of surprising places that are worth discovering. During your visit, you can enjoy the many sights of Herzele or the beautiful rolling landscape of one of the boroughs. Come and see Herzele through the lens of an (amateur) photographer, who captured the most beautiful spots for you. ‘Do’ Herzele. There’s never a dull moment in Herzele. There are plenty of activities for young and old. Along the various walking and cycling routes, you can always count on idyllic tracks, beautiful forest roads and surprising stops. Discover the ‘Duivenbos’ (Pigeon Forest) or the Schaubroeck nature reserve. Take part in the many activities on offer. In short: experience Herzele to the full. Are you a gourmet? Sampling what Herzele has to offer is an absolute must. Have a nice Herzele beer in one of our cafés or accompanied by a delicious meal in one of our restaurants. Or how about a regional product or a speciality from the local trader? A true joy! Thanks to the combination of numerous activities and the beautiful surroundings, you are bound to return home with your batteries fully charged. Convinced? Enjoy this magazine and experience Herzele! For more information, you can always contact our Tourist Office in Herzele.
    [Show full text]
  • Oudenaarde Trump Daytrips for Groups Oudenaarde Trump Daytrips for Groups
    ENGLISH OUDENAARDE TRUMP DAYTRIPS FOR GROUPS OUDENAARDE TRUMP DAYTRIPS FOR GROUPS Do come in, the gate is open! From the belfry tower of the gothic town hall Hanske de Krijger (Jack the Warrior) has seen them all coming: the monarchs, the lords and ladies, the tapestry weavers, the brewers and the drinkers, and the travellers through the ages. Our town guard fell asleep only once, leaving the guests out in the cold. The emperor Charles V gave him a pair of spectacles and the gate has been wide open ever since. As soon as you have entered, Louis XIV, the lord of Pamele, Margaretha van Parma and Adriaen Brouwer will be pleased to tell you the story of Oudenaarde’s glorious past. They are waiting for you in the new museum MOU. Unless you prefer to explore AN the town first, looking for the tangible witnesses of what has happened here in the AMAZING past centuries. Our monuments and historic buildings are at a walking distance TOWNHALL from one another. You really should visit Oudenaarde’s Custodians’ Chamber) with an 18th- duration: 2 hours Late Gothic town hall, the belfry of century gallery and the big Silver Room price: € 60 for the guided tour Its rich past has not restrained the town by the Scheldt to keep writing history. Each which belongs to UNESCO World where the unique De Boever-Alligoridès + entrance fee: € 2 per person year we add a new chapter to the story of the Tour of Flanders, the sportive popular Heritage. collection of the silversmith’s trade is max.
    [Show full text]
  • East Flanders Amsterdam
    ExperienceEast Flanders Amsterdam Rotterdam London Zeebrugge Antwerpen Oostende Gent Brussel Köln Lille Liège Charleroi Paris Luxembourg naal poldka Leo a Beveren fle Sint-Laureins id i ng s Assenede Sint-Gillis-Waas k a n a Kaprijke a l v a Stekene Maldegem n Eeklo d Zelzate e L e i e Moerbekeart rva Wachtebeke Moe Het Waasland n e Waarschoot z Kruibeke u Sint-Niklaas e n r Evergem e T Knesselare t– Temse Het Meetjesland n e G l a lde a he n Gent c kanaal Brugg Zomergem a S e– k D Waasmunster Ge u nt Lochristi Lokeren rm Lovendegem e Aalter Gent Hamme Zele Nevele Destelbergen Laarne Berlare Dendermonde St.-Martens- lde Latem he Deinze Sc Buggenhout ie Le Melle Wichelen Lebbeke De Pinte Wetteren De Leiestreek Scheldeland Merelbeke Lede Nazareth Zulte Aalst Oosterzele Gavere St.-Lievens- Houtem Kruishoutem Erpe-Mere Zingem Denderleeuw Haaltert Herzele Zwalm Zottegem Wortegem-Petegem Oudenaarde Vlaamse Ardennen Horebeke r de n e e eld D Sch Brakel Lierde Ninove Maarkedal Kluisbergen Geraardsbergen Ronse 2 Let East Flanders captivate you “Europe’s best-kept secret.” That is what the Lonely Planet travel guide publisher calls Ghent (Belgium), promptly catapulting the city to the 7th place in the world-famous list of must-see cities in 2011. And Ghent automatically brings to mind East Flanders, home of Artevelde’s historically rebellious city. And 64 other cities and towns in the midst of forested hilltops or alongside long polder brooks. Four major rivers and streams – Scheldt, Leie, Dender and Durme – run through the area and lend their name, fame and strength to the region.
    [Show full text]
  • How Do Humans Interact with Their Environment in Residential Areas Prone to Landsliding - a Case-Study from the Flemish Ardennes
    [email protected] Landslide processes: from geomorphologic mapping to dynamic modelling. A tribute to Prof. Dr. Theo van Asch Strasbourg, France, February 6 - 7th 2009 How do humans interact with their environment in residential areas prone to landsliding - a case-study from the Flemish Ardennes - Miet Van Den Eeckhaut (1,2), Jean Poesen (1), Marijn Van Gils (1), Anton Van Rompaey (1), Liesbeth Vandekerckhove (3) (1) Physical and Regional Geography Research Group, K.U.Leuven, Belgium, (2) Research Foundation - Flanders, Belgium, (3) Environment, Nature and Energy Department, Flemish Government, Belgium 1. Problem statement and objectives The interaction between humans and the environment is a central theme in geography. In most landslide studies, attention is mainly paid to the influence of natural factors on the occurrence of landslides. Humans are mainly regarded as subjects that are vulnerable to landslides, and not as actors influencing slope stability (Panizza 1999). Recent studies focusing on the effect of human-induced land use changes on slope stability (e.g. Vanacker et al. 2003; Petley et al. 2007; Meusburger and Alewell 2008), however, have shown that in populated regions, the impact of humans on the environment contributes significantly to the initiation and reactivation of landslides. Therefore, the objective of this study is: to analyse the human - environment interactions and their influence on landsliding in the Flemish Ardennes. 1. Problem statement and objectives Human-environment interactions and their influence on landslides in the Flemish Ardennes 2. Study area: the Flemish Ardennes • Climate: maritime temperate humid climate with mild winters; • Topography: hilly region, altitudes from 10 to 150 m a.s.l.; 99.5% of the area has a slope gradient < 20%; valley-asymmetry: S to NW oriented slopes are steeper; • Tertiary lithology: alternation of sands and less permeable smectite-rich clays; • Hydrology: many springs, high drainage density.
    [Show full text]
  • By the Koppenberg Aka Tour of Flanders
    CHALLENGE COBBLES RIDING CLOBBERED IN 24 HOURS BY THE KOPPENBERG AKA TOUR OF FLANDERS Ahead of the centenary edition of the Ronde van Vlaanderen, Flanders first-timer Felix Lowe decided to go from home by bike (bus and train) to Belgium to tackle the famous cobblestone tracks with a former world champion. It was man against the clock and a lot of cobbles... Words Felix Lowe Pictures Tom Wilcocks he alarm sounds. It’s 4 become a focal point in the race - although a.m. on a cold March never as much as in 1984 when only two morning in Maidstone, riders reached the top on their bikes. T Kent. I stagger out of the To be tackling such a talismanic ascent so Premier Inn and load my soon in our ride is a baptism of fire. There’s bike in to our team van. barely a chance to drop into the right gear as A Eurostar train to we leave the smooth asphalt and get the Calais beckons, then two hours on the road perineum-pummelling show on the road. My to Oudenaarde - the finish town of the annual first reaction is to thank my lucky stars that Ronde van Vlaanderen (Tour of Flanders) Rob, our Le Domestique domestique, insisted cycling race. on reducing my tyre pressure this morning - a Awaiting us there is Belgian legend Johan must for such a jagged surface. Museeuw, a triple Ronde winner from the Back in his prime, Museeuw preferred the 1990s known as “The Lion of Flanders”. cobbles when they were “wet and slippery, so Museeuw is joining me and a small group from you have more elimination and more Le Domestique Tours for a 75-kilometre spin crashes”.
    [Show full text]
  • For the Love of the Cobbles Only Those Who Are in Top Condition Can Say That the Ronde Van Vlaanderen Is Not Hard
    For the Love of the Cobbles Only those who are in top condition can say that the Ronde van Vlaanderen is not hard. For all others, it is the Way of the Cross. –Andrea Tafi 2 For the Love of the Cobbles A Journey Inside Cycling’s Cobbled Classic Racing Season, and a Ride Across the Hard Surfaces of Belgium and France By Chris Fontecchio Founding Editor of the Podium Café 3 Prologue On a spring afternoon in 1985, I did what I usually did when nothing was going on. I hopped on my bike and rode to my friend Steve’s house. It was spring break and I was home from college with no particular plans, so falling back on my high school routines was like slipping into an old sweatshirt. Those routines consisted of gathering across town -- biking on the nice days -- at either Steve’s house or another friend’s, and if anything like a quorum could be found, basketball or football or some warped rendition of baseball would happen. But on this day there was no quorum. Steve was home, hanging in his room, watching TV. “Check this out,” he said1 as he flicked on CBS Sports, showing a bike race from France. I’d caught a glimpse of the Tour de France before, enough to know the name and register some basic comprehension of the need for some people to race their bikes. Back then I poured over the sports pages every morning, and knew from the agate page (the one with the scores, standings, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • 15 Rural Entrepreneurs Tell Their Stories!
    PRAXIS 15 rural entrepreneurs tell their stories! PRAXIS-2007-EN.indd 1 21-12-2006 20:07:02 15 rural entrepreneurs tell their stories Preface In the publication “15 rural entrepreneurs tell their stories” the Provinciale Landbouw-kamer (Provincial Agricultural Chamber) of East-Flanders, Department Agriculture and Countryside lets rural entrepreneurs of the wide range of agricultural and horticultural businesses in East-Flanders, Belgium tell their stories. Starting from an economic point of view these managers talk passionately about their company or product. This publication is the East-Flemish version of the European Interreg IIIC project “PRAXIS: Making rural entrepre- neurship work”. PRAXIS aims at comparing strategies for rural policy in the various regions of the European Union. Pilot projects to stimulate the rural entrepreneurship have been set up, e.g. micro-enterprise start-ups in the countryside, looking at innovation and supporting diversifi cation – differentiation in agriculture and horticulture. In addition to this publication, a forum will be organized in 2007, where rural entrepreneurs will receive support and information in the domain of communication and innovation in view of developing their product or drawing up their business planning. In this publication we can only introduce a limited number of entrepreneurs. Through the provincial economical, agricultural and rural policy we want to create a liveable countryside, a pleasant place to live and to work in, to spend your time off and with respect for the environment
    [Show full text]
  • Movement, Exchange & Identity in Europe.Indb
    This pdf of your paper in Movement, Exchange and Identity in Europe in the 2nd and 1st Millennia BC belongs to the publishers Oxbow Books and it is their copyright. As author you are licenced to make up to 50 offprints from it, but beyond that you may not publish it on the World Wide Web until three years from publication (September 2020), unless the site is a limited access intranet (password protected). If you have queries about this please contact the editorial department at Oxbow Books ([email protected]). MOVEMENT, EXCHANGE AND IDENTITY IN EUROPE IN THE 2ND AND 1ST MILLENNIA BC AN OFFPRINT FROM MOVEMENT, EXCHANGE AND IDENTITY IN EUROPE IN THE 2ND AND 1ST MILLENNIA BC BEYOND FRONTIERS edited by ANNE LEHOËRFF AND MARC TALON Hardback Edition: ISBN 978-1-78570-716-2 (hardback) Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78570-717-9 (epub) © Oxbow Books 2017 Oxford & Philadelphia www.oxbowbooks.com Published in the United Kingdom in 2017 by OXBOW BOOKS The Old Music Hall, 106–108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JE and in the United States by OXBOW BOOKS 1950 Lawrence Road, Havertown, PA 19083 © Oxbow Books and the individual authors 2017 Hardback Edition: ISBN 978-1-78570-716-2 (hardback) Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78570-717-9 (epub) A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library and the Library of Congress All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher in writing.
    [Show full text]
  • 100 Years of the Tour of Flanders 100 Years of the Tour of Flanders
    100 years of the Tour of Flanders 100 years of the Tour of Flanders When the new spring cycling season comes around, Flanders the full impact of the Tour of Flanders. It is also difficult to undergoes a bizarre metamorphosis. In the space of a few describe the collective passion that takes hold, even among weeks, Flanders sees the all the classics taking place one after people who have no interest in cycling during the rest of the other: the Omloop Het Nieuwsblad, Dwars door Vlaanderen, year. Suddenly it’s upon us: The Ronde! In the space of just Gent-Wevelgem, etc. It is an exciting run-up to Holy Sunday a few hours, the race pulls in the masses, either along the - the Ronde. A 260-kilometre (162 mile) apotheosis. When circuit or clustered around their TV sets. They’re in among the whole world can see that Flemish people do not just like the pack, experiencing the race with them. Drawn faces in an racing it; they breathe it. They are the race. equally intense setting. Anyone who does not live in Flanders or who has never been there in the springtime might have difficulty imagining On May 25th 2013, it will be exactly a hundred years since the first Tour of Flanders took place. Flanders honours this birthday. There will be celebrations, exhibitions, events and new cycling routes will be created. Flanders will be the place to be for all cycling enthusiasts! The Escape, Flanders launches a unique cycling team The Escape is a cycling team like any other with an administrator, green hillsides, get shaken about over cobblestone roads, ride team medic, physio, technical support team and car.
    [Show full text]