Taman Petanu Eco Neighbourhood Considerations

Taman Petanu Eco Neighborhood • [email protected] • www.AlamSantiDesign.com Taman Petanu is a consciously evolving model community that embraces diversity and radiates 2 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Consideraharmony,tions respect, innovation, abundance and joy. Permaculture is a worldwide movement of designers, teachers, & grassroots activists working to restore damaged ecosystems & human communities. Permaculture derives practical techniques & principles from the study of natural systems & applies them to earth repair & care.

Anon

The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • 3 Table of Contents

The Taman Petanu Eco Neighbourhood vision ...... 6

Permaculture Zones at the Taman Petanu Site ...... 8

Taman Petanu Permaculture Zone Map ...... 8

ZONE 0 - the person and their own body and mind space/time/health ...... 9 ZONE 1 - house and food gardens ...... 9 ZONE 2 - close public spaces and ...... 9 ZONE 3 - large open spaces and community gardens or commercial production ...... 9 ZONE 4 - reserves, windbreaks and woodlots, prevention of land erosion ...... 9 ZONE 5 - wildlife corridors, wetlands and sanctuaries ...... 9

Permaculture Principles at Taman Petanu ...... 11

PRINCIPLE No 1: Observe and Interact ...... 11

PRINCIPLE No 2: Catch and Store Energy ...... 11

PRINCIPLE No 3: Obtain a Yield ...... 11

PRINCIPLE No 4: Apply Self Regulation and Accept Feedback ...... 12

PRINCIPLE No 5: Use and Value Natural Resources and Services ...... 12

PRINCIPLE No 6: Produce no Waste ...... 12

PRINCIPLE No 7: Design from Patterns to Detail ...... 12

PRINCIPLE No 8: Integrate Rather than Segregate ...... 12

PRINCIPLE No 9: Use Small and Slow Solution ...... 13

PRINCIPLE No 10: Use and Value Diversity ...... 13

PRINCIPLE No 11: Use Edge and Value the Marginal ...... 13

PRINCIPLE No 12: Creatively Respond and Adapt to Change ...... 13

Overview of the land ...... 14

Key Considerations for the neighbourhood’s master planning ...... 15

Detail of the neighborhoods common facilities ...... 16

Diagram 1 : Vegetative Buffer Zones ...... 17

Diagram 2 : Hydrological considerations ...... 17

Diagram 3 : Cross section of swaled pathways ...... 17

Diagram 4 : Topographical Map & Soil Structure Test of Taman Petanu Land Area ...... 18

Diagram 5 : Table of soil structure test results ...... 18

4 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations Vegetation buffer planting area no 1 ...... 20

Vegetation buffer planting area no 2 ...... 21

On-site car parking area for residents ...... 22

Off-site car parking area for the general public & access road ...... 23

Middle swales and main pathways ...... 24

Wetlands conservation area ...... 24

Storm water ponds ...... 25

Micro hydro energy supply system ...... 25

Natural swimming pool ...... 25

Black and grey water treatment ...... 26

General Permaculture Hydrologic Recommendations ...... 28

Challenges and suggested solutions ...... 28

Water on site ...... 28

Water resource management ...... 29

Methods for determining determine tank sizing for a rainwater catchment...... 29

Supply side approach ...... 29

Demand side approach ...... 29

An example ...... 30

Natural Elements (sun, wind, rain etc) at the Taman Petanu Site ...... 32

Diagram 6 : Natural Elements Map of Taman Petanu Area ...... 32

Diagram 7 : The passive design of a traditional Balinese Compound ...... 32

Basic principles of passive cooling design for tropical climates ...... 33

Some of the key considerations and principles for passive design in the tropics...... 34

Design for humidity control ...... 36

The Taman Petanu Community Eco ...... 38

Preliminary plan for the farm’s development ...... 38

Community cooperation mechanism ...... 39

Items currently being considered for production at the farm & surrounding community .....40

The preliminary draft design for the farm ...... 42

The potential schedule for systems development ...... 42

The Sumampan Community Dump Site Rehabilitation ...... 44

The preliminary assessment and considerations...... 45

Ideas for a potential sustainable program to address the problem on an ongoing basis ...... 45

The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • 5 The Taman Petanu Eco Neighbourhood vision

The Taman Petanu Eco Neighborhood is a consciously evolving model community that embraces diversity and radiates harmony, respect, innovation, abundance and joy.

The Taman Petanu Eco Neighbourhood project is based on a deep commitment to Bali’s environment, developing culture and environmental, social, cultural and economic sustainability. The Neighbourhood has been created for demonstrating models for sustainable living, community empowerment, and exploring arts and self development.

Taman Petanu Eco Neighbourhood is being designed and developed in a way that increases reverence for nature, and strengthens cultural, community and family connections. The Members of the neighbourhood uphold the principles of local cultural sensitivity, and respect to all peoples, of any age, race, creed or religion.

The members of The Taman Petanu Eco Neighbourhood are committed to the principles of sustainability. For them, sustainability is achieved through an integrated, holistic approach, which is outlined in the Balinese philosophy of Tri Hita Karana that describes how we all develop based on: our relationship with the environment, our relationship with other beings, and our relationship with God or Universal Energy.

How Permaculture is being included in the Neighborhood’s planning & development

Master Planning Sustainable living design • Topographical & zone considerations • Passive design for homes and facilities

• Hydrological planning (water use & flow) • Resource use and management • Micro climate development & support • Sustainable energy supply • Supplying needs & reducing negative impacts • Wise waste (resource) management • Community integration • Healthy living systems

6 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations Some of the processes undertaken to date...

Local community advisors join the team Consultation with local community

Topographical mapping & 3D model development John & Phil PDC includes site planning exercise

Members spend time “getting to know” the land Soil structure testing by local University

Members’ gatherings to discuss plans / share ideas Team survey of local waste management problems

The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • 7 Permaculture Zones at the Taman Petanu Site

Taman Petanu Permaculture Zone Map

Legend

ZONE 1 House and food gardens ZONE 2 Close public spaces and orchards ZONE 3 Open spaces/communal/commercial production ZONE 4 Reserves, windbreaks, woodlots

ZONE 5 Wildlife corridors, wetlands, sanctuaries

8 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations Taman Petanu Permaculture Zone Map species notes

Following are some initial considerations about functionality and species use for development within the various Permaculture zone on and surrounding the Taman Petanu Site.

ZONE 0 - the person and their own body and mind space/time/health

• People as member of the whole family of humanity

• People as stewards of this planet (a living/conscious ecosystem)

• People as members of the neighborhood

ZONE 1 - house and food gardens

• Ginger, turmeric, spices, passion fruit, papaya, salad perennials, herbs

ZONE 2 - close public spaces and orchards

• Common facilities and social areas, bamboo

ZONE 3 - large open spaces and community gardens or commercial production

• Communal gardens, with lettuce, tomatoes, eggplant, etc.

• Food forests with stacking:

• Fruit tree, mango, avocados at the top

• Underneath is , cacao, coffee

• Underneath is root veggies

ZONE 4 - reserves, windbreaks and woodlots, prevention of land erosion

• Bamboo and food forests near the river

• Bamboo along the road

• Parking area. Covered parking. Water catchment from roof

ZONE 5 - wildlife corridors, wetlands and sanctuaries

• River, riverfront tree line

The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • 9 Permaculture Principles at Taman Petanu

Care for the Earth • Care for the People • Care for the Future Permaculture Principles at Taman Petanu

Permaculture is about making connections.

The following considerations about strategies for the neighbourhood were initially developed by Melissa, Emilie, Niko and Rosa at the Permaculture Designer’s Course that was held on Bali in February 2011, taught by John Champagne and Phil Gall. As the project unfolds, the connections will continue to be identified and these notes will be further developed by the Taman Petanu members and project development team.

PRINCIPLE No 1: Observe and Interact

• Understand the flow of water for the entire area, follow and direct the natural flow to water collection zones used for filtration, storage and irrigation

• Get to know the community and understand their hopes and aspirations and how the neighbourhood can support and collaborate

• Assess natural resources in the area and utilize

• See problems as solutions such as the rubbish tip and chemical farming above our land

PRINCIPLE No 2: Catch and Store Energy

Water storage

• Rain – each house has rainwater catchment • Run off – surrounding rice field flow goes to filtration ponds and redistributed to gardens • Grey and black water - goes to WWG pond with reeds

Renewable energy

• Soil - Turn all common & private land into a sponge to absorb water by adding organic matter to create humus • Trees - Capture free sunlight to grow plants for 86 reasons (Mel knows these) • Seeds - Source local heirloom seed varieties and start our own seed bank

PRINCIPLE No 3: Obtain a Yield • Food and herb growing areas for each household, also larger communal garden areas • Possible income generating activities: • Timber/Bamboo production (long term) • Fruits and veggie boxes • Worm compost • Events – workshops, concerts, space rental • Organic spa products • House rental • Guesthouse • Aq uaculture Fish production • Renew able energy – reduce our power bills and sell back to the grid

The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • 11 PRINCIPLE No 4: Apply Self Regulation and Accept Feedback

• Provide guidelines to all neighbours regarding building development, eco-products, etc.

• Guidelines are developed in participatory manner

• Begin addressing our energy needs by reducing our wants

• Neighbourhood meetings once a year to review and amend anything needed

PRINCIPLE No 5: Use and Value Natural Resources and Services

• Understand the flow of water for the entire area

• Follow and direct the natural flow to water collection zones for filtration, storage and irrigation

• Use plants instead on concrete wherever possible

• Use some of the limestone mining scraps for building material

• Use animals such as ducks, chickens, cows, fish, and dogs for multiple purposes

• Use of sun and water for renewable energy sources

PRINCIPLE No 6: Produce no Waste

• Reuse grey \black water from housing to productive vegetation

• Develop a Waste Management system for the neighbourhood

• Solid waste management and recycling

• Dry composting t oilets (BBQ and pool area) becomes worm farm food

PRINCIPLE No 7: Design from Patterns to Detail

• Follow the serpentine pattern of the contour to design the pathways and swales

• Concentrate more initially on the earthworks required for the infrastructure before getting bogged down in details such as species lists

PRINCIPLE No 8: Integrate Rather than Segregate

• Prioritize integrating the local community in multiple ways – including local employment, partnership for community food production and commercial veggie box production

• Bringing visitors and volunteers / woofers to the site to get involved or learn more

• Shared facilities to offset individuals requiring constructing them in their own homes, e.g. – swimming pool, outdoor kitchen, laundry, office

• Capacity building and education for local community

• Integrate gardens into the individual plots and communal spaces

12 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • Integrate workshop and spaces such as music studio, wood carving

• Kemenuh is a traditional and famous village for wood works!

• Integrate the existing spaces intended for these activities instead of making new space for hand crafted works

• Reduce noise (hammering etc) and allow bigger spaced for large artifact projects and storage

• Provide space for pottery or more mellow creative activities

• A painting studio could be nice there as well, or by the edges of the property where the drop off to the river is

PRINCIPLE No 9: Use Small and Slow Solution

• Food growing and other income generating to become more self sufficient

• Treatment & storage of grey\black water and stormwater from the source of individual homes rather than centralised systems

• Planting bamboo and vetiver grass to stabilize the slope

• Planting lumber bearing trees and bamboo for future use and shade creation

• Use of dogs to keep the monkeys from eating the food grown

PRINCIPLE No 10: Use and Value Diversity

• Diverse veggie and herb gardens and food forests

• Incorporating diverse backgrounds and experience from the neighbours and local community to guide development and management processes

PRINCIPLE No 11: Use Edge and Value the Marginal

• Edges of pathways, tree lines, swales and slope cliff edge – productive plant growing, strong wind shelter, and privacy via living food /wood fences

• Talam Petanu at the marginal edge of integration with the village community that surrounds it

• Garden pattern edges

PRINCIPLE No 12: Creatively Respond and Adapt to Change

• Integration of Swastika’s land offer (initial +/- 60 Are, expandable to 120 Are to immediate south east of Taman Petanu property, currently banana ), proposing to expand the farming area and set up guesthouse and training centre

• Anticipate and prepare for change in group dynamics and decision-making

• Plan for generational shift and as the eco-neighbourhood residents’ age

• Successional planting of species for generations to come, e.g. – Banyan Tree

The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • 13 Overview of the land

The neighborhood’s development plan include the following land areas:

Access route The neighborhood has a a permanent use agreement for this privately owned road (user rights) Phase I 69.9 Are of land, about 30% of which used to be rice fields (title ownership) Phase II 62 Are of land that has been non productive (title ownership) Phase III River side land, total area still to be determined (possibly users rights) River Access This small area has direct river access and users rights are under negotiation (users rights) Eco Farm 65 Are of land that is currently a banana plantation (MOU with local owners)

There is also consideration of taking on one more lot - which is 5.65 Are located to the immediate west of the road into Phase I, for potential development of areas for:

• A waste separation / processing area - to demonstrate best practice in local waste management • Guest and event parking • A workshop area - for ceramics, wood and metal working etc. • A value adding production facility for farm produce • A Community outreach center / area

14 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations Key Considerations for the neighbourhood’s master planning

Within the 1.3 hectare property, 75% of the total area 8 areas has been allocated for private plots, and 25% for commonly used shared neighbourhood facilities.

Green belts will be included within both the common areas and on private plots.

The following preliminary site plan factors the relationships between the common and private areas, and ensures continuity, maximum efficiency, and quality of the development’s spacial planning, utilities needs etc.

Residential areas marked with • dots are Residential areas marked with • dots are planned for development completion July 2013 planned for development completion July 2015

The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • 15 Detail of the neighborhoods common facilities

16 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations Diagram 1 : Vegetative Buffer Zones

Key buffer zones with the following primary functions:

B (A) Buffer Area 1: Shield the area from A external pollutants Wind control Privacy

(A) Buffer Area 2: Erosion control C (C) Vegetated path to farm area

Diagram 2 : Hydrological considerations

Several strategies F included for water flow management

Swaled pathways Channels & uses water from homes D

Constructed wetland E Gravitational outflow

Stormwater ponds Addresses surplus

Diagram 3 : Cross section of swaled pathways

More details about strategies implementation can be found in the following sections

The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • 17 Diagram 4 : Topographical Map & Soil Structure Test of Taman Petanu Land Area

B7 S6 B3 B6 S5 S4 B5

B2 S3

B4 S2 B1 S1

Diagram 5 : Table of soil structure test results

Soil structure test drilling (bor pile) Soil structure test sounding (sondir)

Soil layer 1 Soil layer 2 Rock 0 > 3m kg/cm 3 > 5m kg/cm 5 > 7m kg/cm

B1 S > -3.4m -3.4m > -5.0m -5.0m > -7.0m S1 ≥ 5.0 & ≤ 82.0 ≥ 82.0 & ≤ 140.0 ≥ 140.0 & ≤ 208.0

B2 S > -4.0m -4.0m > -6.0m -6.0m > -7.0m S2 ≥ 5.0 & ≤ 60.0 ≥ 60.0 & ≤ 125.0 ≥ 125.0 & ≤ 188.0

B3 S > -4.0m -4.0m > -6.0m -6.0m > -7.0m S3 ≥ 5.0 & ≤ 97.0 ≥ 97.0 & ≤ 159.0 ≥ 159.0 & ≤ 222.0

B4 S >-4.0m -4.0m > -6.0m -6.0m > -7.0m S4 ≥ 5.0 & ≤ 87.0 ≥ 87.0 & ≤ 146.0 ≥ 146.0 & ≤ 217.0

B5 S >-4.0m -4.0m > -5.0m -5.0m > -7.0m S5 ≥ 5.0 & ≤ 101.0 ≥ 101.0 & ≤ 161.0 ≥ 161.0 & ≤ 230.0

B6 S >-3.0m n/a -3.0m > -7.0m S6 ≥ 5.0 & ≤ 94.0 ≥ 94.0 & ≤ 123.0 ≥ 123.0 & ≤ 191.0

S >-3.0m n/a -3.0m > -7.0m B7 Complete detailed report (in Bahasa) is available by request.

18 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations Initial Permaculture Strategies Vegetation buffer planting area no 1

Situated along the entire boundary to the entrance of the property.

Functions include: • Contamination uptake from gravity fed leaching of potential harmful chemicals from the tip site and rice farming above the property

• Water harvesting into swales that then infiltrate slowly into the soil below

• Erosion control

• Privacy barrier from whatever may develop above the property

• Productive nutrient and toxin purifying plants incorporated into the species mix along with other useful plants for multiple functions

Additional notes: • Width of buffer anywhere between 5 and 10 metres and densely planted with trees, shrubs, grasses and reeds

• May be worth talking to our neighbours above us to incorporate some of this buffer area into their land

• Swales cut along the buffer area toward the high side that run at 1:300 toward a filtration pond at the top of the Wetlands Conservation Area

• Divert all water channels for the rice fields towards Swastika’s land (potential

Ideas and examples...

Filter out chemicals from fields Well integrated, living designs Use robust filtration plants

Privacy and area delineations Highly productive useful plants Watering access in design plan

20 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations Vegetation buffer planting area no 2

Situated along the entire length of the property boundary of the cliff edge to the river.

Functions include: • Erosion control from potential landslides

• Edible and other useful functions incorporated into the species mix

• Prickly species to deter children from climbing down the cliff

• Height restriction due to resident’s views

• Water harvesting into swales

Additional notes: • Width of buffer anywhere between 5 to 10 metres and densely planted with deep-rooted trees, shrubs, grasses and reeds

• The width may need to be incorporated onto private properties that are along the bottom edge

• No access down to the river from the cliff face other than the designated area where the slump occurs

• Construct a swale to the high side of the buffer that runs at 1:300 toward the Wetland Conservation Area

• Farmland developed that supplies Taman Petanu needs (see later in this document)

Ideas and examples...

Current vegetation on slope Additional swales included to reduce chances of erosion

Vetivert grass along borders will hold topsoil and uptake water Vetivert roots are super strong

The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • 21

On-site car parking area for residents

The front entrance of Taman Petanu should give a warm welcoming impression and provide any visitors to the neighbourhood with welcome information, security check point and the information they need to get to where they are going.

• 1 or 2 circular parking areas that are one-way

• 2 beautiful, large trees on either side of the road which frame the entrance of the car park > Pak Dewa (landscape designer) to advise on best species

• Trees could be flowering types such as frangipani, that can supply needs for daily offerings

• At least half the car park spaces to be covered in corrugated iron to increase the longevity of vehicles,

• Corrugated iron coverings can feed to water tank storing rainwater for ongoing needs

• Trellis on top of corrugation so climbing plants can be grown to protect from the heat of the sun and supply food (beans, passion fruit etc) and flowers for beauty and offerings

• Parking area raised so that drainage from surface water goes into sunken garden beds that ring the car park

• Large spreading shade trees throughout the area to keep area cool > Pak Dewa to advise.

• Circle in the middle of the car park becomes a feature - possible water features

• Issue of removing rice paddies to make way for this development > worth calculating the yield of the existing rice fields and then the potential yield for food when developed

Ideas and examples...

Car park area with covered vines Entrance rotunda water feature Porous ground cover for parking area

Information boards at entrance area Frangipani Trees frame entrance Can harvest flowers for offerings

22 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations Off-site car parking area for the general public & access road

An additional off site parking area may be negotiated with the local community at the curve of the road that turns off to Taman Petanu. This area is currently an unsightly public dump site. See later in this brief for further details.

The general area could be converted into a series of functional areas including:

• A small community market place

• Public parking and

• Small SME value adding production units

Other notes:

• Situated at the entrance to our driveway from the village street

• Could be integrated into a deal with the village in return for a waste management program

• Consider development of small organic farners market around this area as well

• Ideal location for public education on a waste management program

• A footpath to be incorporated alongside the access road

• At the entrance to the residents’ car park, a path to the right that leads to Swastika’s land as the main access to this. Suggest about a metre & a half wide to accommodate harvesting wheeled vehicles

• Could the security office be just outside the entrance to the resident’s car park?

Ideas and examples...

Current dump site at area Convert to good waste management Include public education on site

Provide work opportunities Local market development No slip footpath to neighbourhood

The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • 23 Middle swales and main pathways

• Incorporates a swale that runs through the middle of the residential zone and the top berm acts also as the main pathway to houses.

• Runs 1:300 toward the Wetlands Conservation Area (see diagram below).

Functions include:

• Picks up excess storm water from surface rain and possibly overflow from house tanks

• If major flood events, this takes this water slowly to the wetlands and out to the river

• Most of the time the water will infiltrate into the soil

• Preferably 5 to 10 metres wide so the whole area becomes the major food forest

• Footpath approximately 1 metre wide that is the top of the swale (see diagram 3 for details)

Ideas and examples...

Swale construction Swale finishing Swales designed to carry excess water

Wetlands conservation area

This area is the main drainage line that now exists • Section a 5 to 7 metre width area along its length that becomes a conservation area

• A chain of ponds cascades down to the slump area and water released to the river, which slows water down and becomes an attractive feature that could easily incorporate edible species

• It acts as the main artery for excess water removal from the site as all 3 swales run water to it

Ideas and examples...

Wetland uses proven WWG species Use ‘FlowForm’ technology Water features along the system

24 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations Storm water ponds

• Paths to resident’s houses from the main path end in a cul de sac that is retention ponds for excess storm water from overflow tanks from houses

• This is good quality water that can grow and also become a feature where people can gather

• Jeremiah (Permaculture Hydrology advisor) can add thoughts on this

Ideas and examples...

Ponds are private property features In wet season they channel excess Harvested water surplus to ponds

Micro hydro energy supply system

The Taman Petanu development team is currently looking into options for generating the neighbourhood’s energy supply needs using a micro hydro system to harness the energy of the Petanu river which runs along the property.

Ideas and examples...

The basic principles at work Example of a micro hydro system Using the power of Tukad Petanu

Natural swimming pool

The aim of the neighborhood is to have a fully natural swimming pool. Details of developing this wonderful technology in Bali’s climate and environment are currently being researched. Ideas and examples...

Examples of natural swimming pools that use plants and filters instead of chemicals for water purification

The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • 25 Black and grey water treatment

• Encourage residents to separate and have dry composting toilets and grey water treatment to make better use of human manure > would need a management policy for this • Grey water treatment through either a sand\gravel filter with an attached worm farm or reed beds. From there, subsurface discharge to fruiting trees

• Small plots could combine and set up a Wastewater Garden black water treatment system

Ideas and examples...

Dry composting toils can be quite sophisticated these days More basic systems

Greywater systems

Basic Wastewater gardens information

CLEAN WATER enters your building

graywater can be fed BLACKWATER into WWG or directly used for subsoil ir- control (toilets) rigation box

GRAYWATER gravel (washing)

fi lter soil

Sub-surface irrigation

Wastewater Gardens® Residence time : at least 4 days Sub-surface irrigation SEPTIC TANK Residence time min 2 1/2 days

26 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations Our philosophies about living spaces

Hydrological Considerations General Permaculture Hydrologic Recommendations

By Jeremiah Kidd, San Isidro Permaculture • www.sipermaculture.com

Following are some observations of how to maximize the positive aspects of the water resources while minimizing the problematic nature of the site and surrounding surface water. In short, these recommendations encourage the community to view the water that passes through the site with a holistic lens using the different types of water for the appropriate need and viewing the challenges as a tremendous resource.

Challenges and suggested solutions

The key challenge of the site is the proximity of the housing sites to the escarpment and the high clay content of the soil combined with the excessive amounts of possibly contaminated run off from upslope .

Suggested solutions • All structures will need to by anchored to bedrock to prevent effects of the expansive clay when saturated.

• The up slope run off can be diverted (with earthen drains) to surrounding property and used to irrigate agro- forestry along the adjacent sides.

• The forested areas can also slow (and clean) the water before it enters the river, which will reduce the load on the site.

• The up slope run off that cannot be diverted before it enters the site needs to be slowed and filtered with a constructed wetland (WWG) to uptake the extra nitrogen and chemicals into non food production plants.

• Two wetlands in sequence would be best to ensure the quality of the water before it is introduced to the food production areas of the site or the river.

• The treated water then can be drained into a large swale (2 meters wide, .5 meters deep) running along the top of the property to irrigate fruit trees and useful plants which will further clean the water and uptake extra water before it adds to the moisture load of the soil.

• This swale should be gently back-sloped to the exiting drainage so when the site is water logged it will overflow into the natural drainage and flow in a purposely slowed meander pattern to the river.

• This drainage and the spillways of the swale will need rock plating to reduce the chances of soil erosion.

Water on site

This part of Bali is blessed with an ample amount of rainwater (2003-2007 annual average was 1,518 mm) that can be used in a variety of ways to suit the needs of the community... • There are many reasons for using rainwater as the primary, if not sole, water source for all potable and irrigation needs rather than drilling a well or connecting to a public water supply.

• Rain has a mid to low pH and is a clean source of water equal to distillation or reverse osmosis filtering when falling from the sky.

• Caught on a clean roof (such as metal or tile) and using a simple first flush diversion the water is suitable for potable uses first; then again for irrigating food crops in the form of grey water as close to the source as possible.

28 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • Rainwater is the cleanest water that will enter the site and should be regarded as a great resource. It should be used for the highest water quality needs and kept separate from the other surface water coming from upslope property.

• Using the rainwater for the community needs will slow and reduce the storm water saturation of the high clay content soil.

• It will also not exploit the ground water aquifer in keeping with the principles of the vision of Teman Petanu.

Water resource management

A water collection tank at each residence will serve several functions such as domestic uses, high quality aquaculture, irrigation, recreation (natural swimming pool), beauty, wildlife habitat and fire suppression. These tanks will increase water security by not being dependant on municipal sources or unreliable electricity. • A simple “first flush diverter” that separates the first 25 litres of rain that is harvested from the surface into a surrounding garden and not into the tank in combination with a simple carbon filter will ensure potability. Many people, in for instance, drink directly from their rainwater tanks.

• The overflow of the tank could be piped to a series of aquaculture & swimming ponds that are placed slightly off contour in the shared green space areas.

• The community could have high velocity petrol driven pump used for fire suppression drawing out of the tanks or on site ponds.

• There are several materials that storage tanks can be made of such as polyethylene, steel, fibreglass, brick and mortar, poured concrete and ferro-cement. In a tropical climate, ferro-cement is a great option due to the efficient use of materials needed for the size of the tank and the flexibility of the possible designs.

Methods for determining determine tank sizing for a rainwater catchment

Supply side approach

• Roof area: 190 sq m run-off coefficient (for new corrugated GI roof):

• 0.9 Average annual rainfall: 1056mm per year (equals 1,056 m)

• Annual available water (assuming all is collected) = 190 x 1,056 x 0.9 = 180.58 m3

• Daily available water = 180.58 / 365 = 0.4947 m3 / day or 494.7 litres per day

Demand side approach

• Consumption per capita per day, C = 20 litres

• Number of people per household, n = 6 Longest average dry period = 25 days.

• Storage requirement T = C * n * 25 = 3,000 litres

The demand side approach is easier to calculate and often used when the catchment surface is not yet determined to give the user a tank size needed for the amount of users served. The longest dry period for the site is typically July-September; these 90 days by the average daily use determine the tank size needed for each structure.

The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • 29 An example

Here is a simple liberal breakdown for the domestic water needed to serve a 4-person household, with water conserving awareness these figures could be lower. • Showers - daily 5 minute shower with low flow 9.5 lpm = 47.5 lpppd (litres per person per day)

• Hand Washing Sinks – 18 lpppd

• Cooking - 18 lpppd

• Laundry – One (water efficient) load every three days per person = 18 lpppd

• Per person per day domestic water needed if using composting toilets = 101.5 liters per person per day.

With composting toilets With flush toilet 9,135 liters per person + 5.7 liters / flush @ 4 flushes pppd = 22.8 lpppd {C} 101.5 {C} 101.5 + 22.8 * * {N} 4 {N} 4 * * 90 90 = = {T} 36,540 litre tank (9,667 gallons) {T} 44,748 liter tank (11,838 gallons)

9,135 liters per person to last the dry season 11,187 liters per person to last the dry season

Adding 20% to these figures gives a buffer for a longer dry season or slightly higher use.

Suggest composting toilets for the whole community to reduce domestic water consumption while producing valuable organic and decreasing the nitrate load on the soil.

Ideas and examples...

Integrated rainwater harvesting systems can ensure water quality Simple systems can also be used

30 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations Working with The Elements (sun, rain, wind etc) Natural Elements (sun, wind, rain etc) at the Taman Petanu Site

Diagram 6 : Natural Elements Map of Taman Petanu Area

Diagram 7 : The passive design of a traditional Balinese Compound

32 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations Basic principles of passive cooling design for tropical climates

Ideas and examples...

Work with natural elements as much as possible Design landscaping to serve functions

Insulate buildings appropriately Learn from local wisdom (traditional roof design)

Examples of Guy Morgan Designs that follow the basic principles of passive cooling in the tropics...

Tamu Seseh Villas. Seseh, Bali

The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • 33 Some of the key considerations and principles for passive design in the tropics...

• Site for exposure to breezes and shading all year

• Use of light colored roofs and walls to reflect more solar radiation and reduce heat gain

• Elevate buildings to permit airflow beneath floors & consider high or raked ceilings

• Provide shaded outdoor living areas

• Design and build for cyclonic conditions

• Use lightweight construction include thermal mass where diurnal range is significant

• Maximize external wall areas (plans ideally one room deep) to encourage movement of breezes through the building (cross ventilation)

• Use evaporative cooling or ceiling fans

• Allow passive solar access in cooler months only

• Shade all east and west walls year round

• Use reflective and bulk insulation (especially if the house is air-conditioned) and vapor barriers

Ideas and examples...

Open air design like this provides the best breeze options

34 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations Some more key considerations and principles...

• Orientation for exposure to cooling breezes • Increase natural ventilation by reducing barriers to air paths through the building • Provide paths for warm air to exit the building • Floor plan zoning to maximise comfort for daytime activities and sleeping comfort • Appropriate windows and glazing to minimise unwanted heat gains and maximise ventilation (less windows, more open air flow is better) • Effective shading (including planting shading species in strategic locations) • Adequate levels of appropriate insulation • Maximise the indoor/outdoor relationship and provide appropriate screened, shaded, rain protected outdoor living spaces • Maximise convective ventilation with high-level windows, ceiling and roof space vents • Design ceilings and furnishing positions for optimum efficiency of fans, cool breezes and convective ventilation • Locate mechanically cooled rooms in thermally protected areas • Adjust eve overhangs to suit the particular micro-climate • Include evaporative cooling and water features

Ideas and examples...

The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • 35 Design for humidity control

High humidity levels limit the body’s ability to lose heat by evaporation of perspiration. Sleeping comfort is a significant issue – especially during periods of high humidity. • Design eaves and shading to permanently exclude solar access to rooms

• Consider shading the whole building with a fly roof

• Maximise shaded external wall areas and exposure to (and funneling of) cooling breezes through the building

• Use single room depths with maximum shaded openings to enhance cross ventilation and heat removal

• Design unobstructed cross ventilation paths

• Provide hot air ventilation at ceiling level for all rooms with spinnaways, shaded opening clerestorey windows or ridge vents

• Shade outdoor areas around the house with planting and shade structures to lower ground temperatures

• Use insulation solutions that minimise heat gain during the day and maximise heat loss at night. Advanced reflective insulation systems and reflective air spaces can be effective

• Choose windows with maximum opening areas (louvres or casement) and avoid fixed glass panels

• Include ceiling fans to create air movement during still periods

• Consider using whole of house fans with smart switching to draw cooler outside air into the house at night when there is no breeze

• Use low thermal mass construction generally. (Note: high mass construction can be beneficial in innovative, well considered design solutions).

• Use planting design to funnel cooling breezes and filter strong winds

Ideas and examples...

Examples of Guy Morgan Designs that follow the basic principles of passive cooling in the tropics...

Vajra Buddhist Retreat and Villa Ubud Tamu Seseh Villas. Seseh, Bali Vajra Buddhist Retreat and Villa Ubud

Tamu Seseh Villas. Seseh, Bali Tamu Seseh Villas. Seseh, Bali Tamu Seseh Villas. Seseh, Bali

36 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations The Taman Petanu Eco Farm The Taman Petanu Community Eco Farm

Preliminary plan for the farm’s development

To the immediate south of the Neighborhood is a small banana plantation (+/-60 Are), which is currently being considered for development as a small farm that will supply daily needs of the Taman Petanu members. As well as the farm itself, small, basic facilities for value adding of produce and development of a local farmer’s market could be included in the development plan as follows:

Taman Petanu Neighborhood

Eco-Farm location

Potential farm Value adding production expansion area & local farmer’s market

The farm will potential be able to supply the neighborhood with fresh organically grown produce: • Fruits • Poultry and Eggs • Vegetables • Fresh water fish • Herbs and Flowers • Coconuts • Meat • Mushrooms Value adding production facilities could also supply: • Coconut Oil • Sauces • Tofu • Chutneys • Tempe • Bread and Pie • Jams • Dairy products See the following page for further details about produce and products under consideration.

Ideas and examples...

Working with local farmers Because... You Are What You Eat! Simple replicable facilities

38 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations Community cooperation mechanism

One of the goals of Taman Petanu is to demonstrate how housing developments can be established in a way that strengthens local community relations and local economies. The Taman Petanu Eco Farm has great potential to contribute to this goal. With an estimated 70+ people living at the neighbourhood, a viable target market for the farm’s produce is well in place. The market value of this targeted market’s annual needs is something along the following:

Code Category Item delivered No required /year Unit Value Total value A Basic Veggies 1 mix veggie box 18 households 365 days 20,000 131,400,000 C Herbs and Flowers 1 mix herbs box 18 households 365 days 15,000 98,550,000 D Fruits 1 mix fruits box 18 households 365 days 15,000 98,550,000 E Meat, Poultry, Eggs and fish E.01 Chicken 1 chicken 18 households 52 weeks 30,000 28,080,000 E.02 Rabbit 1 rabbit 18 households 52 weeks 30,000 28,080,000 E.03 Duck 1 duck 18 households 52 weeks 70,000 23,400,000 E.04 Goat meat 1 kilo 18 households 52 weeks 70,000 23,400,000 E.05 Chicken Eggs 6 eggs 18 households 365 days 6,500 256,230,000 E.06 Duck Eggs 6 eggs 18 households 52 weeks 12,000 23,400,000 E.07 Fish 4 fish 18 households 52 weeks 8,000 23,400,000 E.08 Fresh water prawn 1 kilo prawn 18 households 52 weeks 60,000 23,400,000 F Dairy, Cheese & Milks F.01 Goat’s milk 0.5 liter 18 households 365 days 10,000 32,850,000 F.02 Cow’s milk 0.5 liter 18 households 365 days 10,000 32,850,000 F.03 Feta cheese 3 pcs 18 households 52 weeks 35,000 23,400,000 F.04 Yoghurt 3 liters 18 households 52 weeks 30,000 23,400,000 F.05 Sour Cream 1 tub 18 households 52 weeks 30,000 23,400,000 H Value added products H.01 Coconut Oil 0.5 liters 18 households 52 weeks 12,000 23,400,000 H.02 Honey 1 tub 18 households 52 weeks 22,000 23,400,000 H.03 Tofu 3 kilo 18 households 52 weeks 10,000 23,400,000 H.04 Tempe 3 kilo 18 households 52 weeks 5,000 23,400,000 H.05 Jams 1 jar 18 households 52 weeks 35,000 23,400,000 H.06 Sauces 1 jar 18 households 52 weeks 25,000 23,400,000 H.07 Chutneys 1 jar 18 households 52 weeks 35,000 23,400,000 H.08 Bread 1 loaf 18 households 365 days 18,000 118,260,000 H.09 Pie 1 pie 18 households 52 weeks 50,000 23,400,000 Total gross annual market value: 1,199,250,000 $ 133,250.00

The Taman Petanu neighborhood member’s would likely be spending something along the lines of the above per year shopping for their daily needs. If a clear mechanism for investing into the farm’s development was established with the land owners, the neighbourhood’s members could ensure a regular supply of high quality organic food for their families at reduced costs, while also supporting the local economy and the spread of sound organic practices in the area. This strategy has multiple benefits; including good health of the neighbourhood’s members, enhanced community relations, and environmental rehabilitation in the surrounding area.

The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • 39 Items currently being considered for production at the farm & surrounding community

Basic Veggies • Potato, Baby • Potato, Granola (Big Size) • Asparagus • Potato, Sweet • Beans, Green Bean • Pumpkin, Sugar (heirloom) • Beans, Green Bean (Baby) • Radish, Red • Beans, Long Bean • Snow Pea • Beetroot, Chiogga - White & Red Swirts • Snow Pea, Tendrils • Beetroot, Chiogga, Baby • Tatsoi • Beetroot, Red • Tomato • Beetroot, Red Baby • Tomato, Beefsteak • Bell Peper, Yellow • Tomato, Cherry • Bell Pepper, Green • Young Jackruit • Bell Pepper, Red • Zuchini, Baby • Broccoli • Zuchini, Green • Bulb Fennel • Zuchini, Yellow • Bunching Onion • Cabbage, Chinese

• Cabbage, Red Greens • Cabbage, White • Amaranth Leaf, Green Baby • Carrot • Amaranth, Red, Baby • Carrot Baby • Arugula • Cauliflower • Cress, Water • Chayote (Perrenial Squash) • Endive, Tres Fine (Frisee) • Chili, Birds-Eye Green (Thai) • English Spinach • Chili, Birds-Eye Red (Thai) • Kale, Red Russian (Heirloom) • Chili, Lombok Red • Lettuce Head, Iceberg • Chili, Lombok Green • Lettuce Head, Butter Head, Tom Thumb • Corn, Baby • Lettuce Head, Romain • Corn, Sweet • Mizuna (Japanese Mustard) • Cucumber (Burpee) • Mustard, Southern Giant • Cucumber (English Hothouse) • Daikon • Swiss Chard, Rainbow (Heirloom) • Eggplant, Italian • Eggplant, Long Purple Herbs and Flowers • Eggplant, Pea (wild thai) • Fiddlehead, Ferntips • Basil, Holy • Kailan • Basil, Italian • Water Spinach • Basil, Lemon • Leek • Basil, Thai • Pok Choy • Celery Stick

40 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • Chervil • Banana • Tilapia • Chives, Onion • Grape, Red • Gurami • Chives, Chinese Garlic • Grape, Black • Gold fish • Coriander • Mango • Fresh water prawn • Dill • Manggosten • Galangal Root • Passion Fruit Dairy, Cheese & Milks • Ginger Root • Melon

• Lemongrass • Melon, Rock • Goat’s milk • Marjoram • Water Melon, Red • Cow’s milk • Mint • Water Melon, Yellow • Feta cheese • Oregano • Orange • Yoghurt • Parsley, Flat Leaf (Italian) • Jeruk Bali • Sour Cream • Parsley, Curly • Pommelo • Pepper Leaf, Thai • Papaya • Rosemary • Pineapple Other • Sage • Snakefruit • Young Coconut • Sorrel • Strawbery • Garlic • Taragon • Raspberry • Onion • Thyme • Blueberry • Shallot • Temulawak Root • Tamarello • Mushroom, Champignon • Ginger Root • Rambutan • Turmeric Root • Aloe vera Value added products Meat, Poultry, Eggs and fish • Coconut Oil • Chicken Fruits • Honey • Rabbit • Tofu • Apple, Green • Duck • Tempe • Avocado • Goat meat • Jams • Banana Green • Chicken Eggs • Sauces • Banana • Duck Eggs • Chutneys • Banana • Catfish • Bread • Banana • Carp • Pie

The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • 41 The preliminary draft design for the farm

Goats & Chicken Caged area main for fruits & AREA veggies (monkey control)

Camping / homestay area Fish Pond for volunteers (woofers) Duck House

Cow Main Service Main Main Service Path Monkey Buffer Trees from front AREA Entrance Irrigation

The potential schedule for systems development

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42 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations The Sumampan Community Dump Rehabilitation The Sumampan Community Dump Site Rehabilitation

On the main road leading to the Taman Petanu location these is an informal, unregulated dumpsite. Sites such as the one at Banjar Sumampan are common in Bali. Many much bigger than this one. A preliminary assessment has been done of the area which shows the following results:

1

2

3 Taman Petanu Eco Neighborhood Location

220 m 4

5

6

15 m

Legend

1 Open ravine prone to more dumping 4 Filled area with covered earth

2 Waste sorting area (pemulung) 5 Road built on top of dump site

3 Open trash site 6 Current landfill area

Some images of the dump site

Trucks delivering the rubbish ‘Pemulung’ garbage pickers at work The road area that is not yet filled

44 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations The preliminary assessment and considerations

This approximately 220m x 15m informal dump site was started in 1999, as a way of land filling a local ravine so that a road could be built to access currently inaccessible areas in the community. Trucks bring wastes from several areas (particularly Ubud) and dump them at the location on an ongoing basis.

Currently the local community is split on the issue, some feel the dumping should be stopped, other feel it is a viable solution to getting the road built.

In January 2011, Pak Agung, Pak Swastika, IB Nyoman, Melissa, Petra and Nino from Temesi, met to discuss what could be done turn the existing unregulated dump site - which is a major health and environmental problem - into a community driven sustainable system for ongoing waste management in the area.

Ideas and examples...

The Sumampan rubbish dump site has a serious impact on the local area

Ideas for a potential sustainable program to address the problem on an ongoing basis

Key approaches for resolving the problem

• Community motivation (public education / lobbying of the community and environmental health impacts). Community outreach / discussion events / slide shows / power points / discussion sessions etc. for: Banjar, Subak, PKK, Schools

• Political will (advocacy and lobbying): Pekaseh, Kepala Subak, Kepala Desa, Camat, Dinas kebersihan dan pertamanan, Mentri Lingkungan Hidup

• Establishment of sustainable solutions: (a) completing the road and (b) local waste management needs

• Identification and lobbying of key stakeholders in the dump site’s activities

The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • 45 Research and participatory program design

• Establishment of a local action team (Pemuda Pemudi?): who will to initiate research and lobbying with local officials, and other influential people in the community etc. Provide them with Training and assistance with participatory program design process

• Soil and water tests at key locations including (a) earlier years of dumping, (b) current areas, and (c) areas down stream from water table (incl GPS points)

• Research and write up key health and environmental impacts in the area - create or ascertain effective community education tools to spread the information around the area

• Do cost analysis / get quotation for building the remaining road area and clean up activity

• Develop business plan and profit loss analysis over 5 years for an SME to do ongoing community-based waste management in the area. Plan should be based on buku desa / demographi Sumampan (as local population are the potential clients to the waste collection SME)

Establishing effective partnerships for the program

• Eco Bali Recycling - www.eco-bali.com

• Temesi Recycling Plant in Gianyar - www.temesirecycling.org

• Identify financially viable wastes that can be resold (i.e. aqua bottles, tetropacks, aluminum etc)

Clean up and prepare site

• Building balance 100m of road

• Clean up of area (all exposed garbage)

Set up local action group Identify wastes that have value Balance sent to Temesi recycling

Establish SME for ongoing waste management in the area

• Includes self-sustaining strategy for:

• Set up of a Tempat Pembuangan Semetara (TPS) or temporary waste collection and sorting facility

• Transportation needs - waste pick up from households and local businesses, delivery of saleable wastes to buyers, and delivery of unsalable wastes to Temesi recycling plant. Note the Dinas Kebersihan dan Pertamanan may be able to subsidize the cost of a truck for this.

• Sorting facility Tempat Pembuangan Semetara (TPS) construction and equipment needs

• Estimated start up period support for facility’s staff capacity building. 24 months salaries key staff

46 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • Tools and staffing (gloves, uniforms, shovels etc etc) for waste pick up and delivery

• Administrative staff capacity building (field manager and admin person)

• Clear management and tracking system for income from community fees and saleable items to buyer, and expenditures for running costs. Agreements regarding SME re-investment and profit allocation.

Public education and local advocacy

• Supply Sumampan households, businesses and schools with waste collection / separation bins and household composting units

• Training and public education strategy for general public, local leadership and schools in implementing the program effectively and sustainably

• Possible development of PERDES or PERDUS or AWIG AWIG to regulate the system, incl “sanksi” for deviation

• Create film about the background problem and community based solutions, document story as it unfolds as an example of how communities can address this issue for later socialization by community / project

• Invite mass media (AJI etc) to the site to learn about what is happening / write stories about the process as it unfolds for general public education

Local education & outreach Composting at household level Community ownership of the issue

Program management and accountability considerations

• A dedicated account could be opened at the local LPD (community micro bank) for project funds, which could be managed by the local action team that is established, with a board of advisors including local leadership and Alam Santi representatives. Anyone who wishes to support the implementation of the project can make his or her contribution directly to the account.

• A second on-line, PayPal based donation system established on a simple web page made for the project that can be socialized more widely to potential supporters of the project

• Regular progress reports and financial accountability for the account posted on a community information board established at the project site as well as on-line for supporters from beyond the community

Note: To date IDR 20,000,000- (twenty million rupiah) has already been donated to the program by the previous land owner of the Taman Petanu location. To continue raising support for this worthy project a proposal can be prepared and presented for support to: Local government, Community (including local expatriates and members of Taman Petanu), Donor agencies / small grants

The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations • 47 Taman Petanu Eco Neighbourhood

Banjar Sumampan, Desa Pekraman Sumampan,

Kemenuh, Sukawati. Gianyar, Bali

For further information:

[email protected]

www.AlamSantiDesign.com

48 • The Taman Petanu - Eco Neighbourhood • Permaculture Considerations