DOCSLIB.ORG

Detection of Psilocybin in Species of Psilocybe, Panaeolu.S and Psathyrella

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Detection of Psilocybin in Species of Psilocybe, Panaeolu.S and Psathyrella Detection of Psilocybin in Species of Psilocybe, Panaeolu.s and Psathyrella JONATHAN OTT Instituto de Investigaciones Biorneclicas, UNAM, Apartado Postal 70228, Mexico 20, D.F.l AND GASTON GUZMAN Departamento de Botl.mica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologices, I.P.N., Apartado Postal 26-378, MexicO 4, D.F. Since the ethnological and myco- based on information derived from logical studies of hallucinogenic mush- native sources in the Mazatec zone rooms conducted by Heim and Was- of the state of Oaxaca, where hallu- son (1), Singer and Smith (2-4) and cinogenic mushrooms are still used in Guzman (5), a great deal of study has curing rituals. It has been observed been devoted to chemical analysis of that there is an association between supposed hallucinogenic species for the blueing phenomenon displayed by psilocybin, psilocin and related com- Psilocybe species of section Caeru- pounds. Thus far, psilocybin and/or lescentes and the presence of psi- psilocin have been detected in species locybin/psilocin in these species (7). of Psilocybe (1, 6, 7), Panaeolus So distinct is this phenomenon in (1, 8) and Conocy be (6, 7). Psi- some species, that many recreational locybin has also been reported as oc- users consider it to be an infallible curring in the genera Stropharia, identifying feature (11, 12, 13). Pholiotina and Copelandia, these reports involving species more prop- PSATHYRELLA.-Psathyrella sep- perly classified in Psilocybe, Cono- ulchralis Singer, Smith and Guzman cybe and Panaeolus. The present was collected by Guzman in the study has been directed toward an- Zapotec zone of the Mexican state of alysis of recently described species of Oaxaca (an area where hallucino- Psilocy be, and resolution of prob- genic mushrooms are used ritually) lems concerning reports of the hal- and identified by native informants lucinogenic use of other species of as an hallucinogenic mushroom (4). Peilocy be, Panaeolus and Psa- Guzman had supposed that these in- tlcyrell e . formants had mistaken this mush- room for Psilocybe zapotecorum PSILOCYBE.-Two recently identi- Heim, an hallucinogenic mushroom in fied species of Psilocybe section use in the Zapotec zone, which has Caerulescentes were analyzed for similar macroscopic features (5). the first time for the presence of psilocybin and psilocin. These spe- PANAEOLUs.-Ritual use of Panae- cies are: Psilocybe bolivarii Guz- olus sphinctrinus (Fr.) Quel. has man (9) and Psilocybe bonetii Guz- been reported from Mexico (14). man (10). Another species in section Use of this species as a ritual hal- Caerulescentes, not previously an- lucinogen in Mexico has been dis- alyzed chemically, Psilocybe candi- puted by some authors (1, 2), and dipes Singer and Smith, has been Guzman (5), despite intensive re- reported as being either inactive as search, has seen no evidence of its an hallucinogen, or as having toxic ritual employment anywhere in Mex- properties apart from the induction ico. This species, as well as Panae- of hallucinosis (2). This report was olus foenisecii (Fr.) Kuhner has been reported as being "latent psilo- 'Address reprint requests to: 2225 NW 26th St.. Olympia. WA 98502 cybian" (8), that is, some species 258 JUL-AUG 1976] NOTES 259 analyzed have been found to contain centrated to dryness. After being dissolved psilocybin, while others have been in approximately 3 ml of 70% methanol, all of the extracts were analyzed chromato- found to be devoid of this compound. graphically. The present study represents the first Spots of 50-100 ",1 of the extracts and chemical analysis published of wild standard solutions of psilocybin and psilocin P. sphinctrinus and P. foenisecii were spotted singly and in admixture on sheets of Whatman no. 3MM paper. These from Mexico. Another species, Pe- chromatograms were developed for approxi- naeolus subbalteatus (Berk. and mately 18 hr by the ascending method. Br.) Sacc., reported to reliably con- Three solvent systems were employed for tain psilocybin (8), is rather widely each sample: (A) water-saturated n-butanol; (B) ri-butanol-acetic acid-water (12:3 :5) and used as a recreational drug in the (C) n-propanol-1N ammonium hydroxide northwestern United States (11, 12), (5:1). Subsequent to development, the but specimens from Mexico have chromatograms were air dried and dipped in never been studied chemically. Fi- a modified Ehrlich's reagent (p-dimethyl- aminobenzaldehyde, 10% in con. HC1, di- nally, Panaeolus carnbodginiensis luted 1:4 with acetone). Psilocybin and Ola'h and Heirn has recently been psilocin were evident as violet and bluish- collected in Colombia and later grown violet zones respectively.' in artificial culture in the United States". This species has also been RESULTS AND DISCUSSION reported to reliably contain psilo- The results of the analysis of spe- cybin, based on analysis of Asian cies of Psilocybe, Panaeolus and specimens (8). Peat hyrelle are summarized in table TABLE 1. Species examined and 4-substituted tryptamines identified. .- Species Locality Date I Herbarium I Psilocybin Psilocin --- -------- ----- ---'-- Peilocy be boliv erii, ........... Padmillas, Sinaloa 9/61 Guzman 4803 . - I ENCB type PsilOcybe bonetii.,. - .. Rio Frio, Mexico 9/67 Arcos Mata 76 + - ENCB type Psilocy be candidipes. ... Huautla de Jimenez, 7/67 MEXU 5570 + - Oaxaca ENCB PanaeOlus cambodginiensis .... San Antonio, Tx. 7/75 Pollock 001 + - (artificial) ENCB PanaeOlus loenisecii. .... Mexico, D.F. 6/72 Garcia 161 - - ENCB PaNaeOLus sph inc trirurs . , .. Paso de Cortes, 8/63 Guzman 4712 - - Puebla ENCB Panaeolus subbalteatus". .... Oaxtepec, Morelos 4/71 Guzman 9813 + - ENCB Psathyrella sepulchralis .. '" San Agustin Loxicha, 9/57 Guzman 1140 - - Oaxaca ENCB type PsathyreLla sePulchra/is. .. .....I Tepost lan, Morelos 7/68 Guzman 6658 - - ENCB CHEMICAL STUDIES 1. Of the two newly described spe- All of the above-named species, with the cies of Psilocybe analyzed, only P. exception of Psilocybe zapotecorum have bonetii was found to contain psilo- been subjected to chemical analysis for the presence of psilocybin and psilocin. Quanti- cybin. P. bolivarii is the second ties of finely pulverized dried carpophores blueing species of Psilocybe reported (ca. 50-150 mg) were placed in small flasks not to contain psilocybin or psilocin. and extracted in cold 70% methanol ca. 5 Preliminary chromatographic studies ml/50 mg) by agitating overnight on magnetic stirrers. All extracts were filtered and con- of Psilocybe y urigeneis Singer and 2Personal communication, S. H. Pollock, 1975. Smith showed no detectable psilo- 3Representative RF values: Psilocybin, 0.04, 0.44 cybin or psilocin (1), but psilocybin and 0.05 in system A, Band C, respectively; psilocin. 0.50, 0.75 and 0.85 in these systems. was later isolated from wild carpo- 260 LLOYDIA [VOL. 39, No.4 phores of this species, and both com- locin. This work was supported, in part, by a grant from Centro Mexicano de Estudios pounds were detected in carpophores en Farmacodependencia (#BC9-75). grown in culture (15). The blueing reaction is probably due to oxidation Received 19 December 1975. of psilocin (16), and the advanced LITERATURE CITED age of the bolivarii specimen may ac- 1. HElM, R., R. G. WASSON and collaborators. 1958. Les Charnpignons Hallucinogenes count for the lack of detectable d u Mexique. Editions du Museum Na- tional d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. psilocin. Unfortunately, no collec- 2. SINGER, R. 1958.Mycological investigations tions exist other than the type for this on reonanacat.l, the Mexican hallucinogenic mushroom. Part 1. The hist.ory of teona- species. The finding that P. candi- nacatl, field work and culture work. My- coLogie 50(2): 239-261- dipes contains psilocybin disproves 3. SINGER. R. and A. H. SMITH. 1958. My- the report that this species is inactive cological investigations on reonanacatt, the Mexican hallucinogenic mushroom. Part as an hallucinogen. Psilocybin has II. A taxonomic monograph of Psilocybe, section Caerulescentes. Mycologia 50(2): been detected in two species of 262-303. Panaeolus, one of which has been 4. SINGER. R., A. H. SMITH and G. GUZMAN. 1958. A new species of Psathyrella. used in the United States as a recrea- Lloydia 21: 26-28. 5. GUZM..\N. G. 1959. Estudio taxon6mico y tional drug. Mexican specimens of eco16gico de Ios hongos neurotr6picos me xi- P. foenisecii and P. sphinctrinus canos. Escuela N acional de Ciencias Bio- logicas, LP.N., thesis. were shown to be devoid of psilocybin 6. BENEDICT. R. G., L. R. BRADY, A. H. SMITH and V. E. TYLER, JR. 1962.Occurrence of and psilocin. This finding is con- psilocybin and psilocin in certain Conocybe sistent with the conception of these and PsiIOcybe species. LIoydia 25: 156- 159. species as "latent psilocybian". Guz- 7. BENEDICT,R. G., V. E. TYLER and R. WATLING. 1967. Blueing in COriocy be , Psilocybe man feels that the species sphinc- and a Stropharia species and the detection trinus should be split into two sepa- of psilocybin. LIOydia 30(2): 150-157. 8. OLA'H. G. M. 1969. Le GeNre Panaeolus. rate entities based on spore size dif- Museum National d'Histoire NatureUe, Paris. ferences. The sample analyzed rep- 9.GUZMAN, G. 1968. Aportaciones sobre 105 hongos ajucinogenos mexlcanos y descripci6n resents the large-spored type. This de un nuevo Ps iLOcy be, Cieneia (Mexico problem has been discussed at length City) 26(1): 25-28. 10. GUZMAN,G. 1970. Nueva especie de Peilocy be in an earlier paper (17). Failure to de la secci6n Caerulescentes de 10s bosques conifer-as de Mexico. An. Ese. Nac. Cienc. detect psilocybin in two samples of BioI. MexicO City 17: 9-16. Psathyrella sepulchralis would 11. OTT, J. 1976. HaLlucinogenic plants of seem to support the contention that North Arrrer rce . Wingbow Press, Berkeley. 12.OTT, J. 1976. Recreational use of hallucino- the report of these species as being genic mushrooms in the United States. In hallucinogenic was due to a confusion SAl.ZMAN, E.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Occurrence of Psilocybin/Psilocin in Pluteus Salicinus (Pluteaceae)
    College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU Biology Faculty Publications Biology 7-1981 Occurrence of psilocybin/psilocin in Pluteus salicinus (Pluteaceae) Stephen G. Saupe College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/biology_pubs Part of the Biology Commons, Botany Commons, and the Fungi Commons Recommended Citation Saupe SG. 1981. Occurrence of psilocybin/psilocin in Pluteus salicinus (Pluteaceae). Mycologia 73(4): 781-784. Copyright © 1981 Mycological Society of America. OCCURRENCE OF PSILOCYBIN/ PSILOCIN IN PLUTEUS SALICINUS (PLUTEACEAE) STEPHEN G. SAUPE Department of Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 The development of blue color in a basidiocarp after bruising is a reliable, although not infallible, field character for detecting the pres­ ence of the N-methylated tryptamines, psilocybin and psilocin (1, 2, 8). This color results from the stepwise oxidation of psilocybin to psi­ locin to a blue pigment (3). Pluteus salicinus (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer (Pluteaceae) has a grey pileus with erect to depressed, blackish, spinu­ lose squamules in the center. It is distinguished from other species in section Pluteus by its bluish to olive-green stipe, the color intensify­ ing with age and bruising (10, 11 ). This study was initiated to deter­ mine if the bluing phenomenon exhibited by this fungus is due to the presence of psilocybin/psilocin. Pluteus salicinus (sgs-230, ILL) was collected on decaying wood in Brownfield Woods, Urbana, Illinois, a mixed mesophytic upland forest. Carpophores were solitary and uncommon. Although Singer (10) reponed that this fungus is common in some areas of North America and Europe, it is rare in Michigan (5).
    [Show full text]
  • Further Studies on Psilocybe from the Caribbean, Central America and South America, with Descriptions of New Species and Remarks to New Records
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Sydowia Jahr/Year: 2009 Band/Volume: 61 Autor(en)/Author(s): Guzman Gaston, Ramirez-Guillen Florencia, Horak Egon, Halling Roy Artikel/Article: Further studies on Psilocybe from the Caribbean, Central America and South America, with descriptions of new species and remarks to new records. 215-242 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Further studies on Psilocybe from the Caribbean, Central America and South America, with descriptions of new species and remarks to new records. Gastón Guzmán1*, Egon Horak2, Roy Halling3, Florencia Ramírez-Guillén1 1 Instituto de Ecología, Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa 91000, Mexico. 2 Nikodemweg 5, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. 3 New York Botanical Garden, New York, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA.leiferous Guzmán G., Horak E., Halling R. & Ramírez-Guillén F. (2009). Further studies on Psilocybe from the Caribbean, Central America and South America, with de- scriptions of new species and remarks to new records. – Sydowia 61 (2): 215–242. Seven new species of Psilocybe (P. bipleurocystidiata, P. multicellularis, P. ne- oxalapensis, P. rolfsingeri, P. subannulata, P. subovoideocystidiata and P. tenuitu- nicata are described and illustrated. Included are also discussion and remarks refer- ring to new records of the following taxa: P. egonii, P. fagicola, P. montana, P. mus- corum, P. plutonia, P. squamosa, P. subhoogshagenii, P. subzapotecorum, P. wright- ii, P. yungensis and P. zapotecoantillarum. Thirteen of the enumerated species are hallucinogenic. Key words: Basidiomycotina, Strophariaceae, Agaricales, bluing, not bluing. In spite of numerous studies on the genus Psilocybe in the Carib- bean, Central America and South America (Singer & Smith 1958; Singer 1969, 1977, 1989; Guzmán 1978, 1983, 1995; Pulido 1983, Sáenz & al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hallucinogenic Mushrooms: Diversity, Traditions, Use and Abuse with Special Reference to the Genus Psilocybe
    11 The Hallucinogenic Mushrooms: Diversity, Traditions, Use and Abuse with Special Reference to the Genus Psilocybe Gastón Guzmán Instituto de Ecologia, Km 2.5 carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351 Congregación El Haya, Apartado postal 63, Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, Mexico E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The traditions, uses and abuses, and studies of hallucinogenic mush- rooms, mostly species of Psilocybe, are reviewed and critically analyzed. Amanita muscaria seems to be the oldest hallucinogenic mushroom used by man, although the first hallucinogenic substance, LSD, was isolated from ergot, Claviceps purpurea. Amanita muscaria is still used in North Eastern Siberia and by some North American Indians. In the past, some Mexican Indians, as well as Guatemalan Indians possibly used A. muscaria. Psilocybe has more than 150 hallucinogenic species throughout the world, but they are used in traditional ways only in Mexico and New Guinea. Some evidence suggests that a primitive tribe in the Sahara used Psilocybe in religions ceremonies centuries before Christ. New ethnomycological observations in Mexico are also described. INTRODUCTION After hallucinogenic mushrooms were discovered in Mexico in 1956-1958 by Mr. and Mrs. Wasson and Heim (Heim, 1956; Heim and Wasson, 1958; Wasson, 1957; Wasson and Wasson, 1957) and Singer and Smith (1958), a lot of attention has been devoted to them, and many publications have 257 flooded the literature (e.g. Singer, 1958a, b, 1978; Gray, 1973; Schultes, 1976; Oss and Oeric, 1976; Pollock, 1977; Ott and Bigwood, 1978; Wasson, 1980; Ammirati et al., 1985; Stamets, 1996). However, not all the fungi reported really have hallucinogenic properties, because several of them were listed by erroneous interpretation of information given by the ethnic groups originally interviewed or by the bibliography.
    [Show full text]
  • New Species of Psilocybe from Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia and New Zealand
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Sydowia Jahr/Year: 1978/1979 Band/Volume: 31 Autor(en)/Author(s): Guzman Gaston, Horak Egon Artikel/Article: New Species of Psilocybe from Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia and New Zealand. 44-54 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at New Species of Psilocybe from Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia and New Zealand G. GUZMAN Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, I. P. N., A. P. 26-378, Mexico 4, D. F. and E. HORAK Institut Spezielle Botanik, ETHZ, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz Zusammenfassung. Aus Auslralasien (Papua New Guinea, Neu Kaledonien und Neu Seeland) werden 6 neue Arten von Psilocybe (P. brunneo- cystidiata, P. nothofagensis, P. papuana, P. inconspicua, P. neocaledonica and P. novae-zelandiae) beschrieben. Zudem wird die systematische Stellung dieser Taxa bezüglich P. montana, P. caerulescens, P. mammillata, P. yungensis und anderer von GUZMÄN in den tropischen Wäldern von Mexiko gefundenen Psilocybe-Arten diskutiert. Between 1967 and 1977 one of the authors (HORAK) made several collections of Psilocybe in Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia and New Zealand. After studying the material it was surprising to note that all fungi collected do represent new species. This fact may indicate the high grade of endemism of the fungus flora on the Australasian Islands. Nevertheless, the new taxa described have interesting taxo- nomic relationships with species known from tropical America and temperate Eurasia. These connections are discussed in the text. Concerning Psilocybe only three records are published so far from the before mentioned Australasian region: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Agarics-Stature-Types.Pdf
    Gilled Mushroom Genera of Chicago Region, by stature type and spore print color. Patrick Leacock – June 2016 Pale spores = white, buff, cream, pale green to Pinkish spores Brown spores = orange, Dark spores = dark olive, pale lilac, pale pink, yellow to pale = salmon, yellowish brown, rust purplish brown, orange pinkish brown brown, cinnamon, clay chocolate brown, Stature Type brown smoky, black Amanitoid Amanita [Agaricus] Vaginatoid Amanita Volvariella, [Agaricus, Coprinus+] Volvopluteus Lepiotoid Amanita, Lepiota+, Limacella Agaricus, Coprinus+ Pluteotoid [Amanita, Lepiota+] Limacella Pluteus, Bolbitius [Agaricus], Coprinus+ [Volvariella] Armillarioid [Amanita], Armillaria, Hygrophorus, Limacella, Agrocybe, Cortinarius, Coprinus+, Hypholoma, Neolentinus, Pleurotus, Tricholoma Cyclocybe, Gymnopilus Lacrymaria, Stropharia Hebeloma, Hemipholiota, Hemistropharia, Inocybe, Pholiota Tricholomatoid Clitocybe, Hygrophorus, Laccaria, Lactarius, Entoloma Cortinarius, Hebeloma, Lyophyllum, Megacollybia, Melanoleuca, Inocybe, Pholiota Russula, Tricholoma, Tricholomopsis Naucorioid Clitocybe, Hygrophorus, Hypsizygus, Laccaria, Entoloma Agrocybe, Cortinarius, Hypholoma Lactarius, Rhodocollybia, Rugosomyces, Hebeloma, Gymnopilus, Russula, Tricholoma Pholiota, Simocybe Clitocyboid Ampulloclitocybe, Armillaria, Cantharellus, Clitopilus Paxillus, [Pholiota], Clitocybe, Hygrophoropsis, Hygrophorus, Phylloporus, Tapinella Laccaria, Lactarius, Lactifluus, Lentinus, Leucopaxillus, Lyophyllum, Omphalotus, Panus, Russula Galerinoid Galerina, Pholiotina, Coprinus+,
    [Show full text]
  • Psilocybin Mushrooms Fact Sheet
    Psilocybin Mushrooms Fact Sheet January 2017 What are psilocybin, or “magic,” mushrooms? For the next two decades thousands of doses of psilocybin were administered in clinical experiments. Psilocybin is the main ingredient found in several types Psychiatrists, scientists and mental health of psychoactive mushrooms, making it perhaps the professionals considered psychedelics like psilocybin i best-known naturally-occurring psychedelic drug. to be promising treatments as an aid to therapy for a Although psilocybin is considered active at doses broad range of psychiatric diagnoses, including around 3-4 mg, a common dose used in clinical alcoholism, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, ii,iii,iv research settings ranges from 14-30 mg. Its obsessive-compulsive disorder, and depression.xiii effects on the brain are attributed to its active Many more people were also introduced to psilocybin metabolite, psilocin. Psilocybin is most commonly mushrooms and other psychedelics as part of various found in wild or homegrown mushrooms and sold religious or spiritual practices, for mental and either fresh or dried. The most popular species of emotional exploration, or to enhance wellness and psilocybin mushrooms is Psilocybe cubensis, which is creativity.xiv usually taken orally either by eating dried caps and stems or steeped in hot water and drunk as a tea, with Despite this long history and ongoing research into its v a common dose around 1-2.5 grams. therapeutic and medical benefits,xv since 1970 psilocybin and psilocin have been listed in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act, the most heavily Scientists and mental health professionals criminalized category for drugs considered to have a consider psychedelics like psilocybin to be “high potential for abuse” and no currently accepted promising treatments as an aid to therapy for a medical use – though when it comes to psilocybin broad range of psychiatric diagnoses.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycological Investigations on Teonanacatl the Mexican Hallucinogenic Mushroom
    Mycological investigations on Teonanacatl, the mexican hallucinogenic mushroom by Rolf Singer Part I & II Mycologia, vol. 50, 1958 © Rolf Singer original report: https://mycotek.org/index.php?attachments/mycological-investigations-on-teonanacatl-the-mexian-hallucinogenic-mushroom-part-i-pdf.511 66/ Table of Contents: Part I. The history of Teonanacatl, field work and culture work 1. History 2. Field and culture work in 1957 Acknowledgments Literature cited Part II. A taxonomic monograph of psilocybe, section caerulescentes Psilocybe sect. Caerulescentes Sing., Sydowia 2: 37. 1948. Summary or the stirpes Stirps. Cubensis Stirps. Yungensis Stirps. Mexicana Stirps. Silvatica Stirps. Cyanescens Stirps. Caerulescens Stirps. Caerulipes Key to species of section Caerulescentes Stirps Cubensis Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing Psilocybe subaeruginascens Höhnel Psilocybe aerugineomaculans (Höhnel) Stirps Yungensis Psilocybe yungensis Singer and Smith Stirps Mexicana Psilocybe mexicana Heim Stirps Silvatica Psilocybe silvatica (Peck) Psilocybe pelliculosa (Smith) Stirps Cyanescens Psilocybe aztecorum Heim Psilocybe cyanescens Wakefield Psilocybe collybioides Singer and Smith Description of Maire's sterile to semi-sterile material from Algeria Description of fertile material referred to Hypholoma cyanescens by Malençon Psilocybe strictipes Singer & Smith Psilocybe baeocystis Singer and Smith soma rights re-served 1 since 27.10.2016 at http://www.en.psilosophy.info/ mycological investigations on teonanacatl the mexican hallucinogenic mushroom www.en.psilosophy.info/zzvhmwgkbubhbzcmcdakcuak Stirps Caerulescens Psilocybe aggericola Singer & Smith Psilocybe candidipes Singer & Smith Psilocybe zapotecorum Heim Stirps Caerulipes Psilocybe Muliercula Singer & Smith Psilocybe caerulipes (Peck) Sacc. Literature cited soma rights re-served 2 since 27.10.2016 at http://www.en.psilosophy.info/ mycological investigations on teonanacatl the mexican hallucinogenic mushroom www.en.psilosophy.info/zzvhmwgkbubhbzcmcdakcuak Part I.
    [Show full text]
  • The Good, the Bad and the Tasty: the Many Roles of Mushrooms
    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 85: 125–157. The good, the bad and the tasty: The many roles of mushrooms K.M.J. de Mattos-Shipley1,2, K.L. Ford1, F. Alberti1,3, A.M. Banks1,4, A.M. Bailey1, and G.D. Foster1* 1School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK; 2School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK; 3School of Life Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK; 4School of Biology, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK *Correspondence: G.D. Foster, [email protected] Abstract: Fungi are often inconspicuous in nature and this means it is all too easy to overlook their importance. Often referred to as the “Forgotten Kingdom”, fungi are key components of life on this planet. The phylum Basidiomycota, considered to contain the most complex and evolutionarily advanced members of this Kingdom, includes some of the most iconic fungal species such as the gilled mushrooms, puffballs and bracket fungi. Basidiomycetes inhabit a wide range of ecological niches, carrying out vital ecosystem roles, particularly in carbon cycling and as symbiotic partners with a range of other organisms. Specifically in the context of human use, the basidiomycetes are a highly valuable food source and are increasingly medicinally important. In this review, seven main categories, or ‘roles’, for basidiomycetes have been suggested by the authors: as model species, edible species, toxic species, medicinal basidiomycetes, symbionts, decomposers and pathogens, and two species have been chosen as representatives of each category.
    [Show full text]
  • The Entheogen Review , Pob 19820, Sa Cramento , Ca 95819-0820, Usa  161 Vol Ume X, Number 4 Winter Solstice 2001
    VOL UME X, NUMBER 4 WINTER SOLSTICE 2001 Index Symbols Age of Entheogens & The Angels’ Dictionary, Analog Act 84, 85 The 154 Anand, Margot 67, 154 ∞Ayes 32, 49, 50, 51 age regression 89 Anderson, E.F. 106 1,4-butanediol 84 Aguaruna Indians 10 Anderson, Rocky 41 1984 155 Aguirre, G., L.E. 3, 5, 6 Anderson, Sherry 156 2001 52 Agurell, S. 57, 58, 106 Andrews, S. 86 2C-B 22, 28, 118 ahpí 7 anesthetize 21 2C-D 20 ajucá 6 angico 6 2C-I 20 Akashic record 54 angicos brancos 6 2C-T-2 20, 22, 90 Al-Queda terrorists 123 angicos pretos 6 2C-T-4 20 Alarcón, R. 5 angiquín 6 2C-T-7 20, 85, 89, 90, 94, 105, 114 Alchemind Society, The 42, 76, 112 angiquinho 6 4-acetoxy-DET 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 96 alcohol Angraecum fragrans 86 4-acetoxy-DIPT 29, 30, 88, 90, 91, 93 38, 52, 74, 84, 98, 99, 134, 145, 146 Anon. 151 4-hydroxy-αMT 139 alcoholic beverages 86 anonymous remailer 123 4-hydroxy-DET 88, 89, 139 Aldrich 83 anthraquinones 86 4-hydroxy-DMT 88 alfalfa 129 anti-cholinergic-like central effect 150 4-hydroxy-DPT 139 alien 32, 50, 53 anti-depressant 28 5-MeO-αMT 148 alien robots 52 anti-inflammatory 86 5-MeO-DIPT 90, 94 AllChemical Arts (conference) 115 anti-marijuana laws 46 5-MeO-DMT Allen, John W. 112 anti-nausea medications 28 1, 5, 25, 84, 89, 99, 101, 102, 103, allergy preparations 28 antibacterial 135 118, 126, 148 Alli, Antero 114 antibiotic 28 5-methoxytryptamine 150 Allison 156 antidiarrheal 104 Alpert, Richard 34 antispasmatic 28 A alpha 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145 Antonil, André João 4 Aardvark, David α-MT 148 ants 151 α 21, 27, 28, 30, 34, 51,
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Description and New Record of Panaeolus Acuminatus (Agaricales) in Brazil
    Studies in Fungi 4(1): 135–141 (2019) www.studiesinfungi.org ISSN 2465-4973 Article Doi 10.5943/sif/4/1/16 Morphological description and new record of Panaeolus acuminatus (Agaricales) in Brazil Xavier MD1, Silva-Filho AGS2, Baseia IG3 and Wartchow F4 1 Curso de Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Campus Universitário, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Campus Universitário, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil 3 Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Campus Universitário, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil 4 Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Conj. Pres. Castelo Branco III, 58033- 455, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil Xavier MD, Silva-Filho AGS, Baseia IG, Wartchow F 2019 – Morphological description and new record of Panaeolus acuminatus (Agaricales) in Brazil. Studies in Fungi 4(1), 135–141, Doi 10.5943/sif/4/1/16 Abstract Panaeolus acuminatus is described and illustrated based on fresh specimens collected from Northeast Brazil. This is the second known report of this species for the country, since it was already reported in 1930 by Rick. The species is characterized by the acuminate, pileus with hygrophanous surface, basidiospores measuring 11.5–16 × 5.5–11 µm and slender, non-capitate cheilocystidia. A full description accompanies photographs, line drawings and taxonomic discussion. Key words – Agaricomycotina – Basidiomycota – biodiversity – dark-spored – Panaeoloideae – Rick Introduction Species of Panaeolus (Fr.) Quél.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Psilocybe</I> from Southern China
    ISSN (print) 0093-4666 © 2014. Mycotaxon, Ltd. ISSN (online) 2154-8889 MYCOTAXON http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/129.215 Volume 129(2), pp. 215–222 October–December 2014 Morphological and molecular evidence for a new species of Psilocybe from southern China Yang-Kun Li, Ye Yuan, & Jun-Feng Liang* Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry Guangzhou, 510520, P. R. China *Correspondence to: [email protected] Abstract—Psilocybe cinnamomea sp. nov. is reported from China. It is characterized by its campanulate to plano-convex pileus, ellipsoid spores with a distinctly broad germ pore, clavate basidia, polymorphic cheilocystidia, and clavate to fusiform pleurocystidia with a short unbranched neck. Phylogenetic relationships among the new species and allied species in the genus were inferred from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Key words—Agaricales, Strophariaceae, taxonomy, phylogeny Introduction Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm. was formerly a broadly circumscribed genus, including bluing, hallucinogenic species and non-bluing, non-hallucinogenic species (Guzmán 1983, Allen et al. 1992, Stamets 1996, Guzmán 2005, Borovička et al. 2011, Guzmán 2012). Recently, this broad polyphyletic genus was divided: Psilocybe sensu stricto (with P. semilanceata as its conserved type) was restricted to the bluing species, while the non-bluing species were assigned to Deconica (W.G. Sm.) P. Karst. (Redhead et al. 2007, Norvell 2010). Psilocybe s. s. contains more than 150 species worldwide (Guzmán 2005, 2009). However, only 11 species have been reported from China, of which only three were originally described from the country (Bau & Sarentoya 2009, Guzmán & Zhu L. Yang 2010, Ma et al. 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Hallucinogenic Mushrooms: a Guide
    Hallucinogenic Mushrooms: A Guide Presented by the Hamre Center for Health and Wellness Table of Contents Introduction Harm Reduction What are Hallucinogenic Mushrooms? What are the U.S. and MN Laws Surrounding Mushrooms? What Kinds of Hallucinogenic Mushrooms are There? How are Hallucinogenic Mushrooms Ingested? How Do Hallucinogenic Mushrooms Affect the Brain? What are Some Short-Term Effects of Use? What are Some Long-Term Effects of Use? How Do Hallucinogenic Mushrooms Interact with Alcohol? What are Some Harm-Reduction Strategies for Use? Are Hallucinogenic Mushrooms Addictive? What are Some Substance Abuse Help Resources? Introduction Welcome to the Hamre Center’s hallucinogenic mushrooms guide! Thank you for wanting to learn more about “magic mushrooms” and how they can affect you. This guide is designed to be a science-based resource to help inform people about hallucinogenic mushrooms. We use a harm-reduction model, which we’ll talk about more in the next slide. If you have any concerns regarding your own personal health and mushrooms, we strongly recommend that you reach out to your health care provider. No matter the legal status of hallucinogenic mushrooms in your state or country, health care providers are confidential resources. Your health is their primary concern. Harm Reduction ● The harm reduction model used in this curriculum is about neither encouraging or discouraging use; at its core, harm reduction simply aims to minimize the negative consequences of behaviors. ● Please read through the Hamre Center’s statement on use and harm reduction below: “The Hamre Center knows pleasure drives drug use, not the avoidance of harm.
    [Show full text]