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Holocene Climatic Fluctuations from Lower Brahmaputra Flood Plain

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Holocene Climatic Fluctuations from Lower Brahmaputra Flood Plain Holocene climatic fluctuations from Lower Brahmaputra flood plain of Assam, northeast India Swati Dixit∗ and SKBera Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow 226 007, India. ∗Corresponding author. e-mail: [email protected] Pollen analysis of a 3.2-m deep sedimentary profile cored from the Dabaka Swamp, Nagaon District, Lower Brahmaputra flood plain, Assam has revealed persistent fluvial activity during 14,120–12,700 cal years BP which may be attributed to the paucity of pollen and spores with encounterance of fluvial marker taxa like Ludwigia octavalvis and Botryococcus. Later, fluvial activity was succeeded by the tropical tree savanna under cool and dry climate between 12,700 and 11,600 cal years BP corresponding to that of global Younger Dryas. Between 11,600 and 8310 cal years BP, relatively less cool and dry climate prevailed with inception of tropical mixed deciduous taxa like Shorea robusta and Lagerstroemia parviflora. This phase is further followed by a fluvial activity between 8310 and 7100 cal years BP as evidenced by trace values of pollen and spores. Fluvial activity was further succeeded by enrichment of tropical mixed deciduous forest under warm and humid climatic regime between 7100 and 1550 cal years BP which is well-matched with the peak period of the Holocene climatic optimum. However, during 1550–768 cal years BP, final settlement of tropical mixed deciduous forest occurred under increased warm and humid climate followed by deterioration in tropical mixed deciduous forest under warm and relatively dry climatic regime since 768 cal years BP onwards due to acceleration in human settlement as evidenced by Cerealia. Increase in Melastoma, Ziziphus and Areca catechu imply forest clearance at this phase. The occurrence of degraded pollen-spore along with adequate fungal elements especially, Xylaria, Nigrospora and Microthyriaceous fruiting body is suggestive of aerobic microbial digenesis of rich organic debris during sedimentation. 1. Introduction publications from Upper Assam, Mikir Hills and Lower Assam (Bhattacharya and Chanda 1982, Assam, situated in northeastern India under the 1992; Bhattacharya et al 1986; Bera 2003; Bera and foothills of the eastern Himalayas is one of the Dixit 2010; Dixit and Bera 2011). Here, based on richest biodiversity zones in the world. Its flora pollen proxy records, an attempt has been made to include tropical evergreen, deciduous forests, river- deduce the seral stages involved in the development ine grasslands, bamboo orchards and numerous of tropical mixed deciduous forest under different wetland ecosystems; many are now protected as climatic regimes since Holocene through the inves- national parks and reserved forests. Holocene tigation of a sedimentary profile cored from Dabaka (Late Quaternary) development and history of Swamp (lat. 26◦074.4N, long. 92◦488.4E), tropical mixed deciduous forests distributed in Nagaon District, Assam (figure 1). The unique Lower Brahmaputra flood plain of Assam have tropical mixed deciduous forest in and around not received much attention, except few scattered the study area is predominated by admixture of Keywords. Climate change; Holocene; pollen proxy; Assam. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 121, No. 1, February 2012, pp. 135–147 c Indian Academy of Sciences 135 136 Swati Dixit and S K Bera 90° 92° 94° 96° 28° 28° 26° 26° 24° 24° 90° 92° 94° 96° 92°15’ 92°30’ 92°45’ 93°0’ 93°15’ 26°45’ 26°45’ N 26°30’ 26°30’ 26°15’ 26°15’ 26°0’ 26°0’ District boundary Surface sample site Sub-Divn. boundary Sedimentary profile site District headquarters 25°45’ Sub-Divn. headquarters Arboreals 25°45’ Major town Nonarboreals Other town National highway Ferns Main Road Highland taxa Scale Railway 04 8 16 24 River DRF Dabaka RF DAS Dabaka Swamp km 92°15’ 92°30’ 92°45’ 93°0’ 93°15’ Figure 1. Location map showing sampling site. deciduous and semi-evergreen elements. This is climatically sensitive region. According to some the first comprehensive study regarding origin and researchers, it is clear that the climate Holocene is development of tropical mixed deciduous forest vis unstable (Bond et al 1997; Mayewski et al 2004). `avisclimatic changes since Holocene in north- However, the regulation of climate change, regional east India. The first phase of the present com- characteristics, abrupt change and its relation to munication broadly incorporates vegetation types, human activities are also not clear (Street-Perott nature of soil and climate followed by methodology and Perott 1990; Lamb et al 1995). However, it is of palynological samples. However, the subsequent strongly suggested from our study that accelera- phase includes palynological assessment of subsur- tion in human activities is one of the factors for face soil and moss cushions in order to construct the abrupt change in climate from increased warm modern pollen/vegetation relationship which could and humid to warm and relatively dry since 768 cal be used as background information for interpre- years BP. tation of pollen diagram. The pollen diagram is constructed based on palynoassemblage recovered from each palynozone to decipher past vegetation 2. Study site and climate change. The present paper also aims at finding signals of global climatic events such Dabaka Swamp belongs to the Dabaka Reserve as Younger Dryas, Hypsithermal Period, Medieval Forest and is situated at about 29 km south Warm Period and Little Ice Age (LIA) in this of Nagaon District surrounded by dense tropical Holocene climatic fluctuations from Lower Brahmaputra flood plain 137 mixed deciduous forest. The swamp comprises courses of the Brahmaputra river and its tribu- Cyperaceae (sedges), Poaceae (wild grass), Cere- taries often changes not only due to lateral ero- alia (crop plant), Brassicaceae, Plantago erosa, sion because of the low gradient of the rivers but Onagraceae, Polygonum serrulatum, P . plebeium, also due to periodic, local and sudden changes in Ranunculaceae, Costus speciosus, Colocasia escu- the basement levels due to earthquakes. The soil lenta, Rumex acetosella and Impatiens balsamina in the study area is characterized by recent depo- as the major plant taxa at the marginal area. sition of alluvium, moderately deep to very deep Aquatic vegetation in the swamp consists of with grey to molted grey colour. It is mostly com- both Angiosperms and few Pteridophytes namely posed of sandy to silty loams and slightly acidic Nymphoides indica, Potamogeton pectinatus, Nym- in nature. On the riverbanks, it is less acidic and phaea nouchali, Typha latifolia, Trapa bispinosa, sometimes neutral or slightly alkaline. The soil lack Lemna minor, Eichhornia crassipes, Utricularia in profile development and is deficient in phospho- flexuosa, U. exoieta, Spirodela polyrhiza, Wolffia ric acid, nitrogen and humus (Karunakaran 1974). arrhiza, Nelumbo nucifera, Myriophyllum indicum, The climate in the district is moderate during the Ceratopteris thalictroides, Marsilea minuta, Pistia winter and in summer, it is hot. Rainfall makes stratiotes, Salvinia oblongifolia and Azolla pinnata, its first appearance in the month of April with respectively. However, Cyathea gigantea, Adiantum occasional and irregular light showers and at times phillippense, Polypodium heracleum, Selaginella heavy downpour followed by cyclonic storms. The biformis, S. ciliaris, Angiopteris evecta, Dryopteris irregular rainfall continues up to the end of May. filix-mas, Pteris stenophylla and Blechnum ori- About 80% rainfall is from southwest monsoon. entale are common Pteridophytic taxa growing The maximum temperature is 30.4◦C during July luxuriantly along the periphery of the swamp. and August, whereas, minimum temperature dips Surrounding mixed deciduous forest of the to 7◦C in the month of January at places. swamp comprise diversified forest elements namely Terminalia bellirica, Dillenia pentagyna, Syzygium cumini, Shorea robusta, Sterculia villosa, Artocar- 4. Material and methods pus integrifolia, Gmelina arborea, Lannea coroman- delica, Adina cordifolia, Salmalia malabaricum, Materials for the present study include both Tectona grandis, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Emblica surface and sedimentary profile samples. A set of officinalis, Semecarpus anacardium, Amoora wal- surface samples including moss cushion (MC) and lichii, Acacia catechu, Albizia lebbeck, A. odoratis- subsurface soil (SS) numbering DA-1 to DA-10 sima, Dalbergia sissoo, Ficus benghalensis, F. hisp- were procured in a transect along south to north ida, F. heterophylla and few species of Arecaceae. from within the forest across edge to open land. However, Artocarpus chaplasha, Elaeocarpus rugo- The surface samples DA-1 to DA-5 are procured sus, Dipterocarpus macrocarpus, Amoora wallichii, from within forest, DA-6 to DA-7 from forest edge Sapindus rarak, Tetrameles nudiflora, Schima wal- and DA-8 to DA-10 from open land, respectively. lichii, Terminalia myriocarpa, Spondias mangifera, A 3.2-m deep sedimentary profile, comprises 32 Ilex sulcata, Symplocos racemosa, Duabanga son- samples for pollen analysis and out of 32, seven neratioides, Lagerstroemia flos-reginae, Garcinia samples were chosen for radiocarbon dates. The cowa, Barringtonia acutangula and Holarrhena C14 dating was carried out at the radiocarbon pubescens occur frequently in this forest as semi- lab of Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, evergreen plant associates. Grasses of the following Lucknow. The sediment was manually cleaned, genera are characteristic of the riparian areas, Sac- sieved and subjected to hydrochloric acid to charum,
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