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The Representation of Ainu Culture in the Japanese
Ainu Culture in the Japanese Museum System 331 THE REPRESENTAAATION OF AINU CULTURE IN THE JAPANESE MUSEUM SYSTEM Naohiro Nakamura Department of Geography, Queen’s University Mackintosh-Corry Hall, D308 Kingston Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6 [email protected] Abstract / Résumé Ainu culture was once considered to be useless or represented as the relic of the past. In the 1990s, however, there were some events regard- ing Ainu cultural promotion and they increased opportunities for the wider society to become aware of the Ainu. Despite these events, there are conflicts over the way the Ainu are represented culturally. The lack of contemporary culture from permanent exhibitions is another problem. This article reviews Ainu cultural representation in the Japanese mu- seum system and discusses what the conflicts are, why the lack of con- temporary culture is a problem, and why this problem remains unsolved. La culture des Aïnous a déjà été considérée inutile ou représentée comme une relique du passé. Toutefois, dans les années 1990, on a organisé des événements de promotion de la culture ainoue qui ont accru les possibilités de sensibilisation de l’ensemble de la société aux Aïnous. Malgré ces événements, la représentation culturelle des Aïnous fait l’objet de conflits. Le manque de représentations culturelles contemporaines dans les expositions permanentes est également un problème. L’article traite de la représentation culturelle des Aïnous dans le système muséal japonais et présente les conflits en cours en expliquant pourquoi le manque de représentations culturelles contemporaines est un problème et pourquoi il n’est toujours pas résolu. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies XXVII, 2(2007):331-365. -
A Journey Into the History and Culture of Hokkaido ҆ේᢋƹമӫ૩҅ǜߺǖଅ
A Journey into the History and Culture of Hokkaido ҆ේᢋƸമӫ૩҅ǜߺǕଅ A Journey Useful information for a journey into the History into the history and culture of Hokkaido Good Day Hokkaido and Culture Website featuring tourist information about Hokkaido (information on tourist destinations and events across Hokkaido, travel plans, etc.) ◆URL/http://www.visit-hokkaido.jp of Hokkaido …………………………………………………………………………………………………………Hokkaido Tourism Organization JNTO Tourist Information Offices List of tourist information offices with multilingual staff ◆URL/http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/arrange/travel/guide/voffice.php …………………………………………………………………………………………Japan National Tourism Organization (JNTO) Must-have Handbook for Driving in Hokkaido A handbook for a safe, comfortable and pleasant car trip in Hokkaido (basic rules and manners, rental cars, traffic rules, driving on winter roads, how to deal with problems, etc.) ◆URL/http://www.hkd.mlit.go.jp/topics/toukei/chousa/h20keikaku/handbook.html ……………………Hokkaido Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Drive Hokkaido ‒ Basic knowledge of traffic safety Information for driving safely in Hokkaido (safety-minded driving, basic rules and manners, driving on winter roads, what to do in a traffic accident, major road signs and traffic lights in Japan, etc.) ◆URL/http://www.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/ks/dms/saftydrive/ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Hokkaido Government Northern Road Navi ‒ Road and Traveler Information in Hokkaido Hokkaido road information (road maps, information on -
The Noble Minority. the Renaissance of Ainu Culture in Contemporary Japan
Ethnologia Polona, vol. 37: 2016 (2017), 145 – 162 PL ISSN 0137 - 4079 THE NOBLE MINORITY. THE RENAISSANCE OF AINU CULTURE IN CONTEMPORARY JAPAN LUCJAN BUCHALIK THE MUNICIPAL MUSEUM IN ŻORY The Ainu is a small group of indigenous people now living mainly in Hokkaido. From the sixteenth century, they were in constant contact with the Japanese, often fighting with them. In the Meji period, beginning in 1868, the Japanese settlement on Hokkaido intensified. The Ainu were discriminated against and pushed to the margins, resulting in poverty following suit. As a consequence, Ainu culture began to regress and their language disappeared. This, however, did not result in the complete detach- ment of the community from tradition. Currently, although the Ainu do not lead a traditional way of life, they try to cultivate their culture based on ancestral rituals. The traditional culture of the Ainu people is known mainly due to the work of scientists, such as Bronisław Piłsudski. In the second half of the 20th century the renaissance of Ainuan culture flourished and the social activist and Ainu culture expert, Shigeru Kayano, played a major role in this. This article was prepared on the basis of available literature and interviews with the Ainu people as well as with Japanese authorities, researchers and museologists in 2015. * * * Ajnowie to niewielka grupa autochtonów zamieszkująca dziś głównie Hokkaido. Od XVI w. byli w sta- łym kontakcie z Japończykami, często prowadząc z nimi walki. W epoce Meji, począwszy od 1868 r., nastąpiła intensyfikacja osadnictwa japońskiego na Hokkaido. Ajnowie byli dyskryminowani; zostali zepchnięci na margines, co skutkowało ubóstwem. -
The Representation of Ainu Culture in the Japanese Museum System
1 THE REPRESENTATION OF AINU CULTURE IN THE JAPANESE MUSEUM SYSTEM Naohiro Nakamura Department of Geography, Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6 [email protected] Abstract Ainu culture has been the symbol of the “savage” and “uncivilized” for a long time. However, the International Year of the World's Indigenous People, 1993, and the establishment of the Foundation for Research and Promotion of Ainu Culture in 1997 changed the way the Ainu are represented culturally and also increased opportunities for the wider society to become aware of the Ainu. This paper considers how Ainu culture has been represented in the Japanese museum system since the nineteenth century, and explores how the way of cultural representation has changed, and what remain unsolved over the representation of Ainu culture. 2 Introduction Ainu culture was the symbol of the “savage,” “uncivilized,” and “exotic” in the World Expositions in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. For several decades after World War II, the Ainu were considered to be “extinct” or “assimilated.” In the 1990s, however, there were some epoch-making events regarding Ainu cultural promotion. For example, the International Year of the World's Indigenous People, 1993, and the establishment of the Foundation for Research and Promotion of Ainu Culture (FRPAC) in July 1997 based on the Ainu Culture Promotion Act, changed the way the Ainu are represented culturally and also increased opportunities for the wider society to become aware of the Ainu. The FRPAC has held Ainu craft traveling exhibitions every year since its establishment and the planning committees have tried to represent Ainu culture from “new” and “unique” perspectives.