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Theory and Technology of Instrument Transformers

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Theory and Technology of Instrument Transformers THEORY AND TECHNOLOGY OF INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS TRAINING BOOKLET: 2 The information in this document is subject to change. Contact ARTECHE to confi rm the characteristics and availability of the products described here. Jaime Berrosteguieta / Ángel Enzunza © ARTECHE Moving together CONTENTS 1. Instrument Transformers | 4 5. Other Instrument Transformers | 31 1.1. Defi nitions | 4 5.1. Combined Instrument 1.2. Objective | 4 Transformers | 31 1.3. General Points in 5.2. Capacitive Voltage Current Transformers | 5 Transformers (CVT) | 32 1.4 General Points in Voltage Transformers | 6 6. Dielectric insulation | 33 6.1. Insulation of instrument 2. Theory of Instrument Transformers | 7 transformers | 33 2.1. Basics | 7 6.2. Insulation Testing | 34 2.2. Equivalent Transformer | 8 2.3. Equivalent Transformer Standards | 35 circuit Diagram | 8 7. 7.1. Standards Consulted | 35 7.2. Insulation Levels | 35 3. Current Transformers | 9 7.3. Environmental Conditions | 35 3.1. General Equations | 9 7.4. Current Transformers | 36 3.2. Vectorial Diagram | 9 7.5. Voltage Transformers | 43 3.3. Current & Phase Errors | 10 3.4. Current Transformers for Measuring | 12 3.5. Current Transformers for Protection | 14 3.6. Current Transformers for Protection which Require Transient Regime Response | 16 3.7. Burden | 18 3.8. Resistance to Short-circuits | 19 3.9. Operation of an Open Circuit Current Transformer| 20 3.10. Special Versions of Current Transformers | 20 3.11. Choosing a Current Transformer | 21 4. Voltage Transformers | 22 4.1. General Equations | 22 4.2. Vectorial Diagram | 22 4.3. Voltage & Phase Errors | 23 4.4. Voltage Transformers for Measuring | 24 4.5. Voltage Transformers for Protection | 24 4.6. Burden | 25 4.7. Special Versions of Voltage Transformers | 26 4.8. Line Discharge Voltage Transformers | 27 4.9. Overvoltages | 28 4.10. Operation of voltage Transformers with Short-circuited Secondaries | 30 4.11. Choosing a voltage Transformer | 30 Theory and technology of Instrument Transformers 1. INTRODUCTION TO INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS 1.1. DEFINITIONS Instrument transformers (ITs) are transformers designed to supply measuring instruments, meters, relays and other similar devices. CT VT There are two types of instrument transformer VT › Current transformers, in which the secondary current is under normal working conditions, A V V practically proportional to the primary current and phase shifted from it by an R R R angle close to zero in the appropriate direction for connections; and › Voltage transformers, in which the secondary voltage is under normal working conditions, W practically proportional to the primary › Fig. 1.1 voltage and phase shifted from it by an angle close to zero in the appropriate direction for connections. 1.2. OBJECTIVE The purpose of instrument transformers is to reduce the voltage and current of an electrical network to a standardized non hazardous level. They prevent any direct connection between instruments and high voltage circuits which would be dangerous to operators and would need instrument panels with special insulation. They also do away with the need for expensive special instruments when high currents have to be measured. Figure 1.1 shows a simple circuit diagram in which one current transformer (CT) and two voltage transformers (VTs) are included. One of the latter is connected between phases and the other between phase and earth. 4 Theory and technology of Instrument Transformers 1. INTRODUCTION TO INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS 1.3. GENERAL POINTS IN CURRENT TRANSFORMERS The primary of a current transformer is made up of one or more coils connected in Kn = 100/5/5 P2 series with the circuit whose current is to be measured. The secondary supplies the current circuits of one or more measuring apparatus, P1 which are connected in series. The primary winding may have one, two or four sections, allowing for one, two or three rated primary currents depending on how they are connected. The secondary windings may also be one or more in number, with each wound on its own magnetic circuit. In this way one secondary does not infl uence the other. Fig. 1.2 shows a CT with two independent secondaries. The core of a CT is normally ring-type, with the secondary evenly distributed to minimize the secondary fl ux losses. 2S2 The primary consists of one or more coils 2S1 connected in series with the line. There are also CTs in which the primary is not incorporated; 1S2 in this case the main insulation may be in 1S1 the primary (cables, bushings etc.) or in the transformer itself. › Fig. 1.2 Figure 1.3 shows various types of CT. › CT without primary › CT with one › CT with several incorporated primary coil primary coils › Fig. 1.3 Theory and technology of Instrument Transformers 5 1. INTRODUCTION TO INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS 1.4. GENERAL POINTS IN VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS The primary of a voltage transformer is Unlike CTs, they are therefore not independent, connected to the terminals between which and the load of one secondary infl uences the the voltage is to be measured, and the accuracy of the other. secondary is connected to the voltage circuits of one or more measuring devices, connected Fig. 1.4 shows a VT with two secondaries and in parallel. a tap in each. Voltage transformers are more like power VTs may be used to measure the voltage transformers than current transformers are. between phases or between a phase and earth. In this case one end of its primary For reasons of construction and insulation, winding will be directly earthed, inside or VTs are normally made with a rectangular outside the transformer. Fig. 1.5 shows two core and the secondaries (if there is more types of VT. Beyond around 72.5 kV., all VTs than one) are wound on the same core. are phase/earth type. B A 1b 2b 2a2 1a2 1a1 2a1 › Fig. 1.4 › Fig. 1.5 6 Theory and technology of Instrument Transformers 2. THEORY OF INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS 2.1. BASICS A transformer is made up of two windings Bearing in mind that N · = i · £ the general wound onto a magnetic core. The primary is equations for the transformer are: powered by the voltage up and absorbs the dφ di current ip. The secondary supplies the current is ______ ______p Up = Np + Rp ip + £p = to the outside load, with voltage us. (see fi g. 2.1) dt dt If the secondary terminals are open, the dφ dis U = N ______ + R i + £ = ______ primary acts as an auto-induction on the iron s s dt s s s dt core, absorbing the excitation current ipo, which comprises a magnetizing component i and a pμ Np ip = Ns is + Np ipo loss component ipw. [2.1] If the whole fl ux φ created by the primary is picked up by the secondary, we can establish: And for sine wave sizes: Ū = N Ē + R Ī + jX Ī dφ dφ p p p p p p e = N ______ e = N _____ p p dt s S dt Ūs = NsĒ + Rs Īs + jXsĪs Applying Ohm's law and disregarding the NpĪp = NsĪs + NpĪpo resistance of the primary winding, we have: dφ [2.2] u - e = 0; u = e = N ______ p p p p p dt u e N ______p = ______p = ______p = K where E is the electromotive force induced in us es Ns dφ a coil. u - e = 0; u = e = N ______ s s s s s dt where K is the transformer ratio. When a load is connected to the secondary terminals, secondary current is appears. This gives rise to a fl ux opposed to that created by ip. To maintain up constant the primary current increases so that: N i - N i ________________p p s s = φ R Therefore, since F = φ · R = Np · ipo, what is left is Np · ip = Ns · is + Np · ipo φ φ In a perfect transformer, Np · ipo is insignifi cant, and therefore, + Rp A i N 1 A N i = N i ______p == ______s ______ p p s s i N K ip s p ep ip Up Up p If the secondary load is Zs, we have: B B u i u u ______s ______s ______s ______p is = , and therefore: ip = ==2 ZS K KZs K Zs + Rs a a where it can be seen that the eff ect is similar is es to placing a load K2Z on the primary. On a real is s s Us Us transformer we must bear in mind not only the b excitation current ipo, but also the resistances b Rp and Rs of the windings and the leakage fl ux p and s, as shown in fi g. 2.2. › Fig. 2.1 › Fig. 2.2 Theory and technology of Instrument Transformers 7 2. THEORY OF INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS 2.2. EQUIVALENT TRANSFORMER To study instrument transformers it is of In the same way, from equations [2.2]: interest to refer to the secondary, whose rated values vary little in general. Ū N Ē RĪ X Ī ______p =________p + ________p p + j ________p p , from which: K KK K Let us look at how primary magnitudes are refl ected in the secondary. Ū R X ______p ______p ______p Ns= Ē + 2 ( Īs + Īo ) + j 2 ( Ī s + Īo) From [2.2]: KK K We can see that R /K2 and X /K2 are the NpĪp = NsĪs + NpĪpo p p resistance and the reactance of the primary, seen from the secondary. corresponds to: Dividing by Ns: N N Ūp Rp Xp ______p ______p ______ ______ ______ Ī = Ī + Ī ; K Ī = Ī + K Ī = Ū' ; Ī K = Ī' ; 2 = R' y 2 = X' p s po p s po KKp p p p K p Ns Ns equations [2.2] are transformed into: Where KĪpo is the excitation current absorbed by the transformer if the voltage applied to Ū'p = NS Ē + (R'p + jX'p) Ī'p the secondary is Up / K.
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