Lepidium Aschersonii

National Recovery Plan for the Spiny Peppercress Lepidium aschersonii Oberon Carter Prepared by Oberon Carter, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria. Published by the Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) Melbourne, July 2010. © State of Victoria Department of Sustainability and Environment 2010 This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Authorised by the Victorian Government, 8 Nicholson Street, East Melbourne. ISBN 978-1-74208-969-0 This is a Recovery Plan prepared under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, with the assistance of funding provided by the Australian Government. This Recovery Plan has been developed with the involvement and cooperation of a range of stakeholders, but individual stakeholders have not necessarily committed to undertaking specific actions. The attainment of objectives and the provision of funds may be subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved. Proposed actions may be subject to modification over the life of the plan due to changes in knowledge. Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence that may arise from you relying on any information in this publication. An electronic version of this document is available on the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts website www.environment.gov.au For more information contact the DSE Customer Service Centre telephone 136 186 Citation: Carter, O. 2010. National Recovery Plan for the Spiny Peppercress Lepidium aschersonii. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne. Cover photograph: Spiny Peppercress Lepidium aschersonii at Lake Beeac Victoria, by Oberon Carter. 1 Contents SUMMARY......................................................................................................... 3 SPECIES INFORMATION.................................................................................. 3 Description ..................................................................................................................................................3 Distribution.................................................................................................................................................4 Population Information..............................................................................................................................4 Habitat.........................................................................................................................................................5 DECLINE AND THREATS................................................................................. 9 RECOVERY INFORMATION........................................................................... 10 Recovery Objectives.................................................................................................................................10 Program Implementation and Evaluation..............................................................................................10 Recovery Actions and Performance Criteria .........................................................................................11 Affected Interests......................................................................................................................................13 Role and Interests of Indigenous People.................................................................................................13 Biodiversity Benefits.................................................................................................................................13 Social and Economic Impacts..................................................................................................................13 MANAGEMENT PRACTICES.......................................................................... 13 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................. 14 BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................. 14 PRIORITY, FEASIBILITY AND ESTIMATED COSTS OF RECOVERY ACTIONS ......................................................................................................... 15 Figure 1. Distribution of the Spiny Peppercress.......................................................................... 4 Table 1. Distribution of Spiny Peppercress by IBRA Bioregion* (*sensu DEH 2000) ................. 4 Table 2. Population and threat information for the Spiny Peppercress ....................................... 6 2 Summary The Spiny Peppercress Lepidium aschersonii is a small perennial herb endemic to mainland southern Australia, where it is widely but patchily distributed from New South Wales to Western Australia. Much of its habitat has been lost to agriculture, and remaining populations are mostly small, isolated and at risk from a range of threats including grazing, weed invasion, wetland drainage and other forms of habitat destruction. There are an estimated 25,000–100,000 plants remaining in about 30 wild populations. The Spiny Peppercress is listed as Vulnerable under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). In New South Wales, it is listed as Vulnerable under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act). In Victoria it is listed as Threatened under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. In Western Australia, it is listed as Declared Rare Flora under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950. This national Recovery Plan for the Spiny Peppercress is the first recovery plan for the species, and details its distribution and biology, conservation status, threats, and recovery objectives and actions necessary to ensure its long-term survival. Species Information Description The Spiny Peppercress Lepidium aschersonii Thell. is a perennial, although apparently short- lived, herb of the family Brassicaceae. It grows to about 30 cm tall, with several erect, intricately branched stems arising annually from perennial underground rootstock. Small branches become spinescent with age, and in dry conditions all branches become woodier and spinier. Stems are covered with spreading or deflexed hairs. Basal leaves are pinnately lobed and quite fleshy, to 12 cm long and reducing in size up the stem, but usually not persistent (see photograph). Stem leaves are lanceolate to narrowly tapering, hairy, with toothed or entire margins, and become smaller with increasing height up the stems. The inflorescence is a tiny greenish raceme terminating in a spine. The sepals are c. 0.8 mm long, the petals reduced and linear, there are two stamens and the stigma is subsessile. The fruit is a hairless, two- chambered, ovate pod 3.5–4.5 mm long and 2.5–3 mm wide, with narrow wings forming a small apical notch. The fruit is borne on a pedicel 2–4 mm long that is hairy above but hairless below. Flowering occurs from spring to autumn (description from Hewson 1981, 1982; Retter & Harden 1990; Entwisle 1996; Harris & Smith 2000). The Spiny Peppercress may be generally distinguished from co-occurring native and introduced Lepidium species in having inflorescences that terminate in a spine. A: basal leaves B: seedling (photos by O. Carter at Lake Beeac Vic) Little is known of the biology and ecology of the Spiny Peppercress. Abundant seed production has been noted in many populations, although numbers of established plants fluctuate greatly from year to year (Harris & Smith 2000). Increased numbers of plants have been observed during dry periods, perhaps due at least in part to the increased area of bare soil available for 3 seedling establishment (Harris & Smith 2000). The species occurs at some sites that are occasionally flooded, and shows some adaptation to the seasonal filling and drying of wetlands. At Lake Omeo (Vic), a seasonal lake, seed is stored in the lake bed and germinates when the lake dries out (Scarlett 1984). Established plants can also apparently withstand some period of submergence (Harris & Smith 2000). Distribution The Spiny Peppercress is endemic to mainland southern Australia, where it is widely but patchily distributed from north-eastern New South Wales to Western Australia (Figure 1). Within this range, the species has been recorded from New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia (Table 1). Historical records from South Australia are in error and most probably refer to L. hyssopifolium (Harris & Smith 2000). Maps showing the distribution of the Spiny Peppercress in Victoria are available from the Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE), in New South Wales from the Department of Environment ,Climate Change and Water (DECCW), and in Western Australia from the Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) (http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/). Table 1. Distribution of Spiny Peppercress by IBRA Bioregion* (*sensu DEH 2000) State Current distribution Now absent from New South Wales Brigalow Belt South, Darling South Eastern Highlands Riverine Plains, Cobar Peneplain, Riverina Victoria Victorian Volcanic Plains, South Victorian Midlands Eastern Highlands Western Australia

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