DOCSLIB.ORG

A Comparison of the Subspecific Divergence

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Comparison of the Subspecific Divergence TITLE PAGE A COMPARISON OF THE SUBSPECIFIC DIVERGENCE OF TWO SYMPATRIC AFRICAN MONKEYS, PAPIO HAMADRYAS & CHLOROCEBUS AETHIOPS: MORPHOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT, DIET & PHYLOGENY BY JASON DUNN BSC HONS (ST AND.) PGCERT (HYMS) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN SATISFACTION OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR INCEPTION TO THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE HULL YORK MEDICAL SCHOOL SEPTEMBER 2011 THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL THE UNIVERSITY OF YORK THE HULL YORK MEDICAL SCHOOL 2 of 301 ABSTRACT The baboon and vervet monkey exhibit numerous similarities in geographic range, ecology and social structure, and both exhibit extensive subspecific variation corresponding to geotypic forms. This thesis compares these two subspecific radiations, using skull morphology to characterise the two taxa, and attempts to determine if the two have been shaped by similar selective forces. The baboon exhibits clinal variation corresponding to decreasing size from Central to East Africa, like the vervet. However West African baboons are small, unlike the vervet. Much of the shape variation in baboons is size-related. Controlling for this reveals a north-south pattern of shape change corresponding to phylogenetic history. There are significant differences between the chacma and olive baboon subspecies in the proportion of subterranean foods in the diet. No dietary differences were detected between vervet subspecies. Baboon dietary variation was found to covary significantly with skull variation. However, no biomechanical adaptation was detected, suggesting morphological constraint owing to the recent divergence between subspecies. Phylogeny correlates with morphology to reveal an axis between northern and southern taxa in baboons. In vervets C. a. sabaeus is the most morphologically divergent, which with other evidence, suggests a West African origin and radiation east and south, in contrast with a baboon origin in southern Africa. Path analyses of all the factors discussed revealed markedly different relationships between the two taxa, with baboons responding to the environment via diet rather than directly. The two subspecific radiations have different relationships with diet, environment and phylogeny. In spite of superficial similarities, the study taxa are sufficiently different that similar ecological and environmental selective forces have not produced convergent patterns of radiations. The baboon exhibits greater flexibility and larger size freeing it from limiting constraints faced by vervets. Additionally the two have distinct sites of origins and patterns of dispersals adding a stochastic element to the differences between radiations. 3 of 301 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ..................................................................................................................... 1 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 2 Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... 3 List of Figures ............................................................................................................ 10 List of Tables.............................................................................................................. 17 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 21 Author’s Declaration .................................................................................................. 23 CHAPTER 1. Introduction to the Study Taxa and Concepts of Subspecific Variation .................................................................................................................................... 24 1.1 Question and Aims ........................................................................................... 24 1.2 Taxonomy & Evolutionary history ................................................................... 25 1.3 Geographic Distribution ................................................................................... 29 1.4 Environment & Habitat .................................................................................... 32 1.5 Feeding & Diet ................................................................................................. 32 1.6 Appearance & Morphology .............................................................................. 34 1.7 Species Concepts and the Evolutionary Significance of Subspecies ............... 37 1.8 Social System & Behaviour.............................................................................. 44 1.9 Behavioural Flexibility ..................................................................................... 46 1.10 Goals of the Study .......................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 2. Patterns of Clinal Variation in the Baboon ......................................... 50 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 50 2.1.0 Overview ................................................................................................... 50 2.1.1 Patterns of Clinal Variation ....................................................................... 51 2.1.2 Possible Underpinnings of Clinal Variation ............................................. 52 2.1.3 Resources & Growth ................................................................................. 55 2.1.4 Covariance of Size and Shape ................................................................... 56 4 of 301 2.1.5 Clinal Variation in Primates ...................................................................... 56 2.1.6 Clinal Variation in the Baboon ................................................................. 59 2.1.7 Aims, Hypotheses and Assumptions ......................................................... 60 2.2 Method .............................................................................................................. 62 2.2.1 Sample ....................................................................................................... 62 2.2.2 Capturing Shape ........................................................................................ 66 2.2.3 Sex-Correction .......................................................................................... 67 2.2.4 Geographical Averaging ........................................................................... 67 2.2.5 Environmental Variable Selection ............................................................ 68 2.2.6 Regressing Size and Shape on Geography ................................................ 68 2.2.7 Partitioning Spatial and Environmental Terms ......................................... 70 2.2.8 Size Correction .......................................................................................... 71 2.2.9 Subspecific Differences ............................................................................ 71 2.3 Results .............................................................................................................. 72 2.3.1 Baboon Size .............................................................................................. 72 2.3.2 Vervet Size ................................................................................................ 75 2.3.3 Baboon Shape ........................................................................................... 77 2.3.4 Size-Controlled Shape ............................................................................... 80 2.3.5 Subspecific Differences ............................................................................ 81 2.3.6 Environmental and Spatial Correlates ....................................................... 83 2.4 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 85 2.4.1 Clinal Patterns of Size ............................................................................... 85 2.4.2 Clinal Patterns of Shape ............................................................................ 88 2.4.3 The Kinda Baboon .................................................................................... 89 2.4.4 Morphological Variation and the Effects of Evolutionary History ........... 91 2.4.5 Comparison with the Vervet and Other Taxa ........................................... 92 2.4.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 94 5 of 301 CHAPTER 3. Dietary Specialisation of the Baboon and Vervet Subspecies ............ 96 chapter 3. ................................................................................................................ 96 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 96 3.1.0 Overview ................................................................................................... 96 3.1.1 Foraging Ecology ...................................................................................... 96 3.1.2 Baboon Diet .............................................................................................. 98 3.1.3 Vervet Diet .............................................................................................. 100 3.1.4 Dietary Comparison of the Study Taxa ................................................... 102 3.1.4 Aim .........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Targets, Tactics, and Cooperation in the Play Fighting of Two Genera of Old World Monkeys (Mandrillus and Papio): Accounting for Similarities and Differences
    2019, 32 Heather M. Hill Editor Peer-reviewed Targets, Tactics, and Cooperation in the Play Fighting of Two Genera of Old World Monkeys (Mandrillus and Papio): Accounting for Similarities and Differences Kelly L. Kraus1, Vivien C. Pellis1, and Sergio M. Pellis1 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Canada Play fighting in many species involves partners competing to bite one another while avoiding being bitten. Species can differ in the body targets that are bitten and the tactics used to attack and defend those targets. However, even closely related species that attack and defend the same body target using the same tactics can differ markedly in how much the competitiveness of such interactions is mitigated by cooperation. A degree of cooperation is necessary to ensure that some turn-taking between the roles of attacker and defender occurs, as this is critical in preventing play fighting from escalating into serious fighting. In the present study, the dyadic play fighting of captive troops of 4 closely related species of Old World monkeys, 2 each from 2 genera of Papio and Mandrillus, was analyzed. All 4 species have a comparable social organization, are large bodied with considerable sexual dimorphism, and are mostly terrestrial. In all species, the target of biting is the same – the area encompassing the upper arm, shoulder, and side of the neck – and they have the same tactics of attack and defense. However, the Papio species exhibit more cooperation in their play than do the Mandrillus species, with the former using tactics that make biting easier to attain and that facilitate close bodily contact.
    [Show full text]
  • Body Measurements for the Monkeys of Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea
    Primate Conservation 2009 (24): 99–105 Body Measurements for the Monkeys of Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea Thomas M. Butynski¹,², Yvonne A. de Jong² and Gail W. Hearn¹ ¹Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA ²Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program, Nanyuki, Kenya Abstract: Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, has a rich (eight genera, 11 species), unique (seven endemic subspecies), and threat- ened (five species) primate fauna, but the taxonomic status of most forms is not clear. This uncertainty is a serious problem for the setting of priorities for the conservation of Bioko’s (and the region’s) primates. Some of the questions related to the taxonomic status of Bioko’s primates can be resolved through the statistical comparison of data on their body measurements with those of their counterparts on the African mainland. Data for such comparisons are, however, lacking. This note presents the first large set of body measurement data for each of the seven species of monkeys endemic to Bioko; means, ranges, standard deviations and sample sizes for seven body measurements. These 49 data sets derive from 544 fresh adult specimens (235 adult males and 309 adult females) collected by shotgun hunters for sale in the bushmeat market in Malabo. Key Words: Bioko Island, body measurements, conservation, monkeys, morphology, taxonomy Introduction gordonorum), and surprisingly few such data exist even for some of the more widespread species (for example, Allen’s Comparing external body measurements for adult indi- swamp monkey Allenopithecus nigroviridis, northern tala- viduals from different sites has long been used as a tool for poin monkey Miopithecus ogouensis, and grivet Chlorocebus describing populations, subspecies, and species of animals aethiops).
    [Show full text]
  • The Taxonomy of Primates in the Laboratory Context
    P0800261_01 7/14/05 8:00 AM Page 3 C HAPTER 1 The Taxonomy of Primates T HE T in the Laboratory Context AXONOMY OF P Colin Groves RIMATES School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia 3 What are species? D Taxonomy: EFINITION OF THE The biological Organizing nature species concept Taxonomy means classifying organisms. It is nowadays commonly used as a synonym for systematics, though Disagreement as to what precisely constitutes a species P strictly speaking systematics is a much broader sphere is to be expected, given that the concept serves so many RIMATE of interest – interrelationships, and biodiversity. At the functions (Vane-Wright, 1992). We may be interested basis of taxonomy lies that much-debated concept, the in classification as such, or in the evolutionary implica- species. tions of species; in the theory of species, or in simply M ODEL Because there is so much misunderstanding about how to recognize them; or in their reproductive, phys- what a species is, it is necessary to give some space to iological, or husbandry status. discussion of the concept. The importance of what we Most non-specialists probably have some vague mean by the word “species” goes way beyond taxonomy idea that species are defined by not interbreeding with as such: it affects such diverse fields as genetics, biogeog- each other; usually, that hybrids between different species raphy, population biology, ecology, ethology, and bio- are sterile, or that they are incapable of hybridizing at diversity; in an era in which threats to the natural all. Such an impression ultimately derives from the def- world and its biodiversity are accelerating, it affects inition by Mayr (1940), whereby species are “groups of conservation strategies (Rojas, 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque
    Fascinating Life Sciences Jin-Hua Li · Lixing Sun Peter M. Kappeler Editors The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque Fascinating Life Sciences This interdisciplinary series brings together the most essential and captivating topics in the life sciences. They range from the plant sciences to zoology, from the microbiome to macrobiome, and from basic biology to biotechnology. The series not only highlights fascinating research; it also discusses major challenges associ- ated with the life sciences and related disciplines and outlines future research directions. Individual volumes provide in-depth information, are richly illustrated with photographs, illustrations, and maps, and feature suggestions for further reading or glossaries where appropriate. Interested researchers in all areas of the life sciences, as well as biology enthu- siasts, will find the series’ interdisciplinary focus and highly readable volumes especially appealing. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15408 Jin-Hua Li • Lixing Sun • Peter M. Kappeler Editors The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque Editors Jin-Hua Li Lixing Sun School of Resources Department of Biological Sciences, Primate and Environmental Engineering Behavior and Ecology Program Anhui University Central Washington University Hefei, Anhui, China Ellensburg, WA, USA International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology Anhui, China School of Life Sciences Hefei Normal University Hefei, Anhui, China Peter M. Kappeler Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center Leibniz Institute for Primate Research Göttingen, Germany Department of Anthropology/Sociobiology University of Göttingen Göttingen, Germany ISSN 2509-6745 ISSN 2509-6753 (electronic) Fascinating Life Sciences ISBN 978-3-030-27919-6 ISBN 978-3-030-27920-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27920-2 This book is an open access publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex-Specific Variation of Social Play in Wild Immature Tibetan Macaques
    animals Article Sex-Specific Variation of Social Play in Wild Immature Tibetan Macaques, Macaca thibetana Tong Wang 1,2, Xi Wang 2,3, Paul A. Garber 4,5, Bing-Hua Sun 2,3, Lixing Sun 6, Dong-Po Xia 1,2,* and Jin-Hua Li 2,3,* 1 School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; [email protected] 2 International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Hefei 230601, China; [email protected] (X.W.); [email protected] (B.-H.S.) 3 School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China 4 Department of Anthropology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; [email protected] 5 International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali 671000, China 6 Department of Biology, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.-P.X.); [email protected] (J.-H.L.); Tel.: +86-551-63861723 (D.-P.X. & J.-H.L.) Simple Summary: Social play among immature individuals has been well-documented across a wide range of mammalian species. It represents a substantial part of the daily behavioral repertoire during immature periods, and it is essential for acquiring an appropriate set of motor, cognitive, and social skills. In this study, we found that infant Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) exhibited similar patterns of social play between males and females, juvenile males engaged more aggressive play than juvenile females, and juvenile females engaged more affiliative play than juvenile males.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethology and Ecology of the Patas Monkey (Erythrocebus Patas) at Mt
    African Primates 9:35-44 (2014)/ 35 Ethology and Ecology of the Patas Monkey (Erythrocebus patas) at Mt. Assirik, Senegal Clifford J. Henty1 and William C. McGrew1,2 1Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK 2Department of Archaeology & Anthropology, University of Cambridge, England, UK Abstract: We report ecological and ethological data collected opportunistically and intermittently on unhabituated patas monkeys at Mt. Assirik, Senegal, over 44 months. Although unsystematic and preliminary, these data represent the most ever presented on far western populations of the West African subspecies (Erythrocebus patas patas). Patas monkeys at Assirik live in a largely natural mosaic ecosystem of grassland, open woodland and gallery (riverine) forest with a full range of mammalian predators and competitors but without domestic plants and animals. All sociecological variables measured fall within the range of patas monkeys studied elsewhere in East and Central Africa, but apparent nuanced variation could not be tested, given the lack of close-range, focal-sampled data. This awaits further study. Résumé: Des données écologiques et comportementales ont été récoltées de façon opportuniste et discontinue durant 44 mois sur les patas sauvages à Mont Assirik, Sénégal. Malgré leur nature préliminaire et non- systématique, ces données sont actuellement les plus nombreuses sur la sous-espèce d’Afrique occidentale (Erythrocebus patas patas). Les patas de Mont Assirik vivent au sein d’un écosystème constitué d’une mosaïque de savanes herbeuses et boisées avec des forêts galeries, en présence de nombreuses espèces de mammifères prédateurs et compétiteurs, mais en l’absence de toute plante ou animal domestique. Nos résultats montrent que les patas de Mont Assirik ressemblent à ceux d’Afrique de l’est et d’Afrique centrale de façon générale, mais des analyses approfondies des variables socio-écologiques requièrent des données systématiques sur des individus habitués à la présence des observateurs.
    [Show full text]
  • HAMADRYAS BABOON (Papio Hamadryas) CARE MANUAL
    HAMADRYAS BABOON (Papio hamadryas) CARE MANUAL CREATED BY THE AZA Hamadryas Baboon Species Survival Plan® Program IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE AZA Old World Monkey Taxon Advisory Group Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas) Care Manual Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas) Care Manual Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in collaboration with the AZA Animal Welfare Committee Formal Citation: AZA Baboon Species Survival Plan®. (2020). Hamadryas Baboon Care Manual. Silver Spring, MD: Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Original Completion Date: July 2020 Authors and Significant Contributors: Jodi Neely Wiley, AZA Hamadryas Baboon SSP Coordinator and Studbook Keeper, North Carolina Zoo Margaret Rousser, Oakland Zoo Terry Webb, Toledo Zoo Ryan Devoe, Disney Animal Kingdom Katie Delk, North Carolina Zoo Michael Maslanka, Smithsonian National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute Reviewers: Joe Knobbe, San Francisco Zoological Gardens, former Old World Monkey TAG Chair, SSP Vice Coordinator Hamadryas Baboon AZA Staff Editors: Felicia Spector, Animal Care Manual Editor Consultant Candice Dorsey, PhD, Senior Vice President, Conservation, Management, & Welfare Sciences Rebecca Greenberg, Animal Programs Director Emily Wagner, Conservation Science & Education Intern Raven Spencer, Conservation, Management, & Welfare Sciences Intern Hana Johnstone, Conservation, Management, & Welfare Sciences Intern Cover Photo Credits: Jodi Neely Wiley, North Carolina Zoo Disclaimer: This manual presents a compilation of knowledge provided by recognized animal experts based on the current science, practice, and technology of animal management. The manual assembles basic requirements, best practices, and animal care recommendations to maximize capacity for excellence in animal care and welfare. The manual should be considered a work in progress, since practices continue to evolve through advances in scientific knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • The Consequences of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on the Distribution, Population Size, Habitat Preferences, Feeding and Rangin
    The consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation on the distribution, population size, habitat preferences, feeding and ranging Ecology of grivet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiopes aethiops) on the human dominated habitats of north Shoa, Amhara, Ethiopia: A Study of human-grivet monkey conflict 1 Table of contents Page 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background And Justifications 3 1.2. Statement Of The Problem 6 1.3. Objectives 7 1.3.1. General Objective 7 1.3.2. Specific Objectives 8 1.4. Research Hypotheses Under Investigation 8 2. Description Of The Study Area 8 3. Methodology 11 3.1. Habitat Stratification, Vegetation Mapping And Land Use Cover 11 Change 3.2. Distribution Pattern And Population Estimate Of Grivet Monkey 11 3.3. Behavioral Data 12 3.4. Human Grivet Monkey Conflict 15 3.5. Habitat Loss And Fragmentation 15 4. Expected Output 16 5. Challenges Of The Project 16 6. References 17 i 1. Introduction World mammals status analysis on global scale shows that primates are the most threatened mammals (Schipper et al., 2008) making them indicators for investigating vulnerability to threats. Habitat loss and destruction are often considered to be the most serious threat to many tropical primate populations because of agricultural expansion, livestock grazing, logging, and human settlement (Cowlishaw and Dunbar, 2000). Deforestation and forest fragmentation have marched together with the expansion of agricultural frontiers, resulting in both habitat loss and subdivision of the remaining habitat (Michalski and Peres, 2005). This forest degradation results in reduction in size or fragmentation of the original forest habitat (Fahrig, 2003). Habitat fragmentation is often defined as a process during which “a large expanse of habitat is transformed into a number of smaller patches of smaller total area, isolated from each other by a matrix of habitats unlike the original”.
    [Show full text]
  • Primates of the Cantanhez Forest and the Cacine Basin, Guinea-Bissau
    ORYX VOL 30 NO 1 JANUARY 1996 Primates of the Cantanhez Forest and the Cacine Basin, Guinea-Bissau Spartaco Gippoliti and Giacomo Dell'Omo In a 4-week field study of the primates of Guinea-Bissau, a 10-day survey was carried out along the Cacine River and in the Cantanhez Forest to collect information about the presence of primates and other mammals. No biological information was available for these areas. The survey revealed the presence of at least seven primate species, four of which are included in the current IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Of particular interest was the West African chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus. This was considered to be possibly extinct in Guinea-Bissau, but was found to be locally common. All primate species are particularly vulnerable because of uncontrolled exploitation of the forest, while hunting is responsible for the decline of game species in the area. Other rare species occur in the area and make the Cacine Basin and Cantanhez Forest a priority area for wildlife conservation at national and regional levels. Introduction status of Temminck's red colobus Procolobus badius temminckii and the common chim- Guinea-Bissau is a small country - 28,120 sq panzee Pan troglodytes. The latter was believed km - in coastal West Africa south of Senegal. to be extinct in Guinea-Bissau (Lee et ah, 1988; While mangroves predominate on the coast, Scott, 1992), but in February-March 1988, dur- lowland forests of the Guinea-Congolian/ ing a previous visit to Guinea-Bissau, one of Sudanian transition zone (White, 1983) still the authors (G.D.) collected evidence of chim- cover small areas of the administrative sectors panzee presence in the south of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • English Common Names for African Primates
    Primate Conservation 2006 (20): 65–73 English Common Names for Subspecies and Species of African Primates Peter Grubb 35, Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK Abstract: Approximately 1,000 English-language names have been used for African primates. Grubb et al. (2003) chose a single common name for each species (with a few exceptions) and for each subspecies. The present paper provides the opportunity to compare these preferred names with others published in the literature. The aim is to encourage primatologists to evaluate the choice of names, to assess the principles adopted in compiling the selective list, to amend this list where they see fi t, preferably in appropriate publications, and to comment on the whole exercise. Key Words: Common names, African primates, species, subspecies Introduction This paper lists published English-language common name can be used in the plural, one cannot justify treating names for species and subspecies of African primates in a it as a proper name that therefore requires it to be capi- systematic format. The aim is to provide primatologists and talized. This is not to deny that species names are often zoologists with the opportunity to decide whether a particular capitalized in titles or headings. Some authors prefer to name should be chosen for each taxon, and whether the list capitalize common names, and some serial publications of names previously selected (Grubb et al. 2003) should be require this to be done — no doubt for sound reasons. accepted or modifi ed. Readers may question the principles • Corrections are made to misspelled surnames such as adopted in compiling that list, the merits of making lists of Bate, de Brazzae, Preussis, and Vleeschower (i.e., Bates, common names at all, or the selection of what are supposed de Brazza, Preuss, and Vleeschowers).
    [Show full text]
  • Coordination During Group Departures and Group Progressions in the Tolerant
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/797761; this version posted October 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Coordination during group departures and group progressions in the tolerant 2 multilevel society of wild Guinea baboons (Papio papio) 3 4 Davide Montanari1, Julien Hambuckers2,3, Julia Fischer1,4,5* & Dietmar Zinner1,4* 5 6 1Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany 7 2HEC Liège, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium 8 3Chair of Statistics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 3, 37073 Göttingen, 9 Germany 10 4Leibniz-ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Göttingen 11 5Department of Primate Cognition, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany 12 13 Correspondence to: Dietmar Zinner, Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, 14 Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +49 551 3851-129 15 * shared last authorship 16 17 Running title 18 Group coordination in Guinea baboons 19 20 Research Highlights 21 22 • In wild Guinea baboons, both adult males and females initiated group departures 23 • Initiators signaled during departures, but this did not affect initiation success 24 • Solitary males were predominantly found at the front during group progression 25 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/797761; this version posted October 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
    [Show full text]
  • Implications of Border Cave Skeletal Remains for Later Pleistocene
    CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY Vol. 20, No. 1, March 1979 ? 1979 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research 0011-3204/79/2001-0003$01.45 Implications of Border Cave Skeletal Remains for Later Pleistocene Human Evolution' by G. Philip Rightmire EXCAVATIONS AT BORDER CAVE, situated on the boundary the Cape. The broad frontal, projecting glabella, and rugged between Swaziland and Zululand (South Africa), have yielded superciliary eminences also invited comparison with Florisbad, extensive evidence of prior human occupation. Sediment analy- which was said to show similar if more massive supraorbital ses undertaken by Butzer, Beauimont, and Vogel (1978) development. Later reports (Wells 1969, 1972) have continued suggest that the cave was first inhabited sometime prior to to emphasize similarities between Border Cave and Springbok the Last Interglacial, while the main period of use spans four Flats or even Rhodesian man (Brothwell 1963), while ties with protracted periods of accelerated frost-weathering, all of which living South African populations have been regarded as remote. are older than 35,000 B.P. Quantities of stone artifacts have Application of Mahalanobis's generalized distance (D2) to a been recovered, along with human bones and a moderate small set of cranial measurements has most recently led de sample of faunal material (Klein 1977). The human remains Villiers (1973) to claim that neither Border Cave nor Springbok include a partial adult cranium, the first fragments of which Flats can be related closely to modern Negroes or Bushmen, were found by W. E. Horton in 1940. Horton removed some of though a role of more generalized "protonegriform" ancestor the cave deposit while digging for guano, and more of the is considered.
    [Show full text]