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The Celts of the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula
e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies Volume 6 The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula Article 9 7-12-2005 The eltC s of the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula Luis Berrocal-Rangel Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi Recommended Citation Berrocal-Rangel, Luis (2005) "The eC lts of the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6 , Article 9. Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact open- [email protected]. The Celts of the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula Luis Berrocal-Rangel Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Abstract Archaeological investigations carried out in the southwestern Iberian Peninsula during recent years have contributed to the identification of the cultural characteristics of its ancient populations, called Keltikoi or Celtici by Ephorus, Herodotus, Strabo and Pliny. From a detailed analysis of the types and distribution of the material culture, references in the Classical sources, epigraphic evidence, contemporary observations, and the presence of an individual decorative style of hand-made pottery, it is now possible to record the specific cultural traits of those native populations that occupied, at least from the end of the fifth century BC, the basins of the Sado and Guadiana Rivers in both Spain and Portugal. -
Hellenistic Influences in Iberian Sculpture
Othmar Jaeggi Hellenistic Influences in Iberian Sculpture Our knowledge about the Iberian culture, especially about Iberian religion and history is very limited. Before the Second Punic War there are only very few references in Greek and Roman literature to the Iberian Peninsula, and in any case, little can be learned by them. Iberian epigraphy belongs mainly to late Hellenistic times. The short texts, written in local alphabets, can be read but not understood. Therefore, almost everything we can know about Iberian culture relies on the archaeological documentation, on the interpretation of the monuments and, if available, of their contexts 1. What archaeology calls the Iberian culture is in reality a mosaic of different local cultures within a period from the early 6 th to the late 1 st centuries BC. These regional cultures present common aspects like forms of pottery, architectural structures of houses and settlements, weapon, language and sculpture. All together, this evidence reflects an area in the South and in the East of the Iberian Peninsula with unsharp borders towards the West 2. Nevertheless, this “Iberian area” is a modern construction: Not all of the mentioned material do cover the same period of time nor the same geographical area. For example, the sculpture in the round is – with a very few exceptions – only present in the South-East of the peninsula 3. The same can be said about the datation: most of the Iberian sculptures are to be dated in the 5 th and the 4 th centuries BC. Only a few sites present sculptures of bigger scale in the Hellenistic period, in the time from the 3 rd to the late 1 st centuries BC. -
Natural Gas Demand in Europe: What Happened in 2008‐2010?, P.17, Table 2
The Spanish Gas Market: Demand Trends Post Recession and Consequences for the Industry Anouk Honoré NG 55 July 2011 The contents of this paper are the authors’ sole responsibility. They do not necessarily represent the views of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies or any of its members. Copyright © 2011 Oxford Institute for Energy Studies (Registered Charity, No. 286084) This publication may be reproduced in part for educational or non‐profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgment of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. ISBN 978‐1‐907555‐32‐9 2 PREFACE Until 2008, it was assumed that whatever might happen to gas demand in the rest of Europe, the southern part of the Continent would continue growing strongly – even if not in double digits – for most of the 2010s. Recession reminded all energy researchers that there are greater forces at work which can fundamentally change straight line growth projections. At the same time as countries were suffering economic downturn, carbon reduction measures were also beginning to change the fossil fuel outlook. Both these factors require a substantial reassessment of the Spanish gas demand outlook. Anouk Honoré’s book on European gas demand, published by the OIES at the end of 2010, identified the beginning of this process but the effects were not yet clear. This study on Spain, which uses similar bottom‐up methodology to that set out in her book, takes a closer look at the country which prior to 2008 was generally expected to have the fastest gas growth of all the major European gas markets. -
Suggested Reading Guide Venice to Athens: Dalmatia & Ancient Greece
SUGGESTED READING GUIDE VENICE TO ATHENS: DALMATIA & ANCIENT GREECE Here is a brief selection of favorite, new, and hard-to-find books relevant to your journey. These books should be available at local public or university libraries, and most of them may be purchased and/or downloaded for e-readers through local and online bookstores. MAPS & GUIDEBOOKS Bostock, Andrew. Greece: The Peloponnese with Athens, Delphi and Kythira. Bradt Travel Guides (4th ed.), 2019. (PAPER, 288 Pp.) Citypack. Fodor's Venice's 25 Best. Fodor's, 2012. This shirt-pocket guide includes an excellent map of the city center and essential information. (PAPER, 176 Pp.) Fisher, John. Pocket Rough Guide Athens. Rough Guides, 2011. By the savvy editors at Rough Guide, these just-right guides are bundled with a pullout map. (PAPER, 176 Pp.) Freytag & Berndt. Mediterranean Cruises Map. Freytag & Berndt, 2010. A double-sided, full-color map of the Mediterranean, including the Iberian Peninsula and Black Sea, North Africa and the Levant, at a scale of 1:2,000,000. (MAP) Letcher, Piers. Bradt Mini Guide Dubrovnik. Bradt Publications, 2007. A helpful, condensed guide to the city in the popular Bradt series. (PAPER, 256 Pp.) McEvedy, Colin and John Woodcock. The New Penguin Atlas of Ancient History: Revised Edition. Penguin Books (reissue ed.), 2003. (PAPER, 128 Pp.) Oliver, Jeanne. Croatia Traveller’s Dalmatia: Split to Dubrovnik 2019. (Kindle Edition, 361 Pp.) ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY & CULTURE Beard, Mary. The Parthenon. Harvard University Press, 2010. A lively tale of the construction, significance and many uses of the 2,500-year-old architectural marvel. -
THE PATH of WESTERN CIVILIZATION: from EGYPT to the IBERIAN PENINSULA Standard Route: Cairo, Egypt to Lisbon, Portugal
THE PATH OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION: FROM EGYPT TO THE IBERIAN PENINSULA Standard route: Cairo, Egypt to Lisbon, Portugal 21 Days National Geographic Explorer 148 Guests Expeditions in: Apr From $27,420 to $51,270 * Call us at 1.800.397.3348 or call your Travel Agent. In Australia, call 1300.361.012 • www.expeditions.com DAY 1: Cairo, Egypt padding Depart on an overnight flight to Cairo. Upon arrival transfer to our hotel and enjoy an afternoon at leisure. This evening join us for a welcome reception and meet your fellow travelers. (D) DAY 2: Cairo / Giza padding Begin the day with a visit to the Egyptian Museum to view the astonishing masterpieces from Ancient Egypt, including mummies of the pharaohs, 2022 Departure Dates: beautifully adorned sarcophagus, and many of the dazzling jewels found in King Tutankhamun’s 16 Apr tomb. Following a lunch of Egyptian specialties, Advance Payment: travel to Giza to see some of the most enduring symbols of the ancient world, the pyramids. The $3,000 complex is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and the only one that remains intact. Learn how and why the pyramids were built before seeing the enigmatic Sphinx. (B,L,D) Special Offers DAY 3: Cairo / Luxor FREE BAR TAB AND CREW padding Early this morning, transfer to the airport for our TIPS INCLUDED flight to Luxor. Upon arrival we will enjoy a relaxing We will cover your bar tab and all tips for lunch at our hotel before setting out to tour the the crew on all National Geographic Karnak Temple complex—a massive building Resolution, National Geographic project of the Ancient Egyptians. -
Harmonized Classification of Forest Types in the Iberian Peninsula
Article Harmonized Classification of Forest Types in the Iberian Peninsula Based on National Forest Inventories Leónia Nunes 1,2,* , Mauro Moreno 3, Iciar Alberdi 4, Juan Gabriel Álvarez-González 5 , Paulo Godinho-Ferreira 1,3, Stefano Mazzoleni 3 and Francisco Castro Rego 1 1 Centre for Applied Ecology “Professor Baeta Neves” (CEABN), InBIO, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; [email protected] (P.G.-F.); [email protected] (F.C.R.) 2 CITAB, Centre of the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Qta. de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal 3 Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 100-80055 Naples, Italy; [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (S.M.) 4 INIA-CIFOR, Departamento Selvicultura y Gestión de los Sistemas Forestales, Ctra. La Coruña km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] 5 Departamento de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-21-365-3333 Received: 10 September 2020; Accepted: 1 November 2020; Published: 2 November 2020 Abstract: National Forest Inventories (NFIs) collect and provide a large amount of information regarding the forest volume, carbon stocks, vitality, biodiversity, non-wood forest products and their changes. Forest stands variables data are paramount to understanding their composition, especially on those related with understory characteristics and the coverage of species according to canopy layers; they are essential to assess biodiversity and to support forest management. -
Alicante's Cultural Guide
Table of Contents Country Profile: Spain ..................................................................................................................................1-6 Country Overview: History, Quick Facts, Government, Educational System…………………..........................................2-4 Alicante Overview: History, Quick Facts, Economy....................................................................................................4-6 Practical Information ...................................................................................................................................6-9 Making Phone Calls .......................................................................................................................................................6 Emergency Numbers .....................................................................................................................................................7 Handling Money...........................................................................................................................................................7-8 Weather........................................................................................................................................................................8-9 Being a North American Abroad .................................................................................................................9-12 Culture Shock..................................................................................................................................................................9 -
Energy Policies of IEA Countries Spain
Secure Sustainable Together Energy Policies of IEA Countries Spain 2015 Review Please note that this PDF is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at http://www.iea.org/t&c/ 2015 OECD/IEA, © Secure Sustainable Together Energy Policies of IEA Countries Spain 2015 Review 2015 OECD/IEA, © INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. -
The Fall of Minoan Civilization Just As an Unknown Cataclysm Struck Crete
The Fall of Minoan Civilization Just as an unknown cataclysm struck Crete at the end of the Protopalatial period (1700 BC), destroying the palaces and prompting the Minoans to rebuild, another catastrophe occurred at the end of the Neopalatial period (1425 BC). Once again, we do not know what caused the destruction, but unlike the previous catastrophe, the Minoans did not rebuild or recover. Instead, their civilization slowly petered out. The End of the Palace Period on Crete The event traditionally associated with the fall of the Minoans was the eruption of a nearby volcanic island, Mount Thera (modern-day Santorini). This was one of the largest volcanic eruptions in earth’s history, and in 2006, scientists discovered that the eruption was much larger than previously estimated. The eruption certainly destroyed the Minoan settlement of Akrotiri on Mount Thera (Santorini). No human remains have been found at Akrotiri, indicating that the settlement was either evacuated when the volcano showed its first signs of eruption, or the bodies simply have not been found yet. It was previously believed that the Minoan civilization on Crete was wiped out due to massive earthquakes and large amounts of ash that fell on the island from the volcano. It was believed that the earthquakes caused the palaces to crumble, and the ash choked off light and killed plants, leaving the survivors to starve. However, recent research suggests otherwise. Most of the ash from the volcano fell in the opposite direction from Crete, and Crete seems to have suffered only a slight dusting of ash. More destructive was a massive tsunami that resulted from the eruption and devastated the Minoan settlements on the northern coast of Crete. -
Northwestern Iberian Tin Mining from Bronze Age
Northwestern Iberian Tin Mining from Bronze Age to Modern Times: an overview Beatriz Comendador Rey, Emmanuelle Meunier, Elin Figueiredo, Aaron Lackinger, João Fonte, Cristina Fernández Fernández, Alexandre Lima, José Mirão, Rui J.C. Silva To cite this version: Beatriz Comendador Rey, Emmanuelle Meunier, Elin Figueiredo, Aaron Lackinger, João Fonte, et al.. Northwestern Iberian Tin Mining from Bronze Age to Modern Times: an overview. A Celebration of the Tinworking Landscape of Dartmoor in its European context: Prehistory to 20th century, Dartmoor Tinworking Research Group, May 2016, Tavistock, United Kingdom. pp.133-153. hal-02024038 HAL Id: hal-02024038 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02024038 Submitted on 21 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Northwestern Iberian Tin Mining from Bronze Age to Modern Times: an overview Beatriz Comendador Rey1*, Emmanuelle Meunier2, Elin Figueiredo3, Aaron Lackinger1, João Fonte4, 1 5 6 3 Cristina Fernández Fernández , Alexandre Lima , José Mirão , Rui J.C. Silva 1. Grupo de Estudos de Arqueoloxía, Antigüidade e Territorio (GEAAT), Universidade de Vigo, Spain 2. Laboratoire TRACES (CNRS), University of Toulouse Jean Jaurès, France 3. Centro de Investigação em Materiais (CENIMAT/I3N), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal 4. -
Variability and Changes in Selected Climate Elements in Madrid and Alicante in the Period 2000-2014
Contemp.Trends.Geosci., 4(1),2015,56-65 DOI:10.1515/ctg-2015-0006 Variability and changes in selected climate elements in Madrid and Alicante in the period 2000-2014 Katarzyna Cielecka Department of Climatology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, 60 Bedzinska Str, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; [email protected] Received: 19th October, 2015 Accepted: 5th January, 2016 Abstract The aim of this study is to compare climatic conditions between the interior of the Iberian Peninsula and the south- eastern coast of Spain. The article analyzes selected elements of climate over the last 15 years (2000-2014). Synoptic data from airport meteorological stations in Madrid Barajas and Alicante Elche were used. Attention was focused on annual air temperature, relative humidity and precipitation. The mean climatic conditions over the period 2000-2014 were compared with those over the 1961-1990 period which is recommended by WMO as climate normal and with data for the 1971-2000 coming from ‘Climate Atlas’ of Spanish meteorologists group AEMET. Two of climate elements discussed were characterized by significant changes. The annual air temperature was higher by about 0.2°C in Alicante and 0.9°C in Madrid in the period 2000-2014 compared to the 1961-1990. The current winters were colder than in years 1961-1990 at both stations. Gradual decrease in annual precipitation totals was observed at both stations. In 1961-1990 the annual average precipitation in Madrid amounted to 414 mm, while in Alicante it was 356 mm. However, in the recent years of 2000-2014 these totals were lower compared to 1961-1990 reaching 364.1 mm in the central part of Spain and 245.7 mm on the south-western coast. -
Diachronic Homer and a Cretan Odyssey
Oral Tradition, 31/1 (2017):3-50 Diachronic Homer and a Cretan Odyssey Gregory Nagy Introduction I explore here the kaleidoscopic world of Homer and Homeric poetry from a diachronic perspective, combining it with a synchronic perspective. The terms synchronic and diachronic, as I use them here, come from linguistics.1 When linguists use the word synchronic, they are thinking of a given structure as it exists in a given time and space; when they use diachronic, they are thinking of that structure as it evolves through time.2 From a diachronic perspective, the structure that we know as Homeric poetry can be viewed, I argue, as an evolving medium. But there is more to it. When you look at Homeric poetry from a diachronic perspective, you will see not only an evolving medium of oral poetry. You will see also a medium that actually views itself diachronically. In other words, Homeric poetry demonstrates aspects of its own evolution. A case in point is “the Cretan Odyssey”—or, better, “a Cretan Odyssey”—as reflected in the “lying tales” of Odysseus in the Odyssey. These tales, as we will see, give the medium an opportunity to open windows into an Odyssey that is otherwise unknown. In the alternative universe of this “Cretan Odyssey,” the adventures of Odysseus take place in the exotic context of Minoan-Mycenaean civilization. Part 1: Minoan-Mycenaean Civilization and Memories of a Sea-Empire3 Introduction From the start, I say “Minoan-Mycenaean civilization,” not “Minoan” and “Mycenaean” separately. This is because elements of Minoan civilization become eventually infused with elements we find in Mycenaean civilization.