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Pest Categorisation of Small‐Spored Alternaria Carrying the Genes for The

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Pest Categorisation of Small‐Spored Alternaria Carrying the Genes for The CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Brescia SCIENTIFIC OPINION ADOPTED: 22 November 2017 doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5099 Pest categorisation of small-spored Alternaria carrying the genes for the AM- or AK-toxin biosynthesis EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Michael Jeger, Claude Bragard, David Caffier, Thierry Candresse, Elisavet Chatzivassiliou, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Gianni Gilioli, Jean-Claude Gregoire, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Alan MacLeod, Maria Navajas Navarro, Bjorn€ Niere, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Trond Rafoss, Gregor Urek, Ariena Van Bruggen, Wopke Van der Werf, Jonathan West, Stephan Winter, Antonio Vicent, Irene Vloutoglou, Bernard Bottex and Vittorio Rossi Abstract The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of small-spored Alternaria carrying the genes for the AM- or AK-toxin biosynthesis, for the EU. The identity of the pests is clearly defined and reliable methods exist for their detection/identification. They are listed in Annex IIAI of Directive 2000/29/EC as Alternaria alternata (non-European pathogenic isolates). Their distribution in the EU is restricted though with some uncertainty. The AM-toxin producer Alternaria affect Malus spp. and Pyrus communis (European pear), whereas the AK-toxin producer affect Pyrus pyrifolia, Pyrus bretschneideri and Pyrus ussuriensis (Asian pears). The pests could potentially enter the EU on host-planting material and fruit originating in infested countries. There are no biotic/abiotic factors limiting their potential establishment and spread in the EU, as their epidemiology is similar to that of other well-established Alternaria spp. Apples and European pears are widespread in the EU; Japanese pears are also present, but no data was found on their abundance/distribution. In the infested areas, the pests cause premature defoliation, fruit spotting and rot resulting in yield/quality losses. It is expected that the introduction and spread of the pests in the EU could impact apple and pear production, although the magnitude is unknown. Cultural practices and chemical measures may reduce the inoculum and the disease, but they cannot eliminate the pests. Phytosanitary measures are available to mitigate the risk of introduction and spread of the pests. The pests do not meet all the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as potential Union quarantine pests, as they are not under official control in those EU restricted areas where they have been found. The pests do not meet all the criteria assessed by EFSA to consider them as Union regulated non-quarantine pests, as host plants for planting are not the main means of pest spread. © 2017 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority. Keywords: Alternaria alternata, Alternaria leaf blotch, black spot of pears, impacts, Malus spp., pest distribution, Pyrus spp. Requestor: European Commission Question number: EFSA-Q-2017-00329 Correspondence: [email protected] www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal EFSA Journal 2017;15(12):5099 Small-spored Alternaria carrying the genes for the AM- or AK-toxin biosynthesis: Pest categorisation Panel members: Claude Bragard, David Caffier, Thierry Candresse, Elisavet Chatzivassiliou, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Gianni Gilioli, Jean-Claude Gregoire, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Michael Jeger, Alan MacLeod, Maria Navajas Navarro, Bjorn€ Niere, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Trond Rafoss, Vittorio Rossi, Gregor Urek, Ariena Van Bruggen, Wopke Van der Werf, Jonathan West and Stephan Winter. Suggested citation: EFSA PLH Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Health), Jeger M, Bragard C, Caffier D, Candresse T, Chatzivassiliou E, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Gilioli G, Gregoire J-C, Jaques Miret JA, MacLeod A, Navajas Navarro M, Niere B, Parnell S, Potting R, Rafoss T, Urek G, Van Bruggen A, Van der Werf W, West J, Winter S, Vicent A, Vloutoglou I, Bottex B and Rossi V, 2017. Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of small-spored Alternaria carrying the genes for the AM- or AK-toxin biosynthesis. EFSA Journal 2017;15(12):5099, 27 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5099 ISSN: 1831-4732 © 2017 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made. Reproduction of the images listed below is prohibited and permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder: Figures 1 and 2: © EPPO The EFSA Journal is a publication of the European Food Safety Authority, an agency of the European Union. www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 2 EFSA Journal 2017;15(12):5099 Small-spored Alternaria carrying the genes for the AM- or AK-toxin biosynthesis: Pest categorisation Table of contents Abstract.................................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................4 1.1. Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor.................................................. 4 1.1.1. Background ................................................................................................................................4 1.1.2. Terms of Reference ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.2.1. Terms of Reference: Appendix 1................................................................................................... 5 1.1.2.2. Terms of Reference: Appendix 2................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2.3. Terms of Reference: Appendix 3................................................................................................... 7 1.2. Interpretation of the Terms of Reference....................................................................................... 8 2. Data and Methodologies .............................................................................................................. 8 2.1. Data........................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1. Literature search ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2. Database search ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Methodologies............................................................................................................................. 9 3. Pest categorisation ...................................................................................................................... 11 3.1. Identity and biology of the pest.................................................................................................... 11 3.1.1. Identity and taxonomy................................................................................................................. 11 3.1.2. Biology of the pest ...................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.3. Detection and identification of the pest......................................................................................... 12 3.2. Pest distribution .......................................................................................................................... 13 3.2.1. Pest distribution outside the EU.................................................................................................... 13 3.2.2. Pest distribution in the EU............................................................................................................ 15 3.3. Regulatory status ........................................................................................................................ 16 3.3.1. Council Directive 2000/29/EC ....................................................................................................... 16 3.3.2. Legislation addressing the hosts of small-spored AM-/AK-toxin producer Alternaria (as Alternaria alternata) ................................................................................................................................... 16 3.4. Entry, establishment and spread in the EU .................................................................................... 17 3.4.1. Host range.................................................................................................................................. 17 3.4.2. Entry .......................................................................................................................................... 17 3.4.3. Establishment ............................................................................................................................. 18 3.4.3.1. EU distribution of main host plants ............................................................................................... 19 3.4.3.2. Climatic conditions affecting establishment...................................................................................
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