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Fuel Cell Technology for Domestic Built Environment Applications: State Of-The-Art Review
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY FOR DOMESTIC BUILT ENVIRONMENT APPLICATIONS: STATE OF-THE-ART REVIEW Theo Elmer*, Mark Worall, Shenyi Wu and Saffa Riffat Architecture, Climate and Environment Research Group The University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD (UK) *corresponding author email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Fuel cells produce heat when generating electricity, thus they are of particular interest for combined heat and power (CHP) and combined cooling heat and power (CCHP) applications, also known as tri-generation systems. CHP and tri-generation systems offer high energy conversion efficiency and hence the potential to reduce fuel costs and CO2 emissions. This paper serves to provide a state-of-the-art review of fuel cell technology operating in the domestic built environment in CHP and tri-generation system applications. The review aims to carry out an assessment of the following topics: (1) the operational advantages fuel cells offer in CHP and tri-generation system configurations, specifically, compared to conventional combustion based technologies such as Stirling engines, (2) how decarbonisation, running cost and energy security in the domestic built environment may be addressed through the use of fuel cell technology, and (3) what has been done to date and what needs to be done in the future. The paper commences with a review of fuel cell technology, then moves on to examine fuel cell CHP systems operating in the domestic built environment, and finally explores fuel cell tri-generation systems in domestic built environment applications. The paper concludes with an assessment of the present development of, and future challenges for, domestic fuel cells operating in CHP and tri-generation systems. -
Analysis of the Potential for Gas Micro-Cogeneration Development in Poland Using the Monte Carlo Method
energies Article Analysis of the Potential for Gas Micro-Cogeneration Development in Poland Using the Monte Carlo Method Dominik Kryzia 1 , Marta Kuta 2 , Dominika Matuszewska 2 and Piotr Olczak 1,* 1 Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 7A Wybickiego St., 31-261 Cracow, Poland; [email protected] 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Cracow, Poland; [email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (D.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 April 2020; Accepted: 15 June 2020; Published: 17 June 2020 Abstract: Micro-cogeneration (mCHP) is a promising solution for the generation of heat and electricity in households, it contributes to reducing carbon dioxide emissions in countries where the production of electricity is mainly based on fossil fuels. Its dissemination in Poland faces barriers in the form of high purchase prices in relation to electricity productivity. In this work 1% of the household population in Poland was analyzed using the Monte Carlo method. It was found that for mCHP to become economically profitable for a group of at least 10,000 households, its price should fall from around 18,000 euros (711.5 euros/kWth and 18,000 euros/kWe) to 4800 euros (189.7 euros/kWth and 4800 euros/kWe) and for 100,000 households to 4100 euros (162.1 euros/kWth and 4100 euros/kWe). These calculations were made for fixed gas and electricity prices. The analysis also included cases of various changes in gas and energy prices. Faster growth of electricity prices than gas prices reduce the profitability barrier. -
Aktuell | Magazine for Heating Technology | 44Th
Magazine for Heating Technology 44th Year 2012 Issue 1 Viessmann’s comprehensive range: Sustainable heating systems for single- and two-family homes Contents Publisher: What fuel sources are suitable for Editorial 18 Gas condensing technology Dr. Martin Viessmann modernizing the heating systems from Viessmann Editorial office: of single- and two-family homes 2 Ecology, economics and Innovative heat sources with Manfred Greis – an overview on pages 9–15 Jörg Schmidt social responsibility automatic flow balancing and Michael Wagner Sustainability as the smartphone interface Doris Hofmann Alexander Tinter foundation of business activity Wolfgang Rogatty 19 Fits in almost any corner: Carsten Lucaßen 4 News New wall mounted gas fired Photos/graphics: condensing boiler with dpa Picture-Alliance GmbH, Frankfurt Frank Feisel Company integral primary cylinder Getty Images Deutschland GmbH, Munich Iggesund Paperboard, Workington KAMPA GmbH, Steinheim am Albuch 6 2011 Viessmann Award Portrait Kirsten Dorn, Stuttgart Recognition for high- Thomas Köhler, photothek, BMU Rolf Kosecki, Sportbild-Agentur, Bonn performance Methanos 20 South Korea – Economic Rüdiger Nehmzow, Düsseldorf bacteria and a patented clamp powerhouse on the Yellow “Studio-S” – Seekamp GmbH, Bremen system for cylinder insulation Sea Layout: Alexander Tinter 7 Viessmann‘s sustainability Practical applications Lithography and printing: strategy Bernecker Mediagruppe 34212 Melsungen Sustainability of products and 22 Twelve heat pumps for processes along the supertall skyscraper in South -
Heat Pumps up to 2000 Kw: VITOCAL PRO
TECHNOLOGY BROCHURE Heat pumps up to 2000 kW: VITOCAL PRO Vitocal heat pumps Heating with renewable energy from the environment – even in the higher output ranges 2 / 3 Futureproof and efficient heating technology for all requirements In industrialised Western nations, heat generation for residential and commercial buildings accounts for the largest proportion of energy consumption – and therefore offers the greatest savings potential. Advanced and energy efficient heating systems from Viessmann are in use around the world, not only in many private households, but also in numerous major international projects, where they make an important contribution to the sustainable conservation of energy reserves. Viessmann successfully rises to the most diverse challenges facing advanced heating technology by constantly offering innovative solutions – for historical listed buildings, highly productive industrial complexes and the large scale residential and commercial arena. Viessmann has been developing and manufacturing heat pumps for international markets for almost 40 years. Its product range includes customer-specific solutions and matching services. 4 / 5 CONTENTS 6 INTRODUCTION Heating with renewable energy from the environment – even in the higher output ranges 6 8 VITOCAL RANGE Large heat pumps from Viessmann facilitate heating with renewable energy from the environment, even in the higher output ranges, at all times. Even waste heat from various sources and production processes can be made usable. 30 SYSTEM SOLUTIONS 8 Viessmann offers heat pumps for a wide variety of applications and different heat sources. 40 SERVICE Viessmann guarantees that the components and assemblies in its large heat pumps will work seamlessly together – from the individual design process right through to maintenance. -
Fuel Cell Combined Heat and Power for Specialialised Trade – Training Documents
Fuel Cell Combined Heat and Power for Specialialised Trade – Training Documents Module 1: Basics PACE project has received fundingfrom the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertakingunder grant agreement No 700339. This Joint Undertakingreceives support from the EuropeanUnion’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme and HydrogenEurope and Hydrogen Research. The PACE Project Consortium Partners 09/06/2020 2 Introduction Module 1: Basics ● The purpose of these training modules is to provide a general overview of the potential of Fuel Cell micro- Combined Heat and Power (FC mCHP) units as part of the future of European domestic energy. ● Each module in turn will focus upon a different aspect of FC mCHP units, with the aim to provide a working knowledge of the considerations installers working with this technology will need to make. ● Specific material for each FC mCHP product can be obtained from each unit manufacturer, who also offer specific training on their units. ● These materials have been based upon material developed during the Callux project (2008-2016). Consequently, thanks go to NOW GmbH for permitting the use of this material: 09/06/2020 3 List of Abbreviations Module 1: Basics ● CHP – Combined Heat and Power (also known as ● kW – Kilowatt Cogeneration) ● kWh – Kilowatt Hour ● mCHP – Micro Combined Heat and Power Unit ● MW – Megawatt ● FC – Fuel cell ● PEMFC – Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell ● FCH JU – Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking ● SOFC – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell ● GDL – Gas Diffusion Layers ● VPP – Virtual Power Plant 09/06/2020 4 Contents Module 1: Basics I. Basics 1. Cogeneration (CHP) 2. Fuel Cell (FC) 3. -
Efficient Heating Systems for Private and Commercial Applications
Efficient heating systems for private and commercial applications Heating systems Industrial systems Refrigeration systems Introduction Viessmann – a partner to be relied upon for all advanced energy systems The comprehensive range of products and services from Viessmann offers individual solutions with efficient systems for all application areas and energy sources. With its high energy efficiency, this range contributes to reducing heating bills and is also the right choice in ecological terms. For decades, the company has been supplying highly efficient heating systems for oil, gas and biomass with clean combustion, as well as solar thermal systems and heat pumps. All Viessmann products meet the requirements of European Directives regarding the reduction of environmental pollution by emissions. Viessmann feels a long-standing responsibility to protect the environment and to preserve natural resources to the fullest extent. To this end, the company employs the best available technology for the generation of heat and power. Viessmann offers the right heating system for every requirement – wall mounted or floorstanding, in individual combinations – all are futureproof and economical. They are suitable for the home and the workplace, for production plants, hospitals, hotels as well as public and cultural facilities, regardless of whether the system is intended for modernisation or new build. The company offers the following: 2/3 Boilers for oil or gas Hybrid appliances Heat pumps Wood heating systems Power generating heating systems Solar thermal Photovoltaics CHP units Accessories Viessmann is highly specialised in every one of these market segments. Compared to specialist suppliers, the company offers a distinct advantage: Viessmann understands this technology as a systematic whole and guarantees professional, unbiased advice on technology and fuel type. -
Technical Manual
Technical manual SteamHeat pumpsboilers Technical manual Heat pumps The Viessmann Group D-35107 Allendorf (Eder) Telephone +49 (0)6452 70-0 Fax +49 (0)6452 70-2780 www.viessmann.com 9440 134 GB 03/2012 Subject to technical modifications Technical manual Heat pumps Table of contents 6/7 Table of contents 11 Foreword 12 Introduction 12 How to use this manual 14 A Principles of heat pump technology 16 A.1 History of heat pump development 18 A.2 Physical principles 19 A.2.1 Condensing and evaporating 19 A.2.2 Refrigerant circuit 21 A.2.3 Coefficient of performance (COP) 22 A.2.4 Seasonal performance factor (SPF) 24 A.3 Main components 25 A.3.1 Compressor 28 A.3.2 Expansion valve 29 A.3.3 Heat exchanger 31 A.3.4 Refrigerant 32 A.4 Primary source potentials 33 A.4.1 Ground as heat source 37 A.4.2 Water as heat source 37 A.4.3 Outdoor air as heat source 38 A.4.4 Availability and efficiency – assessment of the primary sources 38 A.4.5 Waste heat as heat source 39 A.4.6 Absorber with solar backup 40 A.4.7 Phase change as "storage" on the primary side 42 A.5 Alternative types of heat pump 43 A.5.1 Compression heat pumps with internal combustion engine 43 A.5.2 Absorption heat pumps 45 A.5.3 Adsorption heat pumps Table of contents 46 B General conditions 48 B.1 "Electrical power" as the driving energy 49 B.1.1 Power mix in Germany 51 B.1.2 Security of supply 53 B.1.3 Smart metering 54 B.1.4 Heat pumps and photovoltaics 55 B.1.5 Competition for electric power 56 B.2 Statutory framework conditions 57 B.2.1 Heat pumps in the EnEV 59 B.2.2 Heat pumps -
Heating with Natural Heat
Heating with natural heat 2/3 Heat pumps heat and cool with renewable energy from nature This brochure provides detailed information about sustainable and environmentally responsible heat production using heat pumps from Viessmann. Heat pumps utilise renewable energy from the ground, groundwater or the air. They lower consumption of fossil fuels, conserve valuable resources and reduce CO2 emissions that damage the environment. By using this technology, system users benefit from a further advantage: some Viessmann heat pumps also feature active and natural cooling functions. Alongside their classic application as heat sources on cold days, they can also create a pleasant room climate in summer by bringing refreshing cool air into the house. The extensive product range offers the right heat pump to suit all requirements. Even at the planning stage, structural and geological conditions, as well as personal and individual preferences concerning heat demand can be taken into account. What’s more, this isn’t just suitable for new build. Viessmann heat pumps can be used equally well in modernisation projects, operated with solar thermal systems or combined with an existing oil or gas heating system to form a multi mode system. Contents Compliant scroll compressor 4/5 About this brochure Heat pumps from Viessmann offer tailor-made solutions for central heating and convenient hot water supply, for both new build and modernisation. Saving energy and protecting the climate from page 6 By modernising the heating system, the system user makes an active contribution towards protecting the climate and saving fossil fuels. Heating with heat pumps from page 10 Viessmann heat pumps utilise the potential heating energy that nature has provided, in the form of geothermal heat, groundwater or air, which are available free of charge.