A Republican Journal Issue 1: February, 2003 Analysis Dublin: drug epidemic worsens a. Physical By Jeanette Cullen b. Psychological Analysis c. Emotional Since the major influx of heroin into Inner Unless the individual is willing to City Dublin in the early 1980s, some 20+ address their problems on these three lev- Dublin - drug epidemic worsens: years ago, little has changed. Consecutive els, recovery will never be complete. In Community worker Jeanette Cullen on the governments have yet to admit that Dublin most cases, the individual opts for a Dublin government’s failure to tackle drug has a major drug problem. The reality is Methadone Programme, which helps addiction: page 2 that one service provider, namely the him/her stabilise from heroin or cocaine. Merchants Quay Project, catered for 2,702 Methadone itself is a drug, and can be seen people who presented themselves during as a more addictive drug than heroin. While Tribunal points to rampant Garda cor- 2002. Of these over 2,000 were male and individuals can and so stabilise, they are rution: 2002 was a bad year for the Gardai. above the age of 18. often left on the treatment for indefinite Will 2003 be worse? asks Malcolm Kerins: When the problem began, drug-users sta- periods of time rather than having a specif- page 3 tistically were shown to be in the 18-19 age ic time-bound in which the individual group. This age profile has changed to as knows the end point of their treatment. The ‘72 state papers... : Ethnic cleansing, young as 12 years of Consequently, cross- secret negotiations, Free State collusion - age starting on a drug ‘In the early 80s in one of addiction from heroin the newly released ‘72 state papers have it career to people in their to methadone would late 30s starting to use the Inner City secondary appear to be inadver- all, writes Colm Byrne: page 4 drugs for the first time. schools, of the first-year tently encouraged. While treatment This situation arises Democracy in action?: US war planes in services have changed, students, which comprised because there are not Shannon signal demise of Irish neutrality, with more concentra- thirty students, seven sufficient treatment argues Brian Moore: page 5 tion on community services available based drug teams and remain alive today. The together with close Feature programmes, the reality deaths were due to over- evaluation of individu- is that there remains a als to measure their constant struggle for doses and AIDS.’ progress or lack of Interview with republican prisoners: A funding to cater for same. Therefore, comprehensive interview with the republi- these programmes. There is also an intense methadone gives a false sense of real treat- can POWs in Portlaoise Gaol : pages need to further fund intervention and edu- ment. 6,7&11 cation at all levels. The need for communi- For the user him/herself, it is not just a ty service provision is growing rapidly question of stabilising but also of dealing while the resources to underwrite costs are with the emotional retardation resulting Open Forum constantly being restricted. directly from drug abuse, together with Local community drug teams rely heav- acknowledging the impact they have had on On another man’s word: Portlaoise POW ily on the local Drugs Task Force and the their families, friends and communities. Sean Mulligan on the Special Criminal local Health Board to underwrite the costs While continuing on methadone 'treatment' of providing such community services. The this type of emotional recovery cannot take Court: page 8 constraints in which the funding providers place. operate ultimately affect the communities Without proper acknowledgement from in most need of financial support. government that the drug problem in Editorial According to statistics, the South Inner Dublin has reached epidemic proportions, City has the highest number of drug users, attempts to address the problem will remain Republicanism - a failed ideology? : Is HIV cases and AIDS patients in Europe per under funded and poorly planned. This nat- there a future for republicanism in Irish head of population. The impact on families urally has a knock-on impact on local com- goes without saying. It is not uncommon munity drug teams. politics? : page 9 for one family to bury more than one child. Likewise, drug-awareness needs to It is actually more likely to find a grandpar- become part of the National Education International ent raising a child due to the loss of his/her Curriculum from primary school upwards, parents to drugs. In the early 80s in one of especially as the age for starting drug abuse the Inner City secondary schools, of the has gotten younger over the years. Children The scourging of Iraq: As it is becomes first-year students, which comprised thirty need to be made aware of the reality and the increasingly likely that the United States students, seven remain alive today. The horror of drug addiction if we are to protect and its allies will soon launch a war against deaths were due to overdoses and AIDS. them. Iraq, Liam Grogan, a Portlaoise POW, argues why this war must be opposed.: Treatment Jeanette Cullen is a community worker page 10 The reality is that a person entering a pro- in the South Inner City. She is currently gramme of recovery needs the following Community Welfare Officer with the supports: Connolly Information Centre.

2 : Forum Magazine : February 2003 www.irij.net Analysis Tribunal points to rampant Garda corruption hide? And what has changed since June eral lack of co-operation" from the Gardai By Malcolm Kerins 2001 when Mr. Byrne said, 'You can be involved. P.J. Stone, of the Garda assured of one thing, that all aspects will be Representative Association, has expressed pursued by me. I take this very seriously'. confidence in the internal investigation, Whether it's illegal payments to politicians, Perhaps someone should remind which probably makes him the only person the flouting of the tax laws by the wealthy Commissioner Byrne that he will be judged in the state confident of a just outcome. It's or the Catholic Church covering up its more by his actions than his words. a pity, therefore, the membership of his many sex scandals, Ireland has become a It would be a mistake, however, to think association are doing their best to impede place where corruption is seemingly that all the problems the Gardai are having the investigation. endemic in political, business and While both the allegations of religious life. Through all this, An corruption in Donegal and the Garda Siochana remained virtually Garda reaction to the May Day immune to allegations of corrup- protest are extraordinary, there are tion. But over recent months, the more sinister consequences to be Gardai's public façade has begun to considered. Since the foundation crumble, exposing an organisation of this state, the judiciary has that seems to be rotten to the core. regarded evidence given by mem- The Morris tribunal promised to bers of An Garda Siochana as be sensational but the opening state- being above reproach. But if ments, made in November 2002, members of the Gardai are capa- sent shock-waves throughout all ble of planting explosives to gain sections of Irish society. Claims that promotion, surely they are also three members of An Garda capable of perjuring themselves Siochana - Detective Sergeant Noel in court to achieve a desired McMahon, Detective Sergeant John result? White and Superintendent Kevin This isn't just supposition. Lennon - were involved in the Over recent years there have been bombing of Strabane courthouse May 2002: Gardai baton anti-capitalist protesters in Dublin several occasions when Garda evi- and the planting of "subversive dence has been called into ques- paraphernalia" in order to gain promotion are centred on Donegal. On May 6 2002, a tion. In the case of Colm Murphy, charged seemed beyond belief. But even more Reclaim The Streets demonstration was with offences relating to the Omagh bomb, damning was the attempt to frame both held in Dublin. This small group, of mainly Justice Barr sitting in the Special Criminal Frank McBrearty Senior and Junior with a young people, marched into Dame Street Court, had cause to describe Garda evi- crime, in which the Gardai have since been where they were set upon by up to 150 dence as "outrageous" and found that implicated, namely the murder of Richie baton-wielding Gardai. The result was that Gardai were guilty of "persistent lying on Barron in October of 1996. These revela- 12 of the protesters needed hospital treat- oath". Despite this, Colm Murphy was con- tions have sent a number of Gardai scram- ment. In scenes reminiscent of RUC behav- victed. The same judge was also critical of bling to save themselves with many giving iour in the north, Gardai removed their Gardai in the case of Paul Ward who was contradictory evidence about beatings in identification tags, which suggests a pre- charged with the murder of journalist, custody and the forging of statements. It is meditated nature to their actions, before Veronica Guerin. His conviction was later this contradictory evidence which exposes proceeding to reclaim the streets them- overturned. the Mafia-style corruption that exists in selves by indiscriminately beating people. It is very disturbing that both of these Donegal. But the question has to be asked: For the Gardai, the most embarrassing men were convicted despite major short- Is this corruption localised or does it exist aspect of all this is that they acted in full falls in the prosecutions' cases. It seems to throughout An Garda Siochana as a whole? view of television cameras. The footage, imply that the judiciary is turning a blind The reaction of Garda Commissioner Pat subsequently shown by RTE, caused mas- eye to perjury. Cases like these reveal the Byrne would not fill one with confidence sive public outrage. unfair nature of the non-jury Special that the truth will be discovered. Reports As a result, the Garda Complaints Board Criminal Court, where even to this day, have appeared in the media recently sug- chairperson, Gordon Holmes, was tasked Republican activists are still being impris- gesting that Mr. Byrne has claimed privi- with investigating the events of May 6th. oned on the evidence of senior Gardai with- lege and is refusing to hand over documen- Out of 150 Gardai present at the protest out the need of corroborating evidence. tation in his possession to the Morris who were contacted by the board, only 25 The entire judicial system and police Tribunal. This documentation is said to responded and none could identify any force needs to be reformed and the rights of relate to allegations concerning hoax bomb other officers present that day. Such a dis- suspects guaranteed. Even the Taoiseach, explosive finds in the Donegal area. The play of arrogance by those supposed to Bertie Ahern, accepts that there is public papers are said to include intelligence uphold the law is hard to believe. Even concern about allegations of corruption. reports from alleged IRA informers, includ- when shown video evidence clearing show- This year is the 80th anniversary of the ing Ms. Adrienne McGlinchey (who was ing individual officers beating people, the establishment of An Garda Siochana. How run by Detective Garda McMahon). Ms. Gardai chose not to co-operate with the will it be marked? If the Morris Tribunal is McGlinchey claims to have planted explo- investigation. This clearly shows the high anything to go by, the state might be best sives at the behest of Gardai in order to standing of the Garda Complaints Board advised not to mark the occasion at all. secure their promotions within the force. within the force. Gordon Holmes was What is Commissioner Byrne trying to forced to publicly comment about the "gen- www.irij.net February 2003 : Forum Magazine : 3 Analysis Hunger strike The ’72 state papers... in England ed the British with renewed determination. By Colm Byrne No wonder Woodfield asked that Sean Two Republican prisoners - John Paul MacStiofain continue not to be present at Hannon from Co. Fermanagh and James Undoubtedly the most bizarre of the revela- future meetings - the British must have con- McCormack from Co. Louth - went on tions to come out of the recently released sidered MacStiofain and his insistence on a hunger strike over the Christmas period in British state papers for 1972 was the British British withdrawal a lot more difficult to protest at their ill-treatment at the hands of plan to repartition the six counties and deal with than the 'respectable and respect- the British government. forcibly move Catholics and Protestants ful' Adams. The two men, along with a number of into new single-religion areas. Even though It has to be said though that what passed other Republican prisoners, are being held some commentators have dismissed these for political leadership in the 26 counties in in Belmarsh Prison in London. The prison plans as 'pub talk', John Taylor, then minis- 1972 doesn't come out of the papers look- is notorious for its harsh conditions and has ter in Stormont, has said that they were ing any more capable. In the week follow- been repeatedly condemned by Amnesty 'seriously considered'. ing the Bloody Sunday massacre when Irish International for its treatment of prisoners. Of even more interest to Republicans is public opinion was united as never before Conditions in the prison have been the disclosure that by 1972 an increasing in its outrage, and when Taoiseach Jack steadily worsening in recent years, and the number of British politicians were advocat- Lynch should have been at his most res- situation came to a head over Christmas ing a united Ireland. One of the most promi- olute, the transcripts of a telephone conver- when the men were denied phone calls or nent of these was the former Prime sation he held with the British PM show family visits. A hunger strike was called on Minister, Alec Douglas-Home, who argued him to be totally inept. Unbelievably, con- December 30th and lasted for several days. that the 'real British interest would best be sidering the week's events, Heath actually The prison authorities then backed down served by pushing them towards a united managed to put Lynch on the defensive by and, according to the prisoners' representa- Ireland'. His reasons were hardly altruistic - pointing out to him that Lynch had support- tive, 'the situation was resolved to the pris- he simply felt that 'our history is one long ed (and indeed called for) the banning of oners' satisfaction'. story of trouble with the Irish.' Civil Rights' marches. Worse still, Lynch Belmarsh is primarily a remand prison, When one considers the impotent and went on to agree with Heath that the march but also forms part of the 'Dispersal pacified Provisional Republican leadership in Derry was 'provocative.' That an Irish System' - a network of high-security jails of today, which causes the British no trou- Taoiseach suggested that Irish people used to house Britain's many political pris- ble - either political or military - one fully marching peacefully in their own city and oners. The Irish prisoners are currently realises the extent of the defeat of Irish calling for basic civil rights is somehow being held in the Special Secure Unit Republicanism in recent years. Long gone provocative is astounding. (SSU) - a top-security compound within are the days when senior British politicians The extensive links between MI5 and Belmarsh resembling a prison within a felt under sufficient pressure to advocate a Free State army intelligence are also well prison. Conditions in the SSU have been united Ireland. documented in the state papers. Apparently, described by a former prisoner as akin to Probably the most fascinating revelation at the same time as the British army was 'living in a goldfish bowl'. 'The Unit itself to come out of the state papers is the official shooting dead Civil Rights marchers, the is highly segregated. It has four 'spurs' - British account of secret meetings held in Free State army's intelligence section, G2, basically small corridors lined with cells. June 1972 near the Co. Donegal border was, on a daily basis, giving valuable infor- Each spur has a single TV - the only source between Daithi O Conaill, Gerry Adams mation to their British counterparts. Of of entertainment. There are no education and two British representatives, Frank course, the revelation of close links facilities. You're allowed a radio and a Steele and Philip Woodfield. Woodfield's between the security services in Dublin and small number of books. That's it.' subsequent report to the British government London will come as no surprise to those The handful of prisoners on each spur gives us an interesting insight into how the following the McKevitt case in the Special are prevented from having any contact with British viewed the strength of the Criminal Court, centering on the Walter other prisoners in the Unit. Exercise - one Republican Movement at that time. It is Mitty-like shenanigans of MI5 agent Dave hour per day, 'weather permitting' - is taken worth recalling that 1972 was the year Rupert. in a small concrete yard with high metal when the IRA was inflicting more damage The parallels between 1972 and Adams' walls and a caged-in roof. Prisoners are on the British army than it had ever man- later handling of the Good Friday moved from cell to cell each month and cell aged before or since. One would think Agreement negotiations - when the searches and strip searches are a feature of therefore that the Republican position Provisional leadership traded every daily life. going into negotiations was very strong. Republican principle in return for a few Conditions in Belmarsh SSU have dete- However, according to Woodfield, Adams well-paid jobs in Stormont - are unmistake- riorated even further in recent years, with came across as desperate for a ceasefire and able. While age and inexperience might be the World Trade Center attacks being used, intimated that he did not like life 'on the a reason for Adams' lamentable perform- rather implausibly, as an excuse for even run'. Throughout the meeting, Adams ance in 1972, no such excuse can be used tighter 'security' restrictions. A number of referred to Woodfield as 'sir'. for the 1990s. Added together with the Middle Eastern immigrants have been 'Leadership' such as this can only be ineptness of the 26 county politicians and interned in the Unit without charge or, described as pathetic. The cardinal sin in the treachery of the intelligence services, it indeed, publicity, and prisoners are now any negotiations is to appear weak and des- is hardly a surprise that opposition to regularly locked in their cells for up to perate for a settlement. The attitude and British rule in Ireland has remained weak. twenty-three hours a day. demeanour of Adams can only have provid-

A new prisoners’ organization - Cogús - has been established to represent and campaign for Republican prisoners in English and Irish gaols. Cogús can be contacted through the New Republican Forum (see back page for details). 4 : Forum Magazine : February 2003 www.irij.net Analysis Remembering Democracy in action? Frank... Such discussions merely beg the question, By Brian Moore as Irish neutrality has in reality been dead The present political stalemate in the North in the water for some time. The issue does has not come as any surprise to those who According to a number of opinion polls merit serious consideration however. were critical of the Good Friday published in recent weeks, the Irish people Ireland has long prided itself on being a Agreement in the first place. When are overwhelmingly opposed to an 'neutral' nation, aloof from the squalid Republicans saw that to implement the American invasion of Iraq. Less than 25% world of international military alliances. Agreement would require a series of com- of the population would support an This image has been carefully cultivated by promises that would undermine the very American attack that lacked explicit UN the political establishment, both at home principles of Republicanism itself, they backing. More significantly, over 60% and abroad. Our recent election to the UN warned of such events. The problem with would oppose any attack regardless of the Security Council was based to a large compromise is that any step taken will not UN's position. There is nothing ambiguous extent on the perception of Ireland as an be a step far enough for one's enemy. about these figures - the Irish people, it is independent, disinterested arbiter in inter- Britain understood from an early stage that clear, are opposed to war. Unfortunately for national affairs. Unfortunately, this percep- they could not militarily defeat a risen peo- democracy, the Irish government is not. tion is false. Irish 'neutrality' is in fact a ple in the North. They looked to Frank According to figures released by the product of the dark art of political misrep- Kitson to devise a new strategy. That strat- Department of Foreign Affairs, 523 foreign resentation - a triumph of image over sub- egy was to recruit local agents and pseudo- military aircraft landed at Irish airports stance. gangs to do their dirty work for them. between January and November 2002. What was, to some extent, true of Irish These agents worked outside and inside the Most are believed to have been US aircraft foreign policy in the decades following the Republican movement. Today we are en route to the Middle East. Numbers have Second World War - when the country took familiar with code names like "Steak increased dramatically since then, and a consistently anti-imperialist stance in the knife", which shows how effective these Shannon airport has now become a signifi- UN General Assembly - is true no longer. people really were. cant staging post for the US military build- Ireland has become a 'Western' nation in the Another part of the strategy was to con- up in the region. Up to 27 US planes are worst sense of the term - a nation which has struct a cease-fire and engage in talks, using the airport every week, with up to one allied its interests with those of the major which in turn would be so drawn out that it thousand troops passing through per day. imperialist powers. would cause serious problems for the The aircraft passing through Shannon A useful and domestically popular pre- Republican Movement. It was planned that include F16 fighter jets and C130 Hercules tence, the façade of neutrality has now if the talks continued for a protracted peri- transporters, but the majority are less con- become almost impossible to maintain. od, the IRA would loose cohesion and spicuously military, consisting mainly of Fianna Fail admitted as much when they problems of discipline and disillusionment chartered civilian airliners used to ferry took Ireland - against the will of the people, would set in, weakening the organization troops and equipment to the region. and in direct violation of their own 1997 even more. Individuals would become In the past, republicans have often been election manifesto - into NATO's engaged in criminal behaviour and encour- accused by Southern politicians of ignoring 'Partnership for Peace'. The impunity with aged to do so. The organisation would be the will of the Irish people, 'choosing' war which they did so revealed both the ineffec- forced to take action against these individ- when the majority desired peace. In allying tiveness of the Irish media as a political uals, thus acting like pseudo-gangs on itself with the US regime, the Dublin gov- watchdog, and the contempt of the Irish behalf of their enemy. From a propaganda ernment has not only ignored the popular elite for the democratic process. This con- point of view, this would be the icing on the will, exposing the sham of Irish democracy, tempt is evident again in the Irish govern- cake for the British. They could use these but has done so entirely illegally. Irish par- ment's covert support for the American war shootings and beatings to portray the free- ticipation in the US war effort is being con- effort. dom struggle as verging on the criminal ducted on an 'unofficial' basis, and is there- The situation in Ireland is by no means and also as an excuse to prolong the talk- fore in direct contravention of the Southern unique in this regard. Opinion polls in ing, so that the vicious circle would contin- constitution. Article 28 of the constitution Britain consistently show a significant ue. The feuding between the various loyal- states that 'War shall not be declared and the majority opposed to war against Iraq. In ist groups and the internal divisions in the state shall not participate in any war save spite of this, Tony Blair has committed tens Provos are indications of how effective the with the assent of Dail Eireann.' of thousands of British troops to the 'divide and conquer' counter insurgence Unsurprisingly given the popular mood, the American expedition. This pattern is being policy has been to date. Stormont having issue has never been placed before the Dail. repeated accross Europe. Mass anti-war been suspended and direct rule back in The Americans too seem happy to main- demonstrations in Spain, Germany and place, the only thing required of the British tain a low profile for their presence on Irish Italy back opinion polls showing over- is to sit back while loyalists and Provos soil. Observers have noted that a number of whelming opposition to America’s stance, a shoot themselves. the civilian airliners being used to ferry US position not reflected in government policy. These internal struggles do not cause troops had, in a previous incarnation, been Only France has offered any significant any great unease in the corridors of power. chartered by Aer Lingus, and still sport the opposition to US plans, and more cynical After all, they were well planned for from green and blue livery of the national carrier. observers suspect that French objections the very beginning of the 'peace agree- An unlikely coincidence perhaps, but more have more to do with concern about the ment'. So when one examines the current probably a cynical ploy to reduce the con- future of Iraqi oil contracts than humanitar- state of affairs we should remember Frank spicuousness of the American troop carri- ian motives. Kitson and his counter insurgency policy. ers. Those who assert that Ireland is a It's certainly working better than the Good Some commentators have questioned the ‘democracy’ need look no further than Friday Agreement. implications for Irish neutrality of the Shannon airport. There, among the fighter American military presence at Shannon. jets, they will see ‘democracy’ in action. www.irij.net February 2003 : Forum Magazine : 5 Feature Interview with Republican prisoners The following interview was conducted by the New Republican Forum with a spokesperson for the republican POWs in Portlaoise prison

Q1. Can you explain the background to the IRA prisoners' beneath them. statement of October 20th, 2002? (A full copy of this statement Most of the founding members of the organisation and many vet- is reprinted on page 11.) eran republicans also encouraged and welcomed the statement. All agreed that a very principled and difficult stand was taken follow- Over a twelve-month period, prior to October 2002, a number of ing the split with the Provisionals. And many felt it was sad to wit- veteran republicans from across Ireland in conjunction with some ness the organisation falling into the wrong hands. It was widely younger prisoners carried out a wide-ranging inquiry into the over- agreed that the statement was imperative and that such a drastic all state of the organisation. During the course of the inquiry, sev- stand needed to be taken. We believe the statement has left the eral veteran republicans brought a large RIRA leadership isolated and without any body of evidence to the prisoners' atten- ‘Many of the individuals who vestige of credibility. How else can one tion. This evidence related to corruption describe an Army leadership which has within the higher levels of the RIRA and it reconstituted the IRA agreed that lost the support of the vast majority of its exposed the fact that the organisation was if the campaign showed clear prisoners and grassroots members? being transformed into a financial enter- prise for the benefit of a select few. Arising signs of being ground to a halt, it Q3. Is the split irreversible? from this evidence, we called upon the would be terminated rather than RIRA leadership to 'stand down with Yes, the split is irreversible. There is ignominy'. continued in an ineffective or absolutely no possibility of a rapproche- At the outset, we endeavoured to have irregular manner’ ment. Through their conduct, the RIRA the matter handled internally. However, leadership has besmirched the name of the RIRA leadership's initial response, when faced with our Irish republicanism. We have withdrawn our allegiance from them. demand for their resignations, was to intimidate the families and We are no longer affiliated to them. This will remain the case. As friends of several republicans. This was nothing more than a we commented in our statement the RIRA leadership's financial pathetic attempt to silence all republicans who were questioning motivations far outweigh their political commitment to our strug- this leadership's conduct and the conduct of those around them. As gle. They should not disguise this fact by cynically hiding behind a tactic it failed to achieve what it intended. When it became appar- the title of the IRA. If they had a shred of honour they would desist ent that the RIRA leadership was stub- from using the name of the IRA, stand bornly refusing to stand down, we felt we ‘Our acceptance of political down and resign from republican politics were left with no option but to publicly and go about their business. The IRA withdraw our allegiance from them. reality does not entail any exists to resist British rule in Ireland. It is Following the release of our statement, ideological concessions’ not a mechanism for financial self-aggran- further evidence emerged regarding the disement. RIRA leadership's complicity in other more sinister forms of anti- republican behaviour. These disturbing revelations have vindicated Q4. Are the republican prisoners in Portlaoise prison affiliated our initial decision to release our statement. The internal inquiry to any organisation at this time? also highlighted the RIRA leadership's maladministration of the organisation. Their reckless approach to recruitment; their fraterni- Some republican prisoners are associated with the New Republican sation with criminal elements; their failure and inability to formu- Forum. However all republican prisoners are affiliated to Cogús, a late a coherent long-term military-politico strategy and their refusal prisoners' support network, which has branches throughout Ireland, to maintain contact with prisoners in Ireland and England were just England, Scotland and America. Cogús raises funds to assist the some of the criticisms which were cited. dependants of IRA prisoners and intends to campaign around issues It was a combination of the leadership's like the repatriation of Irish republican attempt to transform the organisation into a ‘At all times republicans must POWs from English prisons. It will also criminal enterprise for the financial benefit highlight the plight of republican prisoners of a corrupt few and their collective dere- remember that the objective of in Maghaberry Prison who are currently liction of duty which ultimately lead to the our struggle is the removal of the being denied political status. Cogús does statement being released. We could not invaluable work, which is greatly appreci- stand by and watch the organisation being British presence in Ireland and ated by all republican prisoners. dragged through the gutter. not the employment of armed Q5. What does the future hold for the Q2. How has the statement been struggle at any cost’ (Real) IRA? received? The long-term viability of RIRA is most definitely in doubt. The The vast majority of republican activists throughout Ireland who current RIRA leadership is not only financially motivated, they are remain opposed to the Belfast Agreement supported the statement, directionless and incapable of formulating a medium to long term along with all sentenced IRA prisoners in English prisons. Recently politico-military strategy. They lack any ability to objectively many Volunteers resigned from the organisation in disgust at the analyse political events as they unfold and are incapable of chart- RIRA leadership's conduct. Thus, the RIRA leadership exists as a ing a progressive course which will lead to the advancement of the leadership in name only as they have no functional organisation Irish republican project. 6 : Forum Magazine : February 2003 www.irij.net During the course of the by certain Provisionals relating to inquiry it was brought to our future demographic shifts are very attention that the RIRA leader- dubious as recent census reports ship is currently fraternising with, have shown. and recruiting, known criminal The Agreement clearly heralds elements. These factors clearly the political and military capitula- point to the organisation's contin- tion of the Provisional IRA. Their uing downward spiral. However, acceptance of, and willingness to the RIRA leadership, as an option administer, British rule in Ireland of last resort, may attempt to and the decommissioning of their merge with the CIRA. Indeed, weapons at the behest of the there are indications that tentative British government is testimony moves in this direction are to this fact. already being made. A handful of Portlaoise Gaol, Co. Laois The Agreement has also seen RIRA prisoners now share a land- the reform and not disbandment of ing with the CIRA in Portlaoise prison. And both organisations the detested RUC and its sinister appendage, the Special Branch. recently held a joint commemoration within the prison. Although many advocates of the Agreement portray it as the final Unfortunately, there are some genuine, young republicans who resolution of the Irish national question, it represents nothing more currently remain attached to the current RIRA leadership. But than an outright assault upon the Irish republican project. However, hopefully in time, they too will recognise them for what they are: a the passage of time will see the Belfast Agreement relegated along gang of financially motivated opportunists who are seeking to side the Sunningdale Agreement, Prior's Assembly, and the Anglo- utilise the title of the IRA in pursuit of their own financial self- Irish Agreement as flawed political initiatives which failed to nor- interests. One thing is certain. If Irish republicanism is to emerge malise British rule in Ireland. from its present moribund state, it will not do so under the stewardship of the current ‘It is the responsibility of those Q8. What does the future hold for the RIRA leadership. Belfast Agreement? in positions of leadership to Q6. Recent media reports suggest that provide a coherent political It is highly probable that the institutions in the aftermath of the Omagh bombing will settle into something approaching nor- there was a deal between the analysis and chart a realistic mality in the months ahead. Clearly, the Government and the (Real) IRA. Is course which advances the Irish Provisionals are about to accept a there any substance to these reports? reformed RUC and are scheduled to take republican struggle’ their seats on the NI Policing Board as a We can emphatically state that there was trade off for further British Army troop no deal between the Dublin government and the then RIRA leader- reduction and the removal of British military installations along the ship in the aftermath of the Omagh tragedy. Any suggestion to the border. This may enhance the facade of a so-called British with- contrary is both inaccurate and mischievous. drawal but it cannot disguise the fact that British sovereignty over the north remains undiminished. Indeed, any substantial threat to Q7. What is the prisoners' analysis of the Belfast Agreement? British rule in Ireland would see a swift redeployment of British Crown forces to Ireland. And any blame for these redeployments Clearly the Belfast Agreement represents Britain's latest attempt to will undoubtedly be placed squarely upon those who are leading stabilise its rule in Ireland. However it does set a precedent in that, such resistance. This would seem to be a win-win scenario from a for the first time since 1969, the British State has successfully co- British government perspective. opted Irish republicans into administering British rule in Ireland. A statement from the Provisionals regarding disbandment or Clearly the Agreement falls far short of a democratic resolution of conveying the fact that the 'war is over' is also inevitable. The DUP the Irish national question. The deletion of may overtake the UUP as the largest articles 2&3 leaves the British claim of unionist party. But notwithstanding their sovereignty over the north uncontested. ‘The RIRA leadership exists as a political vitriol, the DUP will moderate its The unionist veto pervades the Agreement. leadership in name only as they position when faced with the prospect of It sustains and perpetuates British interfer- have no functional organisation political power. Remember this is the first ence in Ireland and acts as anti-democratic generation of unionism since 1972 that is impediment to the exercise of national beneath them’ being offered a degree of executive power self-determination. The modus operandi of within the six-county state. From their per- the Stormont Assembly is clearly designed to prolong division spective, this represents a very significant political prize. It is also among both traditions in the north by encouraging voting along highly probable that unionism will try to shift the goalposts regard- sectarian lines. ing any future constitutional change pertaining to the six counties. The Provisionals have clearly abandoned the revolutionary path They will try to ensure that any future constitutional change and are travelling down the road of constitutional reformism. They requires a weighted majority in both communities instead of a sim- have informed their support base that the so-called 'all-Ireland ple majority across the six-counties as a whole. dimension' to the Agreement, namely, the politically toothless While the Agreement does contain the potential to deliver short- cross-border bodies, contain the potential to evolve into an embry- term stability, it does not represent a democratic resolution of the onic all-Ireland cabinet. This is not the first time we have heard this national question and therefore is incapable of delivering long-term 'stepping stone' analogy. Sadly it is without foundation as any stability. There can be no resolution of the national question while attempt to expand the powers or functions of any of the cross-bor- Continued on page 11 der bodies is subject to a unionist veto within the Stormont Assembly. Furthermore, many of the arguments being put forward www.irij.net February 2003 : Forum Magazine : 7 Open Forum On Another Man’s Word...

formed and plain clothes Gardai. I could me. On one they simply ignored the lies and By Sean Mulligan see Chief Superintendents, on the other stated that I was only being Superintendents, Inspectors and God knows kept under surveillance in the station, not how many other Gardai. I couldn't help held against my will. Why anyone would It would be an education for anyone to sit in commenting on the fact that it was little want to sit in a Garda station if free to go the Special Criminal Court for one day dur- wonder some poor old lady couldn't find a seemed to escape the three fossils on the ing a trial. Little had changed between my Garda when she was being mugged. What bench. appearing on the 3rd December last and my was making me uncomfortable in the dock For three weeks the state's case went first appearance there twenty-six years ago. was the smug expressions on their faces, as downhill day after day. When Garda wit- I very much doubt anything has changed if they had been talking to the judges and nesses got into difficulties, one of the with the 'Special' since Robert Emmett already knew the result. I more or less knew judges would step in to rescue them. At one stood in the same dock 200 years ago. The that myself anyway. stage it got so bad and the atmosphere was wigs and gowns are still present, as is the I had thought that the trial would be over so hostile that Hugh Hartnett remarked that hostile attitude of the judges towards by the Friday of that week. However to my he would 'like to apologize to the court for Republicans. whatever he had I had been arrested done or said which in July of 2001 on a The ‘Special Criminal Court’ had evoked their charge of IRA mem- Lordship's anger'. bership, the only evi- Despite lasting dence being the word 'Amnesty International believes that the continuing existence of this Special three weeks not one of a Garda Chief Court is normalising what is intended under national law to be an exceptional word of the trial, or Superintendent. This and temporary measure and is contrary to the spirit of international law.' what had been dis- piece of law is part of Amnesty International Report, 1999 closed, appeared in the unlimited arsenal any of the newspa- the Gardai have, cour- 'There has been a deplorable failure to subject our police and criminal justice pers. One Garda tesy of the Offences witness was chal- Against the State Act system to the sort of regular, independent reviews that have been a feature of lenged about hav- 1939/98. I had been neighbouring jurisdictions. It is at least arguable that we are reaping the con- ing written notes in held on remand for 18 sequences of that failure in the current controversies affecting the Garda her book during months in Portlaoise Siochana.' lunch so as to cover gaol having been Prof. Dermot Walsh, Limerick University up lies of a denied bail under the Superintendent, but Bail Act. Sitting in the even something dock this time around 'Steps should be taken to end the juristiction of the Special Criminal Court this serious wasn't brought back memories and to ensure that all criminal procedures are brought into compliance with reported. But as of how the place Articles 9 and 14 of the United Nations Covenant on Human Rights.' expected, on the worked and what I UN Human Rights Committee; 69 Session, July 2000 20th December I should expect. When was found guilty of speaking to my legal people, I couldn't help surprise things didn't go just as everyone IRA membership and given five years on but remark that they kept saying, 'Well you seemed to think they would. The smiles the word of a Garda Chief Superintendent, know it's the Special Criminal Court'. started to slip from a few faces and as the and we all know what that's worth. If you Perhaps one of the reasons the place hasn't days went on I saw less and less of the don't know, then you should spend a day in changed is this sort of attitude. The legal smug expressions. Even the civilized masks Green Street during a trial and you won't be profession should do something about it. covering the faces of the three judges fell long finding out. Unfortunately they haven't and to be realis- off on a few occasions and the hostility they tic are not going to. This court has been crit- had for my defence counsel was plain for Sean Mulligan is a Republican POW in icized by many international Human Rights all to see. From day one Hugh Hartnett Portlaoise Gaol. In December 2002 he organizations, including Amnesty S.C., my defence barrister, poked holes in was sentenced to five years imprison- International and the United Nations the case and made the Garda witnesses ment on a charge of IRA membership. Committee on Human Rights. It is highly squirm in the witness box. They were His conviction was based primarily on unlikely that the Irish Legal profession caught out telling lies. They lost a search the stated opinion of a Garda Chief would risk falling out of favour over such a warrant and forensic document, admitted Superintendent. human rights issue. that they hadn't kept records of exhibits or As I sat in the dock looking at the three notes and one witness admitted that he had Open Forum welcomes wigs on the bench staring back at me, I felt shredded documents. The Superintendent in articles on issues of like a mouse that had just been spotted by charge was caught lying so that my deten- national or international three of the most vicious cats in the alley. tion could be extended. I had been released interest. Before me were Mr. Justices Johnson, from Section 30 without charge but one Matthews and Smithwick. I had heard Garda told the court that no way was he The views expressed on about these three 'gentlemen' and going going to let me leave the Garda station. this page are not even by the low standards of the 'Special' When the defence made a submission to the these three had a reputation that would be court about illegal detention on two differ- necessarily those of the hard to beat. The courtroom was full of uni- ent counts, the three judges ruled against editorial board.

8 : Forum Magazine : February 2003 www.irij.net Republicanism - a failed ideology?

Irish Republicanism is a failed ideology. The motivating factor its origins, but because of its failure to adequately provide for the behind five military campaigns in the twentieth century alone, its needs of its citizens. It must be reformed beyond recognition - that only legacy is five comprehensive defeats. It has achieved none of is, it must be remade through a Republican revolution. its fundamental objectives, and those limited gains which have So, if Republicanism remains a potent ideology, why has it been been made were, in all cases, won by those who had already aban- such a political failure? Why have all Republican military cam- doned the Republican cause. Indeed, it could be argued that all the paigns ended in defeat? Why has the Republican movement been major advances in Irish society attributed to militant repeatedly betrayed by its own leaders? Why has the movement Republicanism could just as easily have been achieved through consistently failed to mobilize mass support in the South when such exclusively parliamentary means. support was, at times, clearly visible? And above all, why has a sec- Today, Republicanism is a political ideology without a political ular, non-sectarian ideology failed so completely to win support movement. Many of its from working class former proponents have Protestants in the abandoned it for the North? greener pastures of par- There are no simple liamentary politics or, in answers to these ques- some cases, open crimi- tions, but the issues nality. The remainder they raise, and many are scattered among a others, must be tackled handful of insignificant if Republicanism is to factions. Its adversaries, have a viable future in meanwhile, have grown Irish politics. The estab- in strength. British rule lishment of the New in the North is more Republican Forum is a secure than ever, and first step towards meet- the 'illegitimate assem- ing this challenge. bly' in Dublin remains Drawing together undisputed master of political and communi- the twenty-six county ty activists from across state. In short, Irish the island, the New Republicanism has Republican Forum is an failed the Irish people. attempt to lay the foun- Or so it would seem. dations for a new and The reality is somewhat revitalized Republican different. It is certainly true that, as a force in Irish politics, movement. Its task will not be easy. One of the major problems fac- Republicanism has reached its nadir. As an ideology, however, its ing Republicans today is the fact that Republicanism has lost its vision of a radically different Ireland remains as potent as ever. The credibility as a viable alternative to the status quo. Like the social- very fact that the rhetoric of Republicanism - 'government of the ism which infuses it, Republicanism has become a 'worthy but people, by the people, for the people' - has been consistently unrealizable ideal'. This decline has only been hastened by the will- hijacked by the opponents of Republican rule is testimony to its ingness of the Sinn Fein party to jettison its Republican principles unfailing popularity. The enemies of Republicanism, at least, are in in return for admittance to the political establishment. no doubt as to its potential - witness the eagerness of the Dublin If we are serious about revitalizing Republicanism we must, government to stamp out its last vestiges in the South, interning from the outset, be open and honest with ourselves. A necessary unprecedented numbers of people in recent years on the basis of first step in the rebuilding process will be a critical reanalysis of the unsubstantiated 'membership' charges. history of the Republican struggle. The mistakes of the past must Let us remind ourselves of a few simple facts: be acknowledged in order that they will not be repeated. · British rule in Ireland is wrong. The occupation of the In order to facilitate this project, and to stimulate debate among North is opposed by the overwhelming majority of the Irish people. Republicans on the way forward, a primary task of the New It must be ended. Republican Forum is the establishment of independent media out- · The six county state remains a cesspit of sectarianism, lets like Forum Magazine and its sister website (address below). now formalized in the institution of the Belfast Agreement. It will We encourage all Republicans, and other interested parties, to con- remain so as long as bigotry is a viable political option, endorsed tribute to this debate. Only by laying a firm and radical foundation and underwritten by the resources of the British state. for the movement of the future can we ensure that Republicanism · The 26 county state remains illegitimate, not by reason of escapes its current fate as yet another 'failed ideology'.

Forum Magazine can be e-mailed at:

[email protected] www.irij.net February 2003 : Forum Magazine : 9 International The scourging of Iraq - a new chapter

the Kurdish population in the north of the American forces will use Saudi Arabia as a By Liam Grogan country. primary base in any war. Yet Saudi Arabia On several recent occasions, Bush, Blair is where 15 of the 19 plane hijackers origi- and others have used these atrocities as jus- nated as well as being the home country of Just over twelve years ago, in August 1990, tification for the impending war on Iraq. Of Bin Laden himself. Iraq invaded Kuwait. Four months later, in course what they omit to mention is that the On the 8th of November 2002, in January 1991, a US-led coalition made its vast majority of Saddam Hussein's most response to huge US pressure, the United response. During the seven weeks that the heinous crimes were carried out at a time Nations passed resolution 1441. This gave war lasted, 88,000 thousand tons of bombs when the Americans and the British were the UN a new mandate to go into Iraq and were dropped. The resulting slaughter supporting him. In fact, it was British, inspect its alleged weapons' programme. So killed over 100,000 Iraqis. The US death American, French and other western com- far Iraq has complied with 1441 and since toll was 137. Iraq's military potential the end of November, UNMOVIC, led was all but destroyed. By the end of the by Hans Blix, has been searching gov- year, up to fifty thousand Iraqi children ernment buildings, factories and had died from cancers caused by the palaces. No evidence has been found western coalition's use of depleted ura- that Iraq has secretly been manufactur- nium. Unfortunately, for the Iraqi peo- ing weapons of mass destruction. ple, 1991 was only the beginning of Why is it then that the Americans are their suffering. so keen to ignore the findings of the As part of the Gulf War settlement, inspectors and launch an attack? The Iraq agreed to bide by the terms of UN simple answer is because the weapons resolution 687. This linked the removal of mass destruction argument is a of UN-imposed economic sanctions to smokescreen. The real reasons the destruction of Iraq's nuclear, chem- America wants to go into Iraq are ical and biological weapons' pro- because Iraq has the second largest grammes. Over the next seven years, reserves of oil in the world and UN inspectors carried out their work America wants to make sure its access and by December 1998 they were able to this oil is guaranteed in the future; to report that Iraq's non-conventional secondly, America wants to show other weapon's capability had virtually been countries around the world that it will eliminated. not tolerate disobedience; and finally, Yet, not only did the sanctions not for President Bush, a war would be end, within weeks of this report being welcome as domestically it would keep published, the US and Britain launched the focus away from his continuing a savage bombardment of Iraq - attacks on health, education and social Operation Desert Fox. This action, welfare. taken without any UN mandate - thus And while all this is going on, what breaking international law - resulted in the panies that supplied him with the compo- is 'neutral' Ireland doing? Shamefully, the deaths of hundreds of Iraqi civilians. Not nents and ingredients to potentially manu- government is adding to this tragedy by surprisingly, after this, Iraq refused to allow facture weapons of mass destruction. turning Shannon airport into a US air base. any more inspectors into their country. The CIA has even admitted that in the Every day, over a thousand US soldiers are However, it has not been US and British 1980s it provided Iraqi forces with satellite passing through on their way to the Persian bombs that have been responsible for reconnaissance of Iranian troop movements Gulf. This is happening despite the fact that killing most Iraqis over the past decade. so that they could better target the Iranians the Irish people are overwhelmingly This most dubious of honours rests with the with chemical weapons. The Americans opposed to military action being taken economic sanctions. While the sanctions later turned against the Iraqi regime after against Iraq. An MRBI poll in The Irish have had little effect on Hussein or his Hussein went on a solo run and invaded Times showed that the majority against war cronies who are able to get what they need Kuwait, another American ally. Of course was two to one. An even more recent radio through the international black market, this isn't the only occasion where the US poll in the Shannon area found that 81% of according to UNICEF, more than half a mil- have helped create a monster they later people are opposed to Shannon airport lion children under the age of five have died couldn't control. Also in the 1980s, the US being used as a stop-off for US troops on from easily preventable diseases. This, provided financial and military aid to a the way to the Gulf. It is obviously the case while successive American Presidents and young Saudi Arabian heir who was fighting therefore that when the will of the Irish peo- British Prime Ministers sickeningly insist the Soviets in Afghanistan. His name was ple opposes the will of President Bush, the that their quarrel is not with the Iraqi people Osama Bin Laden. Irish government will opt to follow the line but with its regime. And it was only in the aftermath of the taken by their political masters in That Saddam Hussein is a tyrant is not September 11th attacks on New York and Washington. Sadly, however, it will be the in doubt. In 1980, ten years before he Washington that war with Iraq once again Iraqi people who pay the price for this sub- invaded Kuwait, he launched an unpro- came to dominate global politics. The Bush servience. voked assault on Iran. That war went on to administration even made a risible attempt, claim one million lives. Hussein has also despite the absence of any evidence, to link Liam Grogan is a Republican POW in slaughtered thousands of his own people al-Qa'ida with Saddam Hussein. Adding to Portlaoise Gaol. including using chemical weapons against the absurdity of this is the fact that

10 : Forum Magazine : February 2003 www.irij.net Feature

Continued from page 7 port of the nationalist com- British interference in Prisoners’ Statement munity. In ordering its units Ireland continues. Irish 'to dump arms' the IRA history has shown that as Army Council stated that: long as the British govern- The following is a copy of the full text of the statement released by the 'Foremost among the fac- ment remains in Ireland, republican POWs in Portlaoise Gaol on October 20th, 2002. tors motivating this course political resistance is of action has been the atti- inevitable. On Friday, September 27, in a written commu- tude of the general public'. nication to the Army leadership, the IRA unit in That particular IRA leader- Q9. What realistic strate- Portlaoise prison took the unprecedented step of ship analysed the objective political situation which gic options are open to calling upon the current Army leadership to stand existed at the time. They republicans opposed to down with ignominy. British rule in Ireland? did not shy away from dif- We will not demean our struggle or provide ficult decisions. Indeed, succour to our enemies by revealing the comprehen- At this time it is important they fulfilled their duty in sive catalogue of evidence which has exposed this that republicans accept providing leadership when political reality regardless leadership. However, we do feel duty-bound to state difficult decisions had to be of how unpalatable it may that this Army leadership's financial motivations made. At no time did their be. It is obvious that there far outweigh their political commitment to our order 'to dump arms' entail is no support for armed struggle at this time. any ideological conces- struggle in Ireland at this IRA prisoners find this morally and politi- sions. It amounted to no time. And without popular cally unacceptable. We believe that the current more than an acceptance of support any armed cam- Army leadership has forfeited all moral authority political reality. paign against British rule is to lead the IRA. For those at the forefront doomed to failure. We To date, the leadership has failed to respond of political struggle, there believe it is the moral to our demand. Thus, we feel we are left with no is often a temptation or responsibility of the repub- option but to withdraw our allegiance from this even a general tacit agree- lican leadership to termi- Army leadership. ment not to discuss large nate any campaign when it We would like to take this opportunity to reaf- and uncomfortable facts. becomes obvious that its firm our commitment to our republican principles No activist wants to stand accused of defeatism or continuance is futile. and reiterate our steadfast opposition to the betrayal. But nor should Indeed, following the split Belfast Agreement and British rule in Ireland. any republican activist with the Provisionals, Furthermore, in order to dispel recent, mis- many of the individuals remain silent while a dis- chievous leaks to the media, we would like to state who reconstituted the IRA credited and strategically that no IRA prisoners' representative has entered agreed that if the campaign bankrupt leadership showed clear signs of into negotiations with any government regarding the remains blindly wedded to being ground to a halt, it early release of political prisoners. a fundamentally flawed and would be terminated rather futile strategy which has than continued in an inef- PRO, led Irish republicanism into fective or irregular manner. IRA Unit, a political cul-de-sac. It is Many republicans also Portlaoise Prison. the responsibility of those believe that it is immoral to in positions of leadership to jeopardise the lives of non-combatants and risk the lives and liber- provide a coherent political analysis and chart a realistic course ty of IRA volunteers as part of a non-existent campaign which has which advances the Irish republican struggle. A failure to fulfil this been reduced to an attempted operation every couple of months. responsibility amounts to a dereliction of duty which if allowed to This is even more so when a corrupt and discredited leadership is persist without redress will have fatal consequences for the politi- directing such a campaign. Our acceptance of political reality does cal development of the struggle. not entail any ideological concessions. We For all genuine Irish republicans who continue to remain steadfastly opposed to ‘For those at the forefront of remain committed to the democratic ideals the Belfast Agreement. However, in an of our struggle, the future poses an almost environment where armed struggle is not a political struggle, there is often a Herculean task. However, it is essential viable option it is our duty to resist British temptation or even a general that we place our analysis of the rule in Ireland by all other means at our Agreement before the people. We must disposal. tacit agreement not to discuss also continually highlight the limitations At all times republicans must remember large and uncomfortable facts’ of the Agreement by exposing its anti- that the objective of our struggle is the democratic obstruction of Irish national removal of the British presence in Ireland self-determination. We must develop and and not the employment of armed struggle at any cost. This is not improve our performance in the arena of publicity and propaganda. the first time that Irish republicanism has found itself in a situation It is imperative that we raise peoples' consciousness and expose the where difficult political decisions need to be made. The Fenians political hypocrisy and lies of our opponents. Much work needs to were forced to accept this fait accompli in the 1860s and 1880s; and be done. the IRA was forced to terminate its campaign in the aftermath of 1916, 1923, in the 1940s and following the border campaign of 1956-62. In 1962, the then IRA leadership recognised that the con- tinuation of the border campaign was not feasible without the sup- www.i ri j .net February 2003 : Forum Magazi ne : 11 The New Republican Forum

The New Republican Forum is a coalition of political and community activists, founded to challenge the political status quo in Ireland by providing a radical Republican alternative to the mainstream political establishment.

The New Republican Forum:

· Stands for the reunification of Ireland and opposes all aspects of British interference in Irish affairs.

· Opposes the Belfast Agreement, which subverts the Irish people's inalienable right to self-determination.

· Stands for the creation of a just society in Ireland, based on prin- ciples of equality, social justice and genuine democracy, underpinned by a comprehensive charter of inalienable human rights.

· Supports the promotion and development of Irish culture.

· Opposes the resurgence of imperialism as a political ideology, led by the United States, its allies and client regimes.

· Supports all oppressed peoples struggling for national liberation.

· Opposes any attempt by the Dublin government to aid or assist any Western military alliance.

Our aims are:

· To establish a credible Republican opposition to British rule in Ireland.

· To critically reassess and analyse the history of the Republican struggle in Ireland, and by so doing, chart a course for the future of the Republican movement.

· To establish, support and coordinate the activities of Republican, community-based and other progressive organisations, forging a basis for a new national movement.

· To liase with other progressive forces, nationally and internation- ally, including anti-capitalist groups, trade unionists and environmental movements, along with national liberation movements worldwide, to further the cause of anti-imperialism.

· To establish a range of independent media outlets providing Irish peo- ple with alternative sources of information on political and social issues.

Forum Magazine produced by:

The New Republican Forum

e-mail: [email protected]

Forum Online: www.irij.net Title: Forum Magazine, No. 1 Organisation: New Republican Forum Date: 2003

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