May I June 2000 $4.95

The Journal of Washington Apple Pi, Ltd.

Volume 22, Number 3

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May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 1 Postal lnformaflon Washington Apple Pi (ISSN 1056- Volume 22 May I June 2000 7682) is published bi-monthly by Number3 Washington Apple Pi, Ltd., 12022 Club News MP3 ...... 59 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD WAP Hotline ...... 43, 46 Quick Recap ...... 59 20852. Periodical postage paid at WAP Calendar ...... 44, 45 by Adam C. Engst Rockville, MD. Index to Advertisers ...... 7 Creating Your Own MP3s ...... 60 Annual membership dues for Wash­ WAP Election info, centerfold ...... El by Jerry Kindall ington Apple Pi, Ltd. are $49; of this TCS Help Sheet ...... 47 amount $24 is for a subscription to Tutorials ...... 48 What's a Firewall, and Why Should the Washington Apple Pi Journal. Tutorial Form ...... 55 You Care? ...... 65 Subscriptions are not available with­ Kid's Classes ...... 57 by Chris Pepper out membership. Classified Advertisements ...... 87 eBooks via the Internet provide free WAP Membership Form ...... 88 reading while saving space and POSTMASTER: Send address trees ...... 70 changes to Washington Apple Pi, by Manley Mandel 12022 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD SIGs and Slices Apple User's Dilemma: Build Your 20852. Genealogy SIG Meetings ...... 13 Own Apple or Buy Standard Con- Graphic Arts SIG February & March Change ofAddress slwuld reach us 60 days figuration ...... 72 Meetings ...... 16 in advance of the move to ensure that your by Irv Haas Journals continue uninterrupted. Sending and Receiving Photos via General Interest AOL ...... 73 Deadlines A Dark & Stormy Knight ...... 5 Convert Your LP's to CD's ...... 74 by Lorin Evans by Joe Aecuri Writers' submissions BOD February Meeting Notes ...... 7 Getting started: Info-Mac, May I June ...... Mar. 20 BOD March Meeting Notes ...... 8 MaclnTouch, MacFixlt, etc...... 75 JulyI August ...... May 20 by Terry Lawrence February General Meeting Ad space reservations Report ...... 9 I bought an iMac and plugged it in, May I June ...... Mar. 20 by Steven Kiepe now what? (part I) ...... 77 July I August ...... May 20 March General Meeting Report ..... 10 by Terry Lawrence Camera-ready ad copy by Steven Kiepe I bought an iMac and plugged it in, May I June ...... Mar. 25 Cartoon by Charles Stancil ...... 14 now what? (part II) ...... 78 by Terry Lawrence July I August ...... May 25 Redmond on the Potomac, Part 2 .. 19 by Lorin Evans I bought an iMac and plugged it in, now what? (part Ill) ...... 80 Editorial Staff by Terry Lawrence Managing Editor Macintosh Mac OS 9 Gets an Update ...... 81 Kathryn Murray 804/ 580-2366 Microsoft Internet Explorer 5: Quick by Pi Labs Annex [email protected] Look ...... 22 Associate Editor by Washington Apple Pi Labs Bonnie Ashbaugh 301 I 946-8955 Don't Discard That Rotten Apple­ [email protected] Make it Part of an Internet Server . 25 Icon Gulde Review Editor/Macintosh Editor by Richard Sternberg Lawrence Charters 410 I 730-4658 [email protected] Conserving Earth's Biodiversity: I Macintosh Bringing Science to Life ...... 31 Apple II Editor Seth Mize 410 I 766-1154 by Dennis Dimick General Interest Art Editor What Is the Internet (And What Blake Lange 301 I 942-9180 Makes It Work) ...... 35 Apple II, Ile, & IIGS [email protected] by Robert E. Kahn & Vinton G. Cerf Calendar Editor Apple m (SARA) Expose Yourself to Music via Bill Wydro 301 I 299-5267 [email protected]

The Journal of Washington Apple Pi, Ltd. is an independent publication not affiliated or otherwise associated with or sponsored or sanctioned by . Apple Computer, Inc. The opinions, statements, positions and views stated herein are those of the author(s) or publisher and are not intended to be the opinions, statements, positions or views of Apple Computer, Inc.

2 Washington Apple Pl Journal May I June 2000 1 Office.Stafif Washingto~ple Pi Office Manager Beth Medlin

SIG Chairs This issue of the Washington Apple Pi Journal Annapolis Slice was created on a PowerMac, with proofing and President JeffStraight (410) 634-0868 email: [email protected] final output on an HP LaserJet 5000 N. Vice President Lloyd Olson 410-544-1087 The page layout program used was PageMaker 6.5 Secretary Ron Johnson (410) 315-8764 the word processing program was Microsoft Word Treasurer Clarence Goldberg (410) 263-5189 AAS Membership InfoLine (410) 647-5605 5.1; the principal typeface is Palatino (10/12) for Library Lester Morcef (410) 987-0685 the articles; and Avant Garde Demi for headlines, Publicity Kay Cave (410) 266-9752 subheads, and emphasis. Charlemagne Bold for Nwslttr. Lorraine & Jim Warner (301) 262-3420 drop caps. AOL SIG John Barnes (301} 652-0667 [email protected] Cover Design: The WAP Journal cover design Apple IIGS Lorin Evans was created by Ann Aiken in collaboration with [email protected] Nancy Seferian. The Capital artwork was illus­ Art SIG Joe Morey (703) 281-5385 trated by Carol O'Connor for One Mile Up, which Columbia Slice donated it for use on our cover. President Bob Pagelson (410) 992-9503 Vice President Tom Cook (410) 995-0352 email:[email protected] Secretary Trm Childers (410} 997-0066 Advertising in the Joumal Treasurer Carl Souba (410) 418-4161 (available sizes) Membership Jacquelyn Hall (301) 854-2932 Full Page Third Page Publicity Henry Yee (410) 964-3706 7.5" x 10.0" (vert.) Disk Librarian, Apple Bill Campbell (410) 997-9317 2.5" x 9.5" Disk Librarian, Mac Tim Childers (410) 997-9317 Sixth Page Database SIG volunteer needed Delmarva Slice (hor.) President: Shelly Wetzel [email protected] 5.0" x 2.5" Secretary: Geraldine Rossi [email protected] Third Page Treasurer: Dean Peterson [email protected] (hor.) DisabledSlG Jay Thal (202) 244-3649 5.0" x 4.75" [email protected] Excel SIG Dick Byrd (703) 978-3440 Half Page [email protected] 7.5" x 4.75" Frederick Slice Two-thirds President Bob Esposito (301) 831-1187 Page (vert.) V.P. Richard O'Connor (301} 662-7198 5" x 9.5" Sec./Treas J. Russell Robinson (301) 739-6030 Sixth Page Nwslettr. Ed. Mary F. Poffenburger (301) 845-6944 (vert.) Asst. Nwsltr. Ed. Dick Pelc (301) 662-2428 2.5" x 4.75" Apple Librarian Ken Carter (301) 834-6516 GameSIG Mike Dickman (703) 525-2410 No. of times ad runs 1 2-3 4-5 6+ Genealogy SIG Volunteer needed Graphic Arts SIG Blake Lange (301) 942-9180 Full Page $450 $383 $338 $270 [email protected] Covers $550 $468 $413 $330 HyperTalk volunteer needed Two-thirds Page $360 $306 $270 $216 Mac Programmers volunteer needed Half Page $300 $255 $225 $180 Music SIG Ed Moser (301) 924-1573 Third Page $225 $191 $169 $135 Newton SIG volunteer needed Sixth Page $125 $106 $93 $75 NOVA Educators SIG Pat Fauquet (703) 550-7423 Special guaranteed positions incur a 10% surcharge email: [email protected] QuickTime SIG Stuart Bonwit (301} 598-2510 email: [email protected] Ad Deadlines Retired SIG Chuck James (301) 530-6471 The Washington Apple Pi Journal is published bi-monthly. The [email protected] ad copy deadlines and ad space reservations are listed below for StockSIG Morris Pelham your convenience. morris. [email protected] Copy may be received as traditional mechanicals, re-paper, Three SIG David Ottalini (301} 681-6136 velox prints, or film negatives. Negatives will incur an additional [email protected] $ 15.00 strip-in charge.

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 3 Officers and Board of Directors President Lorin Evans [email protected] VP, Volunteer Services John Barnes [email protected] VP, Publicity David G. Ottalini [email protected] Be sure to Secretary Lawrence Charters [email protected] Treasurer Dave Weikert [email protected]

Directors Lou Dunham [email protected] Don Es&ck [email protected] VOTE!! PatFauquet [email protected] David Harris [email protected] Mary Keene [email protected] SteveKiepe [email protected] Brian Mason [email protected] Your ballot Dale Smith [email protected] Library Volunteers is in the Apple II Head Librarian Volunteer Needed Apple IIGS Librarian Volunteer Needed Apple II Librarian Volunteer Needed Apple III Librarian David Ottalini (301) 681-6136 [email protected] Macintosh Librarian David Weikert (301) 963-0063 centerfold.

Mac Library Ben Frank William Jones Fred Rodgers Tony Salemo Joe Swick Head Reading Lib. Brian Mason [email protected] Dealer Relations Comm. Volunteer needed Legal Counsel Richard Wohltman Membership Volunteer needed S!Gs & Slices Coord. David Harris [email protected] Journal Store Distribution Volunteer Needed Tutorial Coordinator Pat Fauquet [email protected] Telecom SysOp Lauri Zeman (703) 912-6048 [email protected] Washington Apple Pi, Ltd. 12022 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852 Business Office: (301) 984-0300 TCS: 2400 bps (301) 984-4066 14,400 bps (301) 984-4070 Web address: www.wap..org e-mail address: [email protected] See inside back cover for more Office hours: Mon., Wed., Fri. 10 am-6pm• Tues. 7-9 pm-Clinic Night Only- details Not Regular Office Hours

· The office will open at 1 p.m. on the day of the General Meeting When weather is bad, call to check if office is open.

© COPYRIGH T2000, byWAP, Wa.shingtonApplc Pi, Ltd. User groups may reprint without prior permission any portion ofth e contents herein, provided proper author, cidc, and publication credits arc given, except in cases where the author has reserved copyright permission. In these cases, the author should be contacted directly. Please send a copy of the article as printed to W ashington Apple Pi; 12022 Park.lawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852.

4 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 sembly. They will become 15 units that are going to another school for their first computer lab. They will be networked to a mix of Hewlett­ A Dark & Stormy Knight Packard inkjet printers so that stu­ dents can print their work. The aca­ demic software, other than Mac sys­ tem software, comes from the "Pi Fill­ BOUT TWO weeks ago, Mr. b~ck then, and the support we pro­ vided them from then until today, ings -Goes To School" series of CDs. and Ms. Mom walked into the of­ After all, when you don't have money fice. They introduced them­ when they decided to purchase an­ other computer there was little dis­ for the computer, it makes no sense s~lves to Beth, our office manager, as to bring you a box with nothing to run P1 members. It seems that several cussion within the family. It was Macintosh. And, why were they on it-and we don't do things that way. years ago, they moved to the Metro Mr. and Ms. Mom renewed their Washington area and were about to here? They wanted to return their first computer to the Pi so that it could membership, and asked if we would start life in their newly adopted coun­ add their llci to those going into the try. Their children were enrolled in be passed on to another family. The couple wanted to know if we new lab. the local public school system; how­ Now, before I ply you with more ex­ ever, they did not have the funds to still provide families with computers. It was sort of like asking if we are amples of how we are recycling your be­ purchase a computer to assist the kids loved Mac, a word from your local Public with their homework, much less one alive. Beth took them to where we assemble donations. She probably Broadcasting station. Unlike those people, for general family use. A school coun­ we really only come to you once a year for selor suggested Washington Apple Pi. did not have to walk very far. In one comer they saw 15 Mac SE comput­ help. Well, maybe twice. Once to renew Might we be able to help them was your membership and once to vote. I the question then. ers each with a printer that are going to an organization that sponsors im­ know, I know, Dubya Bush, John McGore, . It turns out that we could, and and Duke: such appealing choices. Well, did. We assembled a Ilcisetup, a ven­ migrant families. Ms. Mom smiled. Beside it were 20 more SEs; 10 are to take a look at our ballot this year. Why erable workhorse, along with a inkjet for a pledge of just 33 cents, you can se­ printer and an assortment of software become the nucleus of a typing lab in a charter school in Washington, DC, lect from a bunch of under appreciated all of which had been donated by Pi nuts who want to see Washington Apple ~embers -- maybe even by you -- for and the remainder, along with print­ ers, are loaners for students to take Pi sustain its growth and explore new JUSt such a purpose. Times had directions. At the 66 cent level you can changed and all for the better for the home as needed to do homework. Back in the really back room were 25 vote twice. Opps. Let's go back to our ~om family. Because of the recep­ story. tion they received from the Pi way Ilci computers in various states of as-

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 5 IT

Sometimes the best part of recy­ Another Digressing Pause place to go. There are public school cling your donations is displaying a Now that you are feeling good about systems that have "dorms" where touch of creativity when offering belonging to such a worthwhile orga­ school kids can crash when they can't them to schools. Take a look at two nization, we need to break for a mo­ go home. We were asked by a con­ recent examples. ment to show you all the volunteers sultant to the Maryland Juvenile who make all this possible. Staffing Courts if we could equip some of the QWERTY the phones behind me are members of shelters they operate with computers It is what you used to call touch Washington Apple Pi led by the office for the residents. As long as you bring typing. Today, it is called keyboard­ manager Beth Medlin. Beside her is them in, we can turn them out. We ing. Mastering the subject is a pre­ Ed Escanante, our chief carcass collec­ assembled twenty Ilsi computers, requisite in many public schools prior tor. The other people you see beside software, and ImageWriter printers so to the eighth grade. You just read them are the volunteers for whom it that these kids could present home­ about the SE set-ups we create for this is a labor of love to belong to the Pi work to the teacher that looks just like task. Do you remember Mrs. Devorak and participate in its many activities, that presented by the rest of their telling you not to look at the keys? I like the recycling program about classmates. do. Thus, we even have a template that the school can use to create a "The couple wanted to Defy Conventional Wisdom shield which blocks the student's Let's go back to this election thing view of the keyboard. A color moni­ know if we still provide for a moment. Now that John McCain tor and CD are of little value here. families with comput­ and Bill Bradley dropped by the way­ Charter and storefront schools are side because the establishment of our best customers for these ma­ ers. It was sort of like their respective parties backed chines. We can place all we assemble. asking if we are alive. blander horses does not mean that Actually, the long pole in the tent is you must follow their example. Be the hard drive. It is getting harder Beth took them to part of a large turnout of voters this and harder to find working 40 or 80 where we assemble year. Let everyone know that we care meggers. The Sony and MiniScribe for something besides new computer drives are exhausted by the time we donations. She prob­ toys. Won't you please help out. I re­ get the SE. ably did not have to ally don't care for whom you vote - just that you participate in this annual Online Homework walk very far. In one act of community. Defy your mom! on the Cheep comer they saw 15 Mac Stick out your tongue and lick a stamp We were asked by a small school if for little Mac. we could create an Internet home­ SE computers each with Turn to the center section of this work helper in the school library. An a printer that are going journal. Fold that ballot along its finely Internet service provider gave them spaced perforations and remove it. That a 128k connection, but no equipment. to an organization that could be one of the few straight lines in We took ten Ilci computers that you sponsors immigrant this column. Now vote. And ifyou can't donated to us. We installed an bring yourself to endorse people who write ethernet and cache card, 20 megs of families." like this, write something yourself. Write RAM, and a 160meg hard drive in your annual note to the office manager each. We added a hub and a which I have been bubbling. You do on the ballot. Write on the ballot the name LaserWriter Ilg printer that other know that without your support none of the pretty lady on the new gold-plated members had brought to the office of this would be possible. And, if we dollar -and spell it correctly. And please, and voila. On your behalf, a bunch don't do it, who will? Do you know mail it in as soon as you finish. of inner city kids can now have the another organization with the re­ Keep in mind that if you don't same tools while doing their home­ sources to do this? vote, our webmaster will make us run work that they had only heard the election on the web next year. And about before the Pi arrived. Fast Can't Go Home you remember what happened in the and spiffy is not the story here. We don't care to think about it, but last presidential primary in Arizona, Trickle down is, and you made it there are kids in this world who can't. don't you?* (See page 8for explanation.) possible. Abusive parents, court ordered super­ It was a dark and stormy knight. vision, and in some real case, just no -Lorin

6 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 IT

"The latest version of Pi Fillings: the CD, is a hit. There was a brief Board of Directors Notes review of the epic struggle to get it pressed and February 9, 2000 Meeting into distribution."

the Summer Computer Camp is alive. [Note: these are not the full minutes of rial scheduling or other Pi activities, Scheduled for the last week of July­ the Board ofDirectors ; those may be found only staffing.) first week of August, ad materials for on the Washington Apple Pi bulletin A financial summary for the year the Web and Journal will be prepared. board, the TCS, in File Transfer Area 5.] to date was presented. Jon Thomason Similarly, the MacWorld New requested that the summary be ad­ York 2000 bus trip is on, scheduled for Directors Present: Lawrence Char­ justed to properly distribute telecom­ July 20. Again, ad materials for the ters, Dave Weikert, Lou Dunham, munications costs between the TCS, Web and Journal will be prepared. David Harris, Dave Ottalini, Dale Explorer and office phone lines, as the Snow removal was briefly dis­ Smith, Pat Fauquet, Don Essick, Lorin summary appeared to reflect an out cussed. Or, rather, the lack of snow Evans of date distribution. removal. Though the Pi's lease clearly Directors Absent: John Barnes, Brian Several Board members objected states that the landlord will make it Mason, Steve Kiepe, Mary Keene to certain items in the proposed elec­ go away, the landlord appears to be­ Members Present: Jon Thomason tion rules for 2000, chiefly items pro­ lieve that, in celebration of the Year jected to take place in 1998 and 1999. of the Dragon, dragons will melt ev­ UOTING President Lorin The rules were approved as corrected, erything. The dangerous conditions Evans (standing at a lectern and will be posted on the TCS as well have forced many to abandon any Q omposed entirely of Macintosh as the Pi Web site. thoughts of entering the parking lot. Ilci and Ilcx machines), "Promptly As the Secretary will be ou t of Those few who are willing to park on thirty minutes late, the President state for the February General Meet­ a snowdrift have complained about called the meeting to order" at 8:00 ing (due date for election nominations), the icy conditions. The landlord will p.m. The minutes were approved as David Harris agreed to attend the be more forcefully reminded of the submitted. meeting and compile a list ofnominees. need for prompt snow removal. This list, combined with others that A motion to adjourn was over­ Old Business may have come in to the Secretary, will taken by a stampede for the door at Washington Apple Pi had a llin­ then be turned over to the Office Man­ 8:59p.m. • ited response to our ad for an office ager to check against the membership database for eligibility. manager in the hometown paper. The Index to Advertisers board discussed how to best inter­ New Business view candidates for the position. Bethesda Computers ...... C2 Next up was a lengthy discussion The latest version of Pi Fillings: ClarisWorks UG ...... C2 the CD, is a hit. There was a brief re­ of the orientation of the front door and Living Textbook ...... 59 its relationship with the pregnancy view of the epic struggle to get it MacUpgrades ...... C4 pressed and into distribution. One clinic upstairs. As the discussion was Nordic Software ...... 1 out of order, no details were recorded, complaint (to be addressed in the next TCS ...... 5 version) is the lack of a clear version despite their entertainment value. Pi Fillings-The CD (#6) ...... C3 number on the CD-ROM. The Pi's After a review of recent theory WAP General Meeting ...... 60 practice of printing them in distinct and practice, the Board agreed that WAP Computer Camp ...... 78 colors apparently fails to meet the the office will be open Monday, WAP Computer Show & Sale ...... 15 Wednesday and Friday, and the office need of those who would rather refer WAP Discussion Group ...... 30 to them by number instead of hue. will not be open on Saturday. (This WAPTrip MacWorld ...... " 34 action in no way affects SIG or tuto- Despite reports to the contrary,

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 7 "The Pi's prices for a hands-on class are in some cases as much as 20 times lower than those offered by commercial firms .... " Board of Directors Notes be paid to the difference between member and non-member prices. John Barnes reported that he has March 8, 2000 Meeting a volunteer who wants to help with a periodic E-mail bulletin. The bulletin will announce meetings and events, [Note: the Board had not approved the lem: Pi members (and Board mem­ alert subscribers to new additions to minutes of this meeting as of this writ­ bers) are so spoiled by the speed of E­ Pi Fillings, the CD-ROM series, etc. ing. Full minutes of the Board of Direc­ mail and the Web that they forget lead Lawrence Charters reported that tors meetings may be found on the Wash­ times for the Pi Journal. Articles, ads Lauri Zeman has resigned as Chief ington Apple Pi bulletin board, the TCS, in and announcements of Pi activities Sysop for the TCS, and that the TCS File Transfer Area 5.] need to be planned, created and sub­ Committee wished to offer Lou Dun­ mitted months in advance of publi­ ham as its nominee to replace her. Directors Present: Lawrence Char­ cation in order to be "timely." Several Dale Smith moved that Lou be ap­ ters, John Barnes, Dale Smith, Pat recent Pi "happenings" were under­ pointed Chief Sysop, with a second Fauquet, Brian Mason, David Harris, publicized due to a failure to submit by Brian Mason. The motion passed Steve Kiepe, Lorin Evans, Don Essick, materials in time. unanimously. Lou Dunham President Lorin Evans discussed A motion to adjourn at 8:41 died the possibility of upgrading the Tu­ in a great outflowing rush of air as the Directors Absent: Mary Keene, Dave torial Room computers. While the Board dashed for the exits. • Weikert, Dave Ottalini Power Mac 7200 /75 machines are far better than past offerings (there were The meeting was called to order at no classroom machines in the distant Elaboration on Arizona Primary 7:37 p.m. The minutes of the previous past), most of those taking classes comment, page 6 meeting were accepted as submitted. own newer, faster and more capable machines. So, he asked, what method "The presidential primary in Arizona al­ Old Business would the Board like to use use to lowed a voter three options through which acquire a lab full of iMacs in place of HE WASHINGTON to express a presidential preference: ab­ the current 7200s? Lorin offered a Apple Pi 2000 election cycle is sentee mail-in; walk-in; or web-in. Ari­ underway. Vice President John number of proposals, ranging from T purchasing new machines at retail to zona is one of the first states to experi­ Barnes reported that there were a large number of members nominated for purchasing refurbished machines ment with Internet primary voting. It was Board positions. Many of these mem­ from bulk suppliers. The board did empowering unless, of course, you use a bers declined the honor, but the Pi not endorse a specific proposal, but Macintosh. should have a good slate of candi­ expressed enthusiasm for the idea of Macintosh voters just didn't get no upgrading. dates. The complete election rules and respect. When they signed on to vote, timeline are posted on both the TCS Lawrence Charters brought up Arizona Mac owners got through the and on the Web site. Together with the issue of class prices. The Pi's prices extensive use of E-mail between John for a hands-on class are in some cases various preliminary screens. But, once and various candidates and volun­ as much as 20 times lower than those past the initial hurdles, they found them­ teers, this should be the most "elec­ offered by commercial firms, and in fact selves staring at a BLANK ballot at the tronic" election in Pi history. aren't much different than Pi class end. Those who call tech support in Phoe­ prices a decade ago. Adjusting the price nix to complain, were told: 'We don't New Business of classes might help with funding support Macintosh. ' Now will you please Several issues were brought up needed classroom improvements. John which highlighted a continuing prob- Barnes also suggested attention should vote?

8 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 rr

"Terry finished his presentation by fielding February General many more questions Meeting Notes on networking, covering the gamut... " By Steven Kiepe, Vice Presidents for Macintosh Programs puter (or sharing an Internet connec- 1::1:;------tion among several computers). EBRUARY'S general meeting nected using a pair of unshielded The demonstrators opened the was conducted in a manner con- wires. Most houses are wired for at cases on a few of the demonstration siderably different from previous least two different phone circuits/ Macs and with video camera captur- meetings. Unlike the traditional ses- numbers and the unused circuit is ing the process and retransmitting it sions dedicated primarily to demon- generally well suited for use as a !o. the ?ig screen, showed how simple strating developer hardware and soft- LocalTalk network. The connection it 1S to install an Ethernet card in a Mac ware packages, the February meeting between a computer and any other with either a NuBus or PCI card slot. w~ a combination history lesson, tu- device on the same Jines constitutes a Most new Macs don't have to go tonal and hands on demonstration of network. A LocalTalk network is of- through this step as they come with the rapidly expanding field of com- ten used to connect Macs with com- built in lObaseT or lOObaseT Ethernet puter networking, especially as it re- patible printers and for many users jacks. A few machines have built in lates to the Macintosh. On hand to try of Apple Laser Writer printers, a Ethernet circuitry but require special to put several decades worth of LocalTalk network may be the most adapters to connect into an Ethernet knowledge into layman's terms was convenient means of connecting one network. Once the basics were ex- TerryDavis,SeniorSystemsEngineer or more Macs to their printers. plained, the demonstration group for Asante Technologies, Inc., and Ed Localtalk networks can be up to 4 proceeded to build an Ethernet net- Meurer, Account Manager from Syn- times as fast as a 56Kbps modem con- work between an iMac DV, a Quadra ergy Sales and Marketing in nection(dependingondatacompres- 650, a PowerPC 7200 and a LocalTalk Rockville, MD. sion) but it can still take as long as 48 equipped NEC Silentwriter 95F laser After analyzing the range of net- seconds to transfer the data contained printer. working expertise in the audience, on a single floppy disk. As his mix of highly and lesser Terry mixed prepared remarks with The most common types of net- skilled cohorts labored on stage, Terry a general question and answer ses- works in the business world are those revealed the mysteries of hardware sion. Terry's prepared remarks in- based on the Ethernet standard. ~mbs to connect different computers eluded a presentation on networking ~thern~t networks come in many con- mto a local area network and switches technology including AppleTalk, figurations and use many different to connect multiple networks. Terry LocalTalk, USB, Ethernet, network wiring schemes including some with explained the functions of Asante's architecture types, hardware require- names like ThinNet, 10Base2, 10/lOObaseT Smart Hub and its use ments and other pertinent topics. He lOBaseT, lOOBaseT and others. What as a central connection and switching was aided primarily by Ed but accom- they all have in common is speed _ point for an Ethernet network. He paniedbythesomewhatquestionable uptohundreds(andnowthousands} continued into the use of hubs and efforts of Steve Kiepe and Tom Witte. of times faster than a LocalTalk net- switches to allow a network of com- Beginning with the most basic work. When it comes to moving large puters to share a single cable modem type of networking common to virtu- ~es such as those created by graph- or DSL connection. He also explained ally all "legacy'' Macintosh comput- 1cs programs, databases and the like, ~e use of Asante' s new FriendlyShare ers, a set of LocalTalk adapters was a LocalTalk net just will not do. Just kit, a software solution that enables shown to the group. These adapters, as cable modems and Direct Sub- one computer with high speed about the size of a small box of ~criber Link (DSL} modems are push- Internet access to act as the connec- matches, have a cable that plugs into mg 56Kpbs modems into obsoles- tion point or server for all of the other the serial port (printer port} of most c~nce, Ethe?'et is the key to getting computers on the network. Macs. The adapters are then con- high capacity data into your com- After an extended period of an- swer questions, it was time to dem-

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pl Journal 9 IT onstrate the network. The first few connections went smoothly and a connection was established between th~ iMac and the LocalTalk only laser printer by using an AsanteTalk March General Ethernet to LocalTalk adapter. A road­ block was encountered in tying all the Meeting Notes other computers together on the net­ work until it was made apparent that one of the unpaid helpers had By Steven Kiepe, Vice Presidents plugged the wrong cable into the net­ for Macintosh Programs work hub. Once that was resolved, all of the computers began rapidly trans­ eration (SISC), presented an outline of mitting data between each other and ATURDAY MORNING SISC's involvement with Apple com­ the networked printer. revealed a day of great promise puters and its expanding vision for . :erry finished his presentation by with temperatures destined to Sreach into the 70s and little more than the future. SISC is a Washington, DC fielding many more questions on net­ based non-profit organization which working, covering the gamut from sprinkles on the horizon (mother na- pursues projects on space exploration problems in getting a cable modem to ture had other plans though but that's and education worldwide. With chap­ work with a Mac through tying Macs a separate story). Regardless, a core ters distributed across every continent and Wintel PCs into the same net­ group of Washington Apple Pi mem­ on the globe, much of the organiza­ work. Terry fielded all questions re­ bers gathered at NOVA for a morn­ tion is "virtual" in nature, using the gardless of relevance to Asante's ing of tag-team presentations. After Lawrence Charters com­ Internet to provide the required con­ ~roduct line, even answering ques­ nection between its members. SISC tions on competitor's products. pleted yet another of his trademark maintains a web site at http: I I It's difficult to tell how many marathon question and answer ses­ www.spacesociety.org folks went home and immediately sions, our first guest speaker took the In order to provide the connectiv­ began stringing Ethernet cables be­ stage. Michael Slage, President of the ity vital to SISC's cohesion as a single tween the rooms of their house but Society for International Space Coop- int~res~ in the topic was obviously qUite high. Alas, the time available for the meeting had come to an end and it was necessary to end the presenta­ tion. Asante generously donated the 10/lOObaseT Smart Hub and Switch and the FriendlyNet USB Hub for the WAP raffle. Terry also came to my aid on the spot by changing out my AsanteTalk adapter that somehow got broken during the demonstration. Thanks Terry! On to the drawing. A slew of books was distributed first: Corel Draw 8 for Windows to Pat Fauquet; two copies of Creating Cool HTML to Jo Giogianni and Thomas Berens; and Think Different to John Barnes and Bob Wilbur. The morning's big prize win­ ners were Marty Ditmeyer who took home the Asante FriendlyNet USB Hub and Ingrid Berdahl, winner of the Asante 10/lOObaseT Smart Hub and Switch. Congratulations to all of our winners! •

1O Washington Apple Pl Journal May I June 2000 IT organization, the group relies heavily on Apple technology. Many of SISC's projects are conducted long distance via a form of tele-conferencing. In or­ der to achieve this, SISC uses Apple QuickTime video streaming and Sorenson Broadcasting solutions, streamed across the Internet. Because high speed network connectivity is not yet universal, the QuickTime video stream is optimized to work across relatively low speed service such as that provided with 33.6 Kbps mo­ dems. QuickTime and Sorenson Broad­ cast compress the video feed suffi­ ciently to support these conferenced projects in spite of the low speed of Internet access. SISC is about to embark on a new project, creating an online web tele­ vision experience called SpaceWatch TV. This new project will use QuickTime streaming to broadcast a TV style video presentation via the Internet 24 hours a day. The service will begin on April17th. Apple is one of many corporate partners in this en­ deavor and SISC is working closely Corel Takes the Stage amazing demonstration and garnered with the Apple Leaming Interchange The second presenter of the much attention from the audience. http: //www.ali.apple.com. Apple morning had come all the way from Just as importantly, Jill noted that Macintosh computers and video solu­ Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Jill Perry, a while the program had previously tions appear ideal for production of Corel product specialist in graphic sold for $500, Corel is now offering it SISC's projects. and consumer products (and admit­ for sale for a limited time as an online The Space Express project is an­ ted Mac fanatic), traveled to Washing­ download for the low price of $99. other new SISC initiative that focused ton Apple Pi to demonstrate a range The current version is at 1.1 and Corel on space education worldwide. It is a of products including Corel's expects to release vl.5 in the near fu­ state of the art, mobile classroom out­ KnockOut, Photo-Paint 8, Print Office ture. Those who download the 1.1 fitted with racks of equipment simi­ 2000, Print House 2000 and Custom version will be entitled to a free up­ lar to that which might be found on Photo. grade to the new version. To get your the space shuttle or international Jill kicked off her presentation by copy, visit Corel at their web site at space station. The Space Express demonstrating how Knockout, a re­ http://www.corel.com. Based on the project will kick off this summer and cent Corel acquisition, can make quick group's response, I expect that there will bring this mobile learning center work of cutting even the most diffi­ were quite a few Pi downloads right to schools and population centers cult of objects from the background after the show ended (I downloaded throughout Western Europe. Visitors in a picture. In a few quick strokes, my copy last night!). will be able to conduct hands on "mis­ she showed how a teddy bear was After extracting the chosen im­ sions" like those to be conducted in lifted from a busy background yet ages, Jill moved on to a demonstra­ space. To learn more about the Space kept his fur, ready to be seamlessly tion of the capabilities of Photo-Paint Express project, check out http:// pasted into a new picture. She cut a 8. She took several different landscape www.spacesociety.org/spaceexpress. woman out of a cluttered image with pictures and stitched them together extra complications like over-bright into one wide image. Using cloning spots caused by the sun, yet every tools and Photo-Paint's image sprayer, stray hair transferred intact while the Jill blended landscape pictures of background vanished. It was an desert, ocean and arctic into a seam-

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 11 IT less environment. She then pasted a few of her previously masked pictures, added some clip art and special effects, and then tied the ends of the image back together into a ring thereby cre­ ating a 360 degree QuickTime VR im­ age. It was a painful demonstration for me to watch because she executed the entire evolution near effortlessly, com­ pleted in only a few minutes, and I'm still working on drawing stick people. For the truly non-artistic of us, Jill next offered hope. Corel's new appli­ cations for the Mac, Print Office 2000 and Print House 2000, are powerful programs with an interface designed to be simple enough for beginner use. Both applications are identical at their core and are bundled with Photo House, an image manipulation pro­ gram. The programs differ in their bundling of templates and clip art. Print Office has a wide range of tem­ plates primarily oriented toward the small office or home business. Print House's templates and clip art are more appropriate for family use in creating newsletters, greeting cards, school projects and the like. Jill began by demonstrating the use of Print Office 2000 in creating a brochure for a hypothetical resort. Be­ ginning from scratch rather than us­ ing one of the bundle's many tem­ plates, she selected the paper type and layout (3 fold brochure) and then be­ gan importing clip art and photos from a large catalog of canned and brochure in work and continued with­ tion. The program also has numerous custom images. The pictures were eas­ out a pause. The combination appli­ export options including JPEG for ily placed, resized and aligned as nec­ cation included capabilities still un­ near universal compatibility with essary to build the brochure. Some of known in high-end image editing pro­ other computer operating systems. her images required a bit of manipu­ grams like Adobe's Photoshop! Print Office and Print House both have lation so Jill opened the included Photo Jill continued to build her bro­ a large selection of text and graphic House application while still inside chure, inserting text boxes and dem­ import capabilities that include most Print Office and cut away extraneous onstrating how text could be made to industry common application types. background. She then wrapped text on automatically flow from one box to Corel's plans for future renditions a path around the irregular image and another. She added a leading drop of WordPerfect for Macintosh were dis­ added special effects designed to high­ cap, custom shadows to other text ar­ cussed. Jill noted that a final decision light the points of interest. The seam­ eas, and her brochure was complete. on this program had not yet been less integration between applications Jill then demonstrated a special at­ made but that a complete rewrite of made it look as if a single program was tribute of the program, the built-in the program would be required due doing all of the work. She then ability to directly post the completed to the "fragility" of the existing code. dropped the modified clip art on her object to a FTP or internet web site Jill noted that WordPerfect for from within the Print Office applica- Macintosh is now available as a free

12 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 rr download from Corel at their web site hardware and software developers. typically pull in anywhere from 150 and that the number of downloads are We also anticipate fitting the annual to 250 Mac users to our general meet­ being monitored in an attempt to gage QuickTime Festival into our schedule, ings. We've seen some drop off these the amount of interest in the program. probably in August or September so last few months and that undermines Jill suggested that individuals inter­ any budding cinematographer's best the enticement for the developers to ested in seeing WordPerfect for get busy. We expect to continue to attend. Spread the word to the non­ Macintosh revised should send her bring some of the leading hardware Pi Mac user base and try to reserve a email to that effect at jill,[email protected]. and software developers for the few hours on the mornings of our gen­ The group's meeting time was up Macintosh to the Pi, however this eral meetings to attend these sessions. but Jill still found herself surrounded largely depends on you. One of the Do what you can to help ensure that by interested Pi members for another reasons these developers are willing the Pi can continue to recruit the kind 40 minutes. Regardless, we continued to travel across the US or even from of developer presentations that you with the regularly scheduled drawing outside the country is because we have come to expect. • and there were quite a few winners. Although Tom Witte was not in atten­ Dwinell suggested scheduling one dance to throw them to the crowd, we Genealogy SIG Saturday afternoon as a test. Al Bestul nonetheless passed out a bunch of T­ February Meeting will check on the availability of the Shirts. Winners included Alex Maish, The meeting room, particularly for 13 May at 1 pm. Bob Wilbur, Sidney Koss, Don Wong, convened at the The group then discussed scan­ Glenn Rounsevell and Gerald Klis. scheduled time ners. Several members have or will Recipients of two "Muggy Bears" (fu­ and date, ten soon get scanners, primarily to add ture collectibles?) included Ellen o'clock on the pictures to Reunion 6. Grachow, and Hal Calithen. Ruth Ann second Tuesday Charles Rice handed out copies of Bates walked away with an Apple of the month, 8 his new 18 page paper "Scanning Reso­ motif carry bag, Edwin Jordan got an February 2000, at lution Considerations." He recom­ Apple branded coffee mug, and the WAPoffice. mends three text books and also rec­ Gabriel Roth and Bill Durham both Ed Jordan, ommends the WAP class on this subject. took home books on Creating HTML 4 the SIG chair, reminded all members In general, the user of a scanner web pages. The grand prize winners that he may be moving to Kennett is limited by the resolution of the were Bill Hark who won a Corel Cus­ Square, PA, before the March meet­ printer and monitor and the file space software package and Ken tom Photo ing. The duties or tasks that he now needed to store the image. He led the Clare who took home Print House 2000. performs must be assumed by one or group through the calculations and more other members. There should the choices available to scan a graphic Still to come be only one person to be the SIG point and to utilize the output. As a gen­ The Pi has a still evolving but of contact with the WAP and to see eral rule, one should scan at 150 promising spring and early summer that the minutes are written and de­ samples per inch (spi) for printing out schedule. Presentations in the near livered to Beth in the office. Also, full size at 75 lines per inch (lpi) term are shaping up as follows: April someone must arrange and coordi­ grayscale on a 600 dots per inch (dpi) 22nd will see the long anticipated nate programs for the monthly meet­ printer with 64 shades of gray. This Adobe In-Design and will be a two ings. Ed has the SIG files and past will require 360 KB of storage for a 4 presenter show as Darek Mihoka minutes on a set of floppies and will inch by 4 inch scanned image printed demonstrates his Gemulator Macintosh give copies of them to whoever needs full size. emulator for Windows based ma­ them. He noted that the book by Larry chines. FileMaker Pro will be the head­ Charlie Rice will not be available Ledden states that high quality art liner presentation on May 20th. Our to become the new chair. He will, book images are printed at 150 lines June 3rd meeting is the semi-annual Pi however, have a key and will open the per inch. Rice also said that pictures garage sale and swapmeet at the meeting room next month. In the past for web pages should be limited to no NOVA CC auditorium. We have a month he conducted a survey of more than two inches in order to limit very encouraging schedule develop­ members' preferences for a meeting browser wait time and file size. The ing for late summer and fall. Apple time and date. Out of 33 queries he whole web page should be limited to and UMAX are confirmed and we're got 12 responses, 4 of whom said 20 KB to keep down to a reasonable working to match schedules with 3dfx "anytime." The rest were split by age load time of 5 to 15 seconds, using a and Power On Software. We are still or whether retired or working. CJ typical modem. • negotiating with a half dozen other

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 13 TC

"Hotline" pages for genealogy and Genealogy SIG SIG Chair Volunteers the software program, "Reunion". March Meeting If the tasks are divided among Needed several people, the SIG could easily continue as a focal point for geneal­ HE MEETING convened at NEW chairperson or co-chair ogy and computers within the Wash­ ten on the second Tuesday of the persons are needed for the Gen­ ington Apple Pi. One person has al­ Tmonth, 14 March 2000, in the WAP ealogy SIG. Mary and Ed Jor­ ready volunteered to be SysOp of the office. dan who helped launch the SIG with Genealogy board on the TCS. The topic of discussion, personal about 17 other Pi members in Septem­ For more information on the mis­ web pages, as announced in the ber 1997 are moving, probably this sion and directions of the SIG see the March-April WAP Journal (which for summer, to southeastern Pennsylva­ March-April issue of the Pi Journal. some arrived in the mail after this nia. Obviously, they cannot help run Come join a group of fellow meeting) was not presented because a SIG from such a distance although members and volunteer for YOUR they do plan to remain as Pi members organization. • the speaker was unable to come. and Ed has or will be listed on the Alden Bestul had been working on scanning and improving some fam­ ily photographic portraits, experi­ Geneology Schedule A volunteer is needed to initiate such menting with Photo Shop. He showed meetings. the group some original photographs THE GENEALOGY SIG meets regu­ SIG Topics and Agendas and the printed copies that resulted larly on the second Tuesday of every Prior meetings have covered such from his efforts to eliminate brown month except July and August. All topics as the use of U.S.Census spots in those very old originals. meetings are held from 10:00 am to ap­ records for genealogical research, This led to a discussion of the ge­ proximately noon in the Tutorial Civil War military and pension nealogy application "Reunion 6" and Room at the Pi Office in Rockville. records, demonstration of members' its use of photographs. We look for­ Topics and agendas are announced favorite Internet sites for genealogy ahead of time whenever possible on ward to having the author, Frank research, research at the DAR Library, the Pi Electronic calendars posted on Leister, come to one of our meetings resources of the Kensington LDS fam­ the TCS and the Explorer Service. ily history center etc. Call the office for this spring. They are also published in the Pi Jour­ next meeting info. • There are more than two dozen nal when time permits. names on the Genealogy SIG address Evening or weekend meetings of list but only a fraction of them come the SIG have been suggested by some. Eye Glasses to the Second Tuesday meetings. One deterrence must be the meeting time and date, which is during working hours for many people, though this time and date is favored by older, re­ tired people. In an experiment to ap­ Free eye exams Today peal to more people, the SIG has .. for tlte fomigltted # # squeezed onto the schedule of our Regular prices tomorrow ... for tile sl1onsiglued much used WAP office space. We have D D requested Saturday, 20 May 2000 at 1 PM for our May meeting. Finally, there was a discussion of the writing of biographies and auto­ biographies, both as a supplement to 0 1999 Charles Stancil - Reunion 6 pages and as stand alone files. The meeting adjourned at noon. • (continued page 83)

14 Washington Apple Pl Journal May I June 2000 Gymnasium, Northern Virginia Community College 8333 Little River Turnpike Annandale, VA washington plepi (Exit 6 West from 1-495) Saturday, 9 to 2 Get a Mac June 3, 2000 health checkup tr Bring in your Mac and, in return for a donation to the Pi, we'll check its health

s: c

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 15 IT

Lesnik of Beach Brothers Printing, Inc. and Steve Wallace of General Typog­ raphers, we were shown the com­ plexities ofFontographer the premier, Graphic Arts SIG Reports, albeit expensive, tool for designing fonts on the Macintosh. For most of us attending it was a glimpse into a Feb. &March 2000 Meetings versatile and deep program. The meeting started off with a re­ by Blake Lange view of font basics. There was a dis­ cussion of TrueType and PostScript fonts and how they work on the Mac. ANY YEARS ago I available at a print shop was quite This led to a review of the various stopped by the graphic limited. During the years I was at approaches to font management. One M arts department at my Case Tech a revolution in the typeset­ pitfall that was pointed out with a alma mater Case Institute of Technol­ ting industry took place; phototype chorus of, "It is true" was that fonts ogy in the basement of the old Case and offset printing replaced hot metal with the same name are not necessar­ Main building where Albert A. letterpress at most print shops. For the ily the same Sometimes even same­ Michelson had done research measur­ first time type had become scalable; named fonts made by the same com­ ing the speed of light some 85 years although some of the nuances of hot pany are different. The older fonts are earlier. In that hallowed hall I was type was lost-the slight variations in often different from the "improved" shown, for the first time, a type se­ design for each size. The next revolu­ newer fonts. Those with experience lection book. I talked at length to one tion in type began just twenty years warned everyone to always copy of the two artists about the business later; the digital type revolution began from one's System and send with the of designing typefaces and learned in full force and phototype was all but documents all fonts that are used in that there were a few people who gone within the next five years. With documents sent out for printing. If made their careers the design of type; digital type the possibilities are endless one does not, then a danger exists that the design of even one typeface was with all the nuances of the past to be the carefully designed out document an undertaking of some magnitude. recaptured and surpassed. The voca­ would change in unexpected ways. That was in the days of hot metal; tion of designing type is as, or more so­ Although Robin Williams (" ... the each line of type was set as a separate phisticated today than ever. Robin Williams if you are referring to slug of molten lead. There were sepa­ That this is true was born out at computer I type/ design books, ar­ rate molds for each size of each style the February Graphic Arts SIG meet­ ticles, and public speaking." From of each font. The number of fonts ing. Between presentations by Ann ratz.com faq about my name Robin Williams) has been bragging since 1993 that her daughter Scarlett, then seven, used Fontographer to design a typeface, the demonstration showed that that program is quite compli­ cated. (I recently logged onto Robin's web site to take another look at her font and be reminded of the font's name. It is a quite decorative display type with a limited number of char­ acters and by some wild coincidence is named Scarlett.) During the presen­ tations, not only was there discussion of Illustrator-like Bezier curves and screen optimized screen fonts for vari­ ous sizes, there were much more eso­ teric points. There was mention of font metrics with factors such as kerning

16 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 TC

March Meeting Video production the likes of which have not been seen before is now in the hands of the rest of us. Apple's digital video capabilities are hot and taking the country by storm. Even the limited capabilities of iMovie, the home-use software avail­ able only with iMac DVs drew a large crowd of the mostly professional graphic artists of the SIG to our March meeting. Within a few days after the meet­ ing the iMac appeared on the cover of Time magazine highlighting a lengthy feature mostly about people who have struck it rich posting their homemade video offerings on the Internet. Diagramming how inexpen­ sive things have become Time put to­ gether a two-page side story display­ ing the components of a complete iMac DV setup, marking the price of each item This meeting was informal in the extreme. While Sonny Tehan spent 10 to 15 minutes setting up the video filming, production, and broadcast studio, we mostly chatted among ourselves. When done setting things up Sonny said that desktop digital video is today where desktop pub­ lishing was in 1984. I would say it is more like 1987, the year the first truly professional tools Aldus PageMaker and Adobe Illustrator made their ad­ vents. Either way there is little doubt a revolution of yet another industry is under way. Compared to getting started with FinalCut Pro, setting up iMovie is just a piece of cake. But it is more limited pairs, baseline, ascent and descent, for the faint of heart. in what it can do. The documentation and spacing; there is also something Attending this meeting were amounts to only about ten online called hinting to adjust for output Blake Lange, Linden Tucker Bell, pages and there is not much of a learn­ resolution. If that were not enough Helen Dilley Barsalou, Sonny Tehan, ing curve. there are complicated naming con­ Valerie Burghardt, Ann Lesnik, Rob Sonny had taken video of his ventions, ASCII codes, font ID num­ Kleinsteuber, Russell Kirsch, Karen L. son's birthday party. In advance of the bers, limits to the number of active Klein, Ray Duke, Etana Finkler, Cindy meeting he had put together an fonts and surprise, surprise, Windows Sherwood, Tom Flecknoe, Harold iMovie amounting to stringing to­ is altogether another ballgame. And Flecknoe, S. Mason, SL Wallace, and gether several clips with added all of that does not even touch on the Kathi Overton. sounds, transitions and titles. The sophisticated elements of design. Not screen was simple with just three ar-

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 17 IT

the least amount of processing at this stage. Other options such as creating Quicktime movies involves resampling of the images and com­ pression. At this point we waited, talked among ourselves about plans for future meetings, waited, talked some more, and finally the rendering was complete. The whole process was shockingly simple; by the time the meeting was over there didn't seem like there was much left to talk about. Attending this meeting were Blake Lange, Helen Dilley Barsalou, Sonny Tohan, Ann Lesnik, Harald Hoiland, Virginia Sheard, Stuart Bonwit, Rob Kleinsteuber, Karen L. Klein, Kim Stark, Ray Duke, Mary Keene, Ann Aiken, Bobbi Simmons, Ed Goldstein, Ritz Balick, Karen Howe, Janet Simmon, Tom Flecknoe, Harold Flecknoe, Trudy Deitchman, Sy Deitchman, Adel Surmion, Kevin Coppedge, Ned Spencer, and Barry Schlegel.

Schedule The schedule for the Graphic Arts SIG over the next several months is Saturdays May 13, June 10, and July 8. Each meeting will be from lO:OOam to Noon. The rule of thumb, in case you want to figure out when there will be a meeting, is that the meetings are scheduled the second Saturday of each month except when the Wash­ ington Apple Pi has a major activity scheduled for that day. This year that means every month except December when the Computer Show and Sale eas. The top left was the video display viewed and cut to the desired length. will be held. window which looked just like a The clips were then brought into the Quicktime window. The upper right timeline by drag and drop. They were Directions was the storage place for the video then dragged around until placed in Mac Business Solutions is located clips that are brought into the produc­ the right sequence. Transition effects at 9057 Gaither Road, Gaithersburg, tion. At the bottom is the timeline were specified. This all took just a few Maryland 20877. The phone number where the various parts of the iMovie minutes. Once all of the parts were in is 301-330-4074. From Interstate 270 are assembled. After giving us this place only one step remained, rendering. and Shady Grove Road go East two preview Sonny said he would walk Up to this point all editing was lights, make a left onto Gaither Road, us through the project from scratch. being done on the full television-qual­ then almost immediately turn into the With the Fire Wire equipped cam­ ity original digitized video. Exporting second entrance on the right. From the era hooked up he brought in one clip the signal back out to videotape, as I Shady Grove Metro stop it is just a after another. Each clip was easily re- understand what was said, involves short taxi ride. •

18 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 rr

"This case is suffi­ ciently important that Redmond on the Potomac, Part 2 I believe you should read primary source By Lorin Evans material. Then, if you wish, read the spin THE JANUARYissueofthe positions, the exercise was long on found in assorted }!oumal, we introduced you to the hope. You will see why as you read antitrust case: United States v. through this piece. media or the verbiage Microsoft. Microsoft is accused by the This case is sufficiently important emanating from the Department of Justice (OOfl and nine­ that I believe you should read pri­ teen states and the District of Colum­ mary source material. Then, if you principles and their bia ("the plaintiff states"), with using wish, read the spin found in assorted spokespersons." a series of exclusionary, media or the verbiage emanating anticompetitive, and predatory acts to from the principles and their spokes­ maintain its monopoly position in the persons. My spin is found at the end This language operates to limit the market for operating systems and of this piece. Judge Jackson worked means by which a firm may lawfully web browsers, in violation of the hard to master the subject matter and either acquire or perpetuate mo­ Sherman Antitrust Act. writes clearly. He first identifies ap- nopoly power . . . through The presiding judge is Thomas plicable portions of Sherman Anti­ anticompetitive acts." Penfield Jackson. Judge Jackson trust, then supporting case law, and chose a three part approach to work­ finally applies his Findings of Fact. Concludes Judge Jackson ing through the issues in the case. What follows comes principally from "In this case, the plaintiffs postu­ First he would issue Findings of Conclusions of Law. Dots are used lated the relevant market as being the Fact.[1] Based on those facts, he where legal citations or detail of spe­ worldwide licensing of Intel-compat­ would issue Conclusions of Law [2], cific cases are removed. ible PC operating systems.... The and finally, order remedies for any Court has already found ... fhat there violations of the law. A background Summary are currently no products - and that piece on this case and the Findings of To put it simply, the Court con­ there are not likely to be any in the Fact are found in the first article in this cludes that Microsoft maintained its near future - that a significant percent­ series. The judge found that (1) there monopoly power by anticompetitive age of computer users worldwide is factual evidence to show that means and attempted to monopolize could substitute for Intel-compatible Microsoft holds a monopoly power the Web browser market, by unlaw­ PC operating systems without incur­ for Intel-compatible PC operating sys­ fully tying its Web browser to its op­ ring substantial costs. The Court has tems; (2) Microsoft punishes compa­ erating system. (The Court did not further found that no firm not cur­ nies that resist it offers; and (3), its find for DOJ that the effect of rently marketing Intel-compatible PC actions harm consumers. Microsoft's marketing arrangements operating systems could start doing Given those findings, the ques­ with other companies constituted un­ so in a way that would, within a rea­ tion becomes what if any violations lawful exclusive dealing.) In addition, sonably short period of time, present of law are covered by those factual the Court holds Microsoft liable un­ a significant percentage of such con­ conclusions? That is the subject of der the antitrust laws of "the plaintiff sumers with a viable alternative to Conclusions of Law and this article. states" as well. existing Intel-compatible PC operat­ Conclusions was released Monday, ing systems. April 3, 2000, after a one week delay Quotes From Conclusions "[T]he Court has inferred that if during which Justice and the states on a single firm or cartel controlled the one side, and Microsoft on the other, Says Sherman About Monopoly licensing of all Intel-compatible PC tried to finalize an out-of-court settle­ " ... it is unlawful for a person or operating systems worldwide, it ment. Such was not to be. If the post­ firm to 'monopolize ... any part of could set the price of a license sub­ release statements of the parties can the trade or commerce among the sev­ stantially above that which would be be used to divine their negotiating eral States, or with foreign nations ..' charged in a competitive market-and

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 19 IT leave the price there for a significant is "exclusionary" - that is, whether it Microsoft's Conduct Taken period of time - without losing so has restricted significantly, or threat­ Asa Whole many customers as to make the action ens to restrict significantly, the ability "As the foregoing discussion illus­ unprofitable. This inference, in turn, of other firms to compete in the rel­ trates, Microsoft's campaign to pro­ has led the Court to find that the li­ evant market on the merits of what tect the applications barrier from ero­ censing of all Intel-compatible PC they offer customers. . . . In other sion by network-centric middleware operating systems worldwide does in words, predatory behavior is patently can be broken down into discrete cat­ fact constitute the relevant market in anticompetitive. Proof that a firm egories of activity, several of which on the context of the plaintiffs' monopoly with monopoly power engaged in their own independently satisfy the . maintenance claim... systems cur­ such behavior thus necessitates a find­ .. monopoly maintenance claim. But rently exceeds ninety-five percent, and ing of liability." only when the separate categories of the firm's share would stand well conduct are viewed, as they should above eighty percent even if the Mac Concludes Judge Jackson be, as a single, well-coordinated OS were included in the market [T]he "In this case, Microsoft early on rec­ course of action does the full extent applications barrier to entry protects ognized middleware [Ed note: what of the violence that Microsoft has Microsoft's dominant market share. we call applications] as the Trojan done to the competitive process reveal This barrier ensures that no Intel­ horse that, once having, in effect, in­ itself.... In essence, Microsoft compatible PC operating system filtrated the applications barrier, mounted a deliberate assault upon other than Windows can attract sig­ could enable rival operating systems entrepreneurial efforts that, left to rise nificant consumer demand, and the to enter the market for Intel-compat­ or fall on their own merits, could well barrier would operate to the same ef­ ible PC operating systems unim­ have enabled the introduction of com­ fect even if Microsoft held its prices peded. Simply put, middleware petition into the market for Intel-com­ substantially above the competitive threatened to demolish Microsoft's patible PC operating systems. While level for a protracted period of time. coveted monopoly power. Alerted to the evidence does not prove that they Together, the proof of dominant mar­ the threat, Microsoft strove over a would have succeeded absent ket share and the existence of a sub­ period of approximately four years to Microsoft's actions, it does reveal that stantial barrier to effective entry cre­ prevent middleware technologies Microsoft placed an oppressive ate the presumption that Microsoft from fostering the development of thumb on the scale of competitive for­ enjoys monopoly power.... Further­ enough full-featured, cross-platform tune, thereby effectively guaranteeing more, neither Microsoft's efforts at applications to erode the applications its continued dominance in the rel­ technical innovation nor its pricing barrier. In pursuit of this goal, evant market. More broadly, behavior is inconsistent with the pos­ Microsoft sought to convince devel­ Microsoft's anticompetitive actions session of monopoly power." opers to concentrate on Wmdows­ trammeled the competitive process "In short, the proof of Microsoft's specific APis and ignore interfaces through which the computer software dominant, persistent market share exposed by the two incarnations of industry generally stimulates innova­ protected by a substantial barrier to middleware that posed the greatest tion and conduces to the optimum entry, together with Microsoft's fail­ threat, namely, Netscape's Navigator benefit of consumers. ure to rebut that prima fade showing Web browser and Sun's implementa­ "Viewing Microsoft's conduct as effectively and the additional indicia tion of the Java technology. a whole also reinforces the conviction of monopoly power, have compelled Microsoft's campaign succeeded in that it was predacious. Microsoft paid the Court to find as fact that Microsoft preventing - for several years, and vast sums of money, and renounced enjoys monopoly power in the rel­ perhaps permanently-Navigator and many millions more in lost revenue evant market." Java from fulfilling their potential to every year, in order to induce firms open the market for Intel-compatible to take actions that would help en­ On Anticompetitive Means PC operating systems to competition hance Internet Explorer's share of "[O]nce it is proved that the defen­ on the merits. Because Microsoft browser usage at Navigator's ex­ dant possesses monopoly power in a achieved this result through exclu­ pense. These outlays cannot be ex­ relevant market, liability for monopo­ sionary acts that lacked plained as subventions to maximize lization depends on a showing that procompetitive justification, the return from Internet Explorer. the defendant used anticompetitive Court deems Microsoft's conduct the Microsoft has no intention of ever methods to achieve or maintain its maintenance of monopoly power by charging for licenses to use or distrib­ position. . .. The threshold question . anticompetitive means." ute its browser. Moreover, neither the ..is whether the defendant's conduct desire to bolster demand for Win-

20 Washington Apple Pl Journal May/ ·June 2000 re dows nor the prospect of ancillary Microsoft with de facto monopoly fastest changing market place on revenues from Internet Explorer can power in the browser market. earth." explain the lengths to which Microsoft ''When Netscape refused to aban­ has gone. In fact, Microsoft has ex­ don the development of browsing Avert Your Gaze pended wealth and foresworn oppor­ software for 32-bit versions of Wm­ Mr. Gates focused:on what his tunities to realize more in a manner dows, Microsoft's strategy for protect­ company's products have done for and to an extent that can only repre­ ing the applications barrier became consumers. The Court focused on how sent a rational investment if its pur­ one of expanding Internet Explorer's Microsoft made that possible. Instead pose was to perpetuate the applica­ share of browser usage - and simul­ of allowing the "obvious" virtues in tions barrier to entry. Because taneously depressing Navigator's Microsoft products to speak for them­ Microsoft's business practices "would share - to an extent sufficient to dem­ selves in the marketplace-which is not be considered profit maximizing onstrate to developers that Navigator where Microsoft wishes you to focus except for the expectation that ... the would never emerge as the standard your gaze-the Court focused on the entry of potential rivals" into the mar­ software employed to browse the use of anticompetitive and coercive ket for Intel-compatible PC operating Web. While Microsoft's top executives tools by Microsoft to assure their systems will be "blocked or de­ never expressly declared acquisition products achieve dominant market layed," ... Microsoft's campaign must of monopoly power in the browser penetration. Mr. Gates makes it sound be termed predatory. Since the Court market to be the objective, they knew, like you have all the choices you could has already found that Microsoft pos­ or should have known, that the tac­ possibly want. The Court points out sesses monopoly power,... , the tics they actually employed were that choice and innovation was denied predatory nature of the firm's conduct likely to push Internet Explorer's to the public by the tactics of compels the Court to hold Microsoft share to those extreme heights. Microsoft, and that we are the poorer liable under the Sherman Act. Navigator's slow demise would leave for it. a competitive vacuum for only Mr. Gates ended his remarks at Says Sherman Internet Explorer to fill. Yet, there is the press conference by saying: "We "In addition to condemning actual no evidence that Microsoft tried-<>r recognize we have a responsibility to monopolization, Sherman Act de­ even considered trying-to prevent provide positive leadership on behalf clares that it is unlawful for a person its anticompetitive campaign from of consumers and our industry. We or firm to "attempt to monopolize ... achieving overkill. Under these cir­ take this responsibility very seri­ any part of the trade or commerce cumstances, it is fair to presume that ously." among the several States, or with for­ the wrongdoer intended "the prob­ Those two sentences are kind of eign nations ..." Relying on this lan­ able consequences of its acts." revealing. My guess is that the PR ma­ guage, Uustice and the states] assert chinery that Microsoft has assembled that Microsoft's anticompetitive ef­ So What will mount a full court press to focus forts to maintain its monopoly power There is not a lot of mileage go­ attention towards the public good in the market for Intel-compatible PC ing toe-to-toe with Conclusions at the achieved by use of Microsoft prod­ operating systems warrant additional post-release press conferences held by ucts. Watch for a series of institutional liability as an illegal attempt to amass Friends of Bill. Bill Gates said: "This advertising and orchestrated lobby­ monopoly power in "the browser ruling turns on its head the reality that ing by the commercial side to neutral­ market." The Court agrees. consumers know, that our software ize, via focus shifting, the actual mes­ has helped make PC's more accessible sage of the Court. Says Judge Jackson and affordable to millions. We started "The evidence in this record also with just a few simple ideas, and the OBE satisfies the requirement of specific in­ results have helped bring lower You are going to read that this case tent. Microsoft's effort to convince prices, improve productivity and has been overtaken by events (QBE). Netscape to stop developing plat­ enormous benefits to consumers. As Market realities and the dynamic na­ form-level browsing software for the we look ahead to the appeals process, ture of the product makes such exer­ 32-bit versions of Wmdows was made innovation will continue to be the cises by Justice a waste of taxpayer's with full knowledge that Netscape's number one priority at Microsoft. dollars. Don't buy that line for a acquiescence in this market allocation Microsoft's past success has been minute. It does matter what they did scheme would, without more, have built on innovation and creativity, as it affects you today. And un­ left Internet Explorer with such a large and our future success depends on checked, there is no reason why share of browser usage as to endow that ability to keep innovating in the (continued page 82)

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 21 I

Blue case. When IE 5 launched, every­ thing was trimmed in Bondi Blue. Neat! So we crept up on a blue-and­ white Power Mac G3, and installed it on that machine. When IE 5 launched, Microsoft Internet Explorer 5: it was decked out in blueberry, once again. Finally, we installed it on a Quick Look grape iMac that someone had fool­ ishly asked us to examine: it came up © 2000 Washington Apple Pi Labs in - blueberry. Having used up a huge portion of our available time installing the HEN MICROSOFT There were some nagging doubts, program on unsuspecting computers, sent some representatives to however. It was, after all, a demo. we've come to the conclusion that, on WWashington Apple Pi in Janu­ Childhood chores are a demo; a ca­ a Bondi Blue iMac, at least, IE 5 will ary, they showed off a late beta ver- reer is the real thing. In January, the be trimmed in Bondi Blue at launch. sion of Internet Explorer 5 for the Microsofties did not actually use On everything else we tried (blue and Macintosh. The result was unex­ Internet Explorer to connect to the white G3, blueberry iBook, exciting pected: even the die-hard Netscape Internet (there was no network line beige Power Mac 8600, etc.), IE 5 took fans admitted that, at least during the or phone line on stage), so essentially on blueberry colors at launch. We demo, IE 5 looked real, real slick. Vi­ the Microsoft representatives demon­ wanted to experiment a bit more but sually, at least, quite striking. strated a beta version of the software (a) people were beginning to give us Impressing an early Saturday running on simulated data. The "real" very strange looks and (b) there were morning crowd on a cold January day version was slated to ship in Febru­ probably othe r, more interesting is an accomplishment. People tend to ary, they said. things to note besides color. be very skeptical at this time of d ay, So, on the last Monday in March, Color, as it turns out, is wondering to themselves, "Should I 2000, Microsoft Internet Explorer 5 configurable. If you don't want a blue­ have stayed in bed? Where can I get a appeared on Microsoft's Web site, a berry IE 5 browser on your blueberry cup of hot cocoa? Why didn' t I attend month late. So late, in fact, that Wash­ iBook, you can use the View menu to the January MacWorld, in sunny San ington Apple Pi Labs had almost no select from a range of colors: blue­ Francisco?" But the sem i-frozen Gen­ time to write this article before ship­ berry, bondi, grape, graphite, lime, eral Meeting audience was genuinely ping it off for publication. So late, to PowerBook black, PowerBook impressed. tell the truth, that almost as much time bronze, strawberry or tangerine. This was spent writing strikes us as a very Mac-like feature: this article as trying . ' while some Windows users worry "" ' out IE 5. "We don't about colors on their machines, Mac ,J I have time to review people are often obsessed with such it, so let's just say we Would you like to set Internet EXplorer H your details. The only possible problem default browser? looked at it." with nine color choices: some people And it is, indeed, will want 900. a looker. Installing it Once you get beyond the striking (if Don't show this message again. on an ung uarded colors, the next thing you notice is: the blueberry iBook, we Macln osh Edition size. Everything in the IE browser launched Internet window looks like it was magnified. Explorer and no­ As it turns out, it has been m agnified: ticed that the icons, loodl119 Preferences end Plug-l ru1 IE 5 ships with settings that essentially highlights and other give you a 96 dpi (dots per inch) view visual elements of the Web, making everything about were all blueberry. a third larger than the usual Microsoft Internet Explorer 5 asks you if you want to make Curious, we then in­ Macintosh 72 dpi standard. it your default browser. If you say "No," it doesn't argue stalled it on an un­ If this isn't unsettling enough, with you. The checkbox allows you to turn off this question; guarded iMac, with Microsoft compounds the problem by othenvise, you'll be asked each time you launch it. an original Bondi selecting non-standard fonts and

22 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 I

Internet Explorer Preferences ~ ....- ? El "One reason we in­ ------.- Language ------. v Yeb Brovnr some Internet sites offer content In multiple l&fl91J89t3. You can O Browstr Displ1y set your preferred la119ueges belo"w', In order of priority. stalled IE 5 on so many O 'Wtb Content English [en) 11 (~ Mov-,e Up l machines, by the way, was 0 L¥19u•9e1Fonts I Move Do.... n I O St.Cser iptions I Add ... I the ease of installation. IE 5 0 J•va I [ Delete l ships as a "self mounting O Stcurity !J . O Stcur ity Zonts ·;:. .- Fents and Size ------. image" file, and to install it, 0 R•tinc}s ;' Size: I 16 I : I Resol utlon: I 96 dpl (default) I : )

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I Cancel ) OK ij I larger than average font sizes for dis­ playing everything. Since Macs first As it ships, Internet Explorer 5 displays Web pages using a non-standard (for Macintosh, started browsing the Web, the "stan­ at least) screen resolution, non-standard fonts, and in unusually large points sizes. For­ dard" display font size has been 12 tunately, you can reset even;thing to more comfortable, reasonable defaults points, with Times used for propor­ ii& File Edit View Go Favorites Tools Window Help tional text and Courier for El - ®Washington Apple Pl, Ud. ---· ::::= monospaced text. Microsoft changes "-~ _., these to the more Windows-like Trmes Stop' Rtfnsh Aulofill Print • • '":Mair New Roman and Courier New fonts, and bumps the point size up to 16 @ .li>plo Stort @ Hicf-fl H>oToplo points. It also adds Arial as the default Washington Apple Pi, Ltd. sans-serif font, Script MT Bold as the I ~O'.!'.l Parklawn Drive default cursive font (default cursive Rockville, Maryland USA 20852 font?), and Old English Text MT as the 301-984-0300 default fantasy font (fantasy font?). These changes can be a bit discon­ This enbre site Copyright C> 1978-2000 certing. When you visit your usual Washington Apple P~ Ltd. Web pages, you'll notice that IE 5 dis­ Server questions? plays only about two-thirds of what you are used to seeing; you now need The . The The Book The Movie The Store The Ride NUri16er The Recipe CaJendar to scroll (up and down as well as side­

Washington Apple Pi is an i.utemab.onal user group, with 1 ways) to see all the material. Visually, history spanning three dec1des to the dawn of personal computing. 'The everything looks uncomfortably Pi' continuu to 11rve users o!the very first per1onll computers u well 11 users of the moll modem. 1dvanced systems through its meetings. large, reminding you of kindergarten magazine, computer bulletin boud and lntemet servicu. books. Fortunately, you can control the Networking Special! look, dropping everything back to Apl"il 22. 2000: Washington Apple Pi will host Adobe "normal" after going to the Edit (honest, our Palm PDAs talked to their Pahn PDAs and menu, selecting Preferences, and then everyone says it will work this _time), and the_world's largest fiddling with the Language/Font sec­ ~tf'f"'M.1 zo"' ~ tion. This will be critical for those with If you look at a Web page in Internet Explorer 5, first in the over-large sizes (above) "small" monitors (less than 800 x 600 that it uses as defaults, and later in Macintosh-standard sizes (see page 21), you'll pixels), as the new IE 5 defaults chew quickly see that Microsoft's initial settings show far less ofa page, requiring the user up way, way too much screen space. to scroll around more. Of course, if you have poor eyes and

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 23 Tools Window He lp IE 5 seems a bit more Apple's MR] (Macintosh Runtime for shlngton Appll! Pl, Ud. i civilized than past ver­ Java) rather than Microsoft's own Java sions. When you launch it package (which, on the Windows

Rs for the very first time, it side, at least, has been constantly N asks if you want to make it plagued with security and compat­ your default browser, and ibility problems). Similarly, "' lllueberry llondl has a check box you can Microsoft's Active X technology, an­ Grape use to keep it from asking other security vulnerability, is turned Graphite Stop Loading M. Lime this question again. Even off by default; if you want it, you must Refl'l!Sh MA Power&ook Illa ck better, it pays attention to explicitly tum it on. IE 5 installs a cur­ Reload Images Power&ook Bronze J11Va Messages Strawbl!rry your answer: if you say rent version (as of this writing) of Source ME Tangerine "No," it believes you. Apple's QuickTime browser plug-in. Macintosh users are famous for being fond of esthet­ It is also better be­ The installer also asks if you want it ics, so giving the user the option of selecting the haved when it comes to to install some Microsoft fonts; if you browser's color trim is a nice touch. Even if you adding System Folder clut­ say "no," it doesn't pout about it. wouldn't dream of using anything but bluebem;, the ter. A few things are added Speed is difficult to judge because thought ofsetting your supervisor's browser to straw- to the Extensions folder, the Internet does not operate at a but the bulk of the addi­ steady rate. But IE 5 at least seems tions are placed in faster than earlier versions, and in the MS Prefer­ some cases it is most definitely faster ences Panels than Netscape Communicator 4.7. folder. IE 5 uses Keep in mind, however, that, by the time this article appears in print, Netscape may have something else in

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24 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 "Those with small screens will appreciate another IE 5 feature: you can turn off Don't Discard That Rotten most of the screen clutter. Apple - Make It an As it ships, IE 5 has a button bar, an address Internet Server, Part I bar, a favorites bar, an © 2000 Richard S. Sternberg. explorer bar and a status bar, all active at the same time and all taking up This article may be reprinted in whole or scrap heap. If you are one of those in part freely with or without attribution. people, all of the ingredients are there space on the screen. " for you to create and control your own HEN MY TEN year old Web presence. the running; br~wser speed is, in any returned from summer camp This will be the first of two articles case, of lesser 1mpor~ance than theW knowing how to make a Web on how to save an old Macintosh from speed of the Interne~ link. page, I decided that, I, too, could cre- scrap and use freeware or cheap One reaso~ we mstalled IE 5 on ate my own Web site. Though I shareware to set up a single-line so many ~achmes~ by the w~y, was haven't programmed anything larger multihosted Web server for unlimited the ease of mstallation. IE 5 ships as a than a calculator since around 1978, I hosts and domains. In this segment, "self ~ounting image" fi~e, and to in- realized, after a little more thought we'll talk about how to use freeware stall it, you merely drag 1t onto your and a skillful assist from friends on and widely available non-specialized ~ard drive. The rest of ~he c~nfigura- the TCS, that I had just about every- Web authoring tools to create a Web hon takes place the first hme you thing 1 needed to create and manage page even your child could make, la~nch the. brow~er. Use.rs of acompletemultihosted Web and mail and, we'll cover registering your do­ Microsoft Office 98 will recogruze the server for almost an unlimited num- main names, so you can pick your technique (Office 98 is also installed ber of Web sites of unlimited size and names and decide what your piece of by just dragging it to the hard drive), to host unlimited email accounts suf- cyberspace ought to look like. We'll and it is both quick and easy. ficient for a medium-sized law office also discuss the minimum hardware

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 25 that you can control your interface TCS servers. to serve Web pages and email. If all with the Internet using little more This implies another require­ you want is a simple, single Web do­ than scrap silicon and freeware. And ment: your machine must be able to main, the effort involved in this if a lawyer can do this as a winter holi­ use Ethernet. Unlike other platforms, project is probably not worthwhile day project, it can't be too impossible you will need only one machine and when commercial Internet Service only one IP address to serve as many Providers (ISPs) charge as little as Minimum Requirements domains or secondary IP addresses as $7.95 per month to host your domain The key to this miracle is Apple's your memory allows. I experience no name, and they provide rudimentary Open Transport 1.3, which is included recognizable service deterioration email service and five megs of Web as part of Mac OS 8. While most of serving five IP addresses and eight space. If you don't insist on having the documentation suggests that the domains, plus email service, on my your own domain name, that is, servers can run on System 7.5.3 and low volume site. Most of the informa­ something like later and some earlier versions of tion you may read about server abili­ www.SternbergLaw.Net. free Web Open Transport, I can only verify that ties is written by programmers, hosting is widely available. This set it works with Mac OS 8.1 (you might whose experience is in preparing for of articles is only worthwhile if you recall that the earlier releases of OS 8 major site traffic or ISP servers; real want to host multiple Web sites. suffered from some reliability issues) small business or personal use We need to discuss some termi­ and Open Transport 1.3. The magic internet servers don't seem to be able nology before proceeding, even you need from Open Transport is its to approach the traffic volume that though that's not as fun as making a facility for using the Mac's hidden can slow my ancient, war-weary server. It essential to use consistent ability to perform single-line Centris. Converting my non-Ethemet­ terms to understand what are other­ multihosting. In a Wintel or Linux read y Centris 610 required some wise reasonably easy concepts, but server, you'd need multiple Ethernet swapping with another Ethernet­ none of the major commercial or cards and controllers along with com­ ready Centris 610 and a $35 Ethernet shareware publishers use the terms plex routing tables, filters, and rules adapter, but most creative people consistently. This article adopts the individually programmed to route ought to be able to find a relatively definitions used by Andreas Pardeike, information to serve multiple do­ free source for a scrapped Ethemet­ author of a wonderful Web server mains; the magic word ready machine. plug-in named Welcome, not only "multihosting" allows that to become It is probably a good idea to use a because his technical support, pricing, remarkably simple on a Mac. But the machine with a good complement of and product are superior, but because term "or later" may be limited: Apple memory. The servers we'll be using everyone else's usage of these terms, has indicated that single-line run much better if virtual memory is specifically including Apple and So­ multihosting capacity may be ex­ turned off. An original equipment cial Engineering, is inconsistent and cluded from the new OS X. My supply of four or eight megabytes not helpful. Indeed, even if you don't Centris 610 may be a better Web may cause problems, but you need use Mr. Pardeike's Web server plug­ server than its much, much later and not fill the machine as you might to­ in, Welcome, for virtual multihosting, faster descendents. day. The 44 megabytes already in my statistics, or rules and routing, his You will also need at least one Centris work just fine. Web manual was key in my under­ fixed IP address. While that address Finally, the documentation for most standing of basic concepts necessary need not be on-line all the time, it will of the server software I used says they for this project. You can download the be easier to complete - and it makes require at least a 68020 processor, as Welcome manual and plug-in at much more sense for a Web server - in the original Mac LC, but, as a prac­ http:/ /welcome.pardeike.net. if it is. An Internet Protocol, IP ad­ tical matter, the price and availability dress, is a set of four numbers in the difference between a 680LC40 or approximate form 216.50.13.164, PowerMac 6100 and an LC is insig­ which is the primary IP address of my nificant, and Social Engineering, the host. The need for a fixed IP address publisher of the Web server we'll be means that you could not use your using, states that its Web server will TCS account as a router to your run significantly faster on a 6100. internet servers, because the TCS, like almost all dial-up systems and some Objectives and Terminology other protocols, assigns a variable IP Your objectives should probably address to you when you sign into the include setting up multiple domains

26 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 Domain: A domain is a name regis­ Multihosting: Multihosting is I chose to set up my Web server tered in the InterNIC naming system the art of cleverly using a single com­ as a single-line multihosted senrer. I for you. StembergLaw.Net is a do­ puter to respond as if it were several had no article like this to help me. I main, of which separate computers, each with their was worried about incompatibility www.SternbergLaw.Net is a host own unique host name. Multihosting problems. I decided I could always name (name or alias of a particular might be the most frequently add virtual hosts to my system after I machine). Byregisteringyourdomain ~isdefined term in modem comput­ use up all of the available IP ad­ with the InterNIC, computers con­ mg. I have seen it named IP Aliasing, dresses, but I wanted to keep this as nected to the Internet anywhere can Secondary IP Address Support, IP simple as possible. If you only have be directed to any information you are Masquerading, Multihoming, and IP access to limited IP addresses, or if providing under that name and to the Multinode Support. Multihosting is you can't get single-line multihosting host computer on which that informa­ the ability of one computer to act as a software like I did, or if you don't care tion is stored. host for more than one domain. about how you multihost, or if you don't want to go through the hassle Virtual Hosting: Virtual host­ Host: A host is a computer on of unlocking your Mac's single-line the Internet offering some service ing performs the trick of multihosting multihosting potential, virtual host­ (such as a Web site). While often used by allowing the DNS to "advertise" ing may be a better choice for you. as a synonym for domain, because the multiple host names for a single ma­ role of the domain naming system chine. The host names are registered in the InterNIC DNS as all appearing (DNS) is to link hosts and domains, it Let's get reglsteredl is much more precise to use the word at the same IP address. Since nothing in the DNS rules prevents more than Registering a domain name is host when referring to the computer shockingly easy, as some of the recent performing Web, email, or other one host name from being pointed at a single IP address, this is permitted. advertisements have suggested. Internet services, and domain when There are four companies that provide referring to the domain when refer­ The host is provided with some method of distinguishing between the easy name checking and either reser­ ring to the Web, email, or other vation or registration. The original Internet service. host names when requests come to its IP address. This trick has the disad­ was the InterNIC found at http:// www.nic.com I. but there are others IP Address: An IP (Internet vantage that the DNS will fail to work when providing a reverse lookup. at http: //www.register.com/ and Protocol) Address is the unique nu­ many other places. Until recently, meric address of a machine on the Because it can only return one host name, it will return the primary host your ISP could register the address for Internet. Since computers speak in you, and send your payment later, but numbers and most people speak name listed in the DNS for that IP address. This prevents some secure NIC now wants its payment up front much better in words and names, the and my ISP, at least, declined to bill domain naming system was created services from being used on a virtual domain. me. The price for a domain name in to perform the arduous task of con­ the .com, .org or .net range is $70 for verting the unique numeric addresses two years, conveniently payable by used by computers into unique words Single-line Multihosting: Single-line multihosting performs the secure connection with a credit card. and names used by people, and vice The sites are all quite self-explanatory, versa. trick of multihosting by enabling the host to answer multiple IP addresses and I'd suggest you go there yourself, using a single Ethernet card and line rather than going through an ISP, if DNS: A DNS is both a refer­ only because you can check all the ence to the Domain Naming System to the Internet. Each host name has its own IP address. names you ever considered to see if and to a computer protocol that pro­ they're available, as shown in one re­ vides domain naming system services cent television commercial.

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pl Journal 27 I

...... *- ...... ~­ ...... ~ . -- hope everything actually works Word '98. My first choice, Netscape without prior testing; Composer, which is included in register . 2) reserve the name for an ad­ Netscape Communicator, is free. If •COm ditional cost while you get ev­ you merely want to post a resume or tlM IJ,.C at• en h ...... ~· -""""' · ...... erything arranged so nobody brochure or many things you can '"''·~·.,,_.·-----···· ..... steals your favorite name (I ac­ write or present in Word, try using the ....---~-...... - ·~-­ tually lost my first choice - af­ "Save as HTML" command in the File ter considering this project for menu, and then open the resulting nine months - by half a day document in Composer. Or, open after I sent in the order to regis­ your favorite Web site in Communi­ ter to my ISP, and I've been told cator, and, so long as you comply with that some of the registration applicable copyright laws, save the sites sell name request inquiries results as a file on your drive. Or, use to" entrepreneurs" who reserve one of the many, many models pro­ Figure 1: One of the many sites which and try to re-sell the names); vided with Word. can help you register your domain 3) get the registration information Be ready to say "Shazam!" name. from your current ISP or a temporary I'm busy posting basic resumes or hosting site and "park" the domain practice descriptions of attorneys with Note that Register.com offers do­ name(s) until your Web server is whom I work as fast as I can get the mains that end in .md. For medical working, while designing and testing attorneys to send them to me in elec­ doctors only-supposedly-but the your Web site designs from their host tronic form. Creating each new Web Internet is a flashback to the Wild in the meantime. Registration rules page now takes me a few minutes. West when it comes to rules. I can't assign the domain to you, and you can This is much easier than anyone imagine in that environment that transfer the domain when you wish. wants to tell you. At the very least, there'd be much enforcement, any­ Services like minimal hosting can cost you will learn that the qualities you way. Folks from Maryland therefore as little as $7.95 per month per site, or are seeking in a good Web page de­ might consider that the country of $49 per year for secondary Web host­ signer are not programming skills. Moldavia is selling its assigned do­ ing, which merely points your do­ With the automation of HTML lan­ main names to Americans - suppos­ main name to a host elsewhere. guage writing, any average fourth edly to medical doctors. Moldavia has grader can master a sufficient level of been assigned the suffix .MD. I don't Creating your site HTML authoring. For better-designed know the details regarding price and So much has been written about sites, you are looking for page layout registration, but it isn't hard to find. I top-of-the-line Web authoring soft­ and creative design skills, rather than did not obtain a .MD address, because ware, that I was petrified about creat­ programming skills. the consensus in my family was that ing my own site more than about cre­ a domain like Sternberg.MD would ating a server - until my ten year old Setting up Open Transport for confuse people and would not be as­ returned from a day of summer camp Single-line Multihostlng sociated by most people with "the with a basic explanation of how to If you have an old System 7 Mac, Sternbergs of Maryland." If I was craft a Web site. Still, all my friends your first step will be to upgrade it to Montgomery County, however, I'd - and all the pros - united to tell Mac OS 8, unless you wish to brave forget about that .gov stuff and snap me the job of writing a simple site new ground and try this under Sys­ up Montgomery.MD. could not be accomplished without tem 7. Even with pre-Mac OS 8 ma­ Before you can register your se­ software packages ranging in price chines, multihosting can supposedly lections, you will need information from $129 to $350. Since the cost of a be achieved with Open Transport and like the name and registration infor­ commercial Web authoring package cheap shareware products like mation of the responsible party. Once seems impractical, especially if one IPNetRouter. And it is fairly easy to you've completed creating all of the considers the drafting time and the tell whether you've successfully un­ servers to be described in this series risk of failing and having to hire a locked multihosting by pinging it. of articles, you'll be able to be your professional anyway, I refused to pur­ You won't be able to bring some older own responsible party, but in the chase a Web authoring tool. Macs past OS 8.1, but 8.1 will do fine. meantime, you have a few choices: I didn't have to. I already owned Before you upgrade your Mac to Mac 1) wait until you're done setting up the tool that became my second favor­ OS 8, reformat your drive, then strip everything, and then register and ite Web drafting software, Microsoft everything off the machine which

28 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 isn't discussed in this article other acceptable locally, but which are im­ than a spare copy of Netscape Navi­ proper in the Internet naming conven­ gator. The server we are going to be tions. The IP address 192.168.2.nnn is "If you have an old System creating will not be fully secure, but commonly used for this in text books, 7 Mac, your first step will it will be more secure and much more and I suggest you use the first three competent than Apple (or Windows) segments for testing, but insert your be to upgrade it to Mac OS Personal Web Sharing. While there are future actual IP address for the nnn 8, unless you wish to no known security holes that could be segment. Later, it will be easy to make used to affect your applications or the changes that'll put you on line. brave new ground and try data, why take chances? Erase all Call your ISP and get the IP addresses this under System 7. Even prior data and reformat the drive. If you'll be assigned for your server. As that sounds too time-consuming or an aside, an IP address can be used with pre-Mac OS 8 ma­ troublesome, don't bother. for many things, so don't ask your ISP chines, multihosting can Now, clean install Mac OS 8.1, or, the wrong question when seeking an Mac OS 8, as I did. Upgrading to 8.1 IP. Your ISP won't know what IPs you supposedly be achieved is free from Apple at http:// have for your server; they won't even with Open Transport and asu.info.apple.com /swupdates.nsf I know you have a server, and they may artnum/n10491). I strongly recom­ get confused and give you the IP ad­ cheap shareware products mend a clean install of the operating dress for the server you are using on like IPNetRouter." system. While you're installing, leave their host. You want to know what IP out Apple's Personal Web Sharing, or addresses are assigned to you. For tum its extension and control panel example, we have the series from Yours will probably connect via off using Extensions Manager after 216.50.13.160 to 216.50.13.192, which Ethernet, rather than Alternate the installation, and restart the com­ our ISP assigned to us assuming we Ethernet (see Fig. 2), but you want to puter; Personal Web Sharing, if left on, were going to put PCs on all but the insertyour primary host address, or may seize Web serving port 80, leav­ first two addresses. Our available IP your test address, in the IP Address. ing it unavailable for the new Web addresses are any in that series, ex­ Use this submask for testing, but server, and Personal Web Sharing is cept the first two. I chose to "locate" eventually switch to the data pro­ reported to be immensely slower, in­ my Internet hosts at 216.50.13.164 vided by your ISP for IP Address, capable of multihosting, and prob­ through 216.50.13.168. Subnet mask, Router, and Name serv­ lematic. Open the TCP /IP control panel. ers. You may list your domain names Keep a copy of a small version as I have under Additional search Netscape Navigator that will run on domains, since this will help internal the Web server, so you'll have easier searches from your machine, but it is access to the Web from the server to optional and not worth the discussion retrieve missing files and software time in a novice article. ·~==~il--~""·-G-"-- during the installations. But, if you '-" 1...... , ...... __ _ _...tl ,.._,.._.,,_,_, I If you want to single-line can't find Netscape Navigator be­ ~ .... _...... Ii' multihost, you must create a new file cause, like me, you deleted it when p.-.., ltlitJ• .)t.. --· !mc:ri.1!:114 called "IP Secondary Addresses" us­ you wiped your hard drive clean, ...... -1•w.1.iaua ""~-·-...... ing a text-only editor, like the free "don't worry, be happy." I threw out :::::=::;:::;=:==: SimpleText which comes with all ---· fl71».t:flU71J;U my ancient version of Netscape Navi­ ____ _, Apple systems. The file name is criti­ gator, and my server is working fine...... ,...... j-~· cal, and is exactly as written without You must now tell the computer to use the quotation marks. The file, which the IP address. For testing purposes must be saved as a text file and placed before you go on-line, you may wish in the Preferences folder inside the to set up a private network with an­ System Folder is extremely important other computer away from the and must be perfect. Simply list each Internet, but this isn't mandatory. To Fig. 2: The TCP /IP control panel, set additional IP address after the pri­ create a private network inaccessible to test the address 192.168.2.164. mary address. The text after the semi­ to the world between two Ethernet colons in my example are merely com­ connected Macs, just supply each ments and are ignored by the system). with IP addresses which are perfectly

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 29 The Washington Apple Pi Fig.3 below: My IP Secondary Addresses file during testing; addresses later changed to 216.50.13.nnn Discussion Group ;Put in Preferences Folder ;Opens Open Transport 1.3 capability to brings you up-to-the-minute news use multihoming, a.ka., and information about the Pi and ; IP Aliasing, Secondary IP address Sup­ port, IP Masquerading, its many activities. It's easy to ; "Multihoming", IP Multinode support ;See Apple Notes at http:/ I receive notice of upcoming meet­ til.info.apple.com/ techinfo.nsf I artnum/ n30337 ings and Pi fillings cd-rom re­ ;List each secondary IP address, with op­ leases once you've subscribed to tional sm and rt variables ;In this example, 192.168.2.164, the num­ [email protected]. ber before the secondary ; addresses,would be the primary IP ad­ dress set in TCP /IP control panel ip=192.168.2.165 - To subscribe to the list, ip=192.168.2.166 send a blank email to pi­ ip=192.168.2.167 ip=192.168.2.168 [email protected] with the After you close and save this file properly, re­ word subscribe in the start your computer. To test if its working, go to another machine on the same private net­ subject line. work, or, if you started on the Internet using a legal IP address routed by your ISP to you, you should be able to ping the machine using a common freeware utility like MacPing, Mac .. To subscribe to the cd­ TCP Watcher, or IPNetMonitor. A variety of Mac-based web tools can be found at: rom list where you will http://www.nisto.com/mac/tool/ ONLY receive announce­ servers.html, http:/ /www.macresource.com/mrp/soft­ ments of Pi fillings cd­ ware I lists I internet.shtml, or at rom releases, send a blank http:/ /www.tucows.com by selecting Macintosh and doing a search for email to [email protected] "Internet". You should now be single-line with the word cd-rom in multihoming. For now, your machine is all the subject line. dressed up with no place to go. But, next is­ sue, after you've had time to design your Web pages, pick and register some domain names, find and set up an old Mac for multihosting, - To unsubscribe to the and think about whether you want to single­ line multihost or virtual multihost, we'll go on list send a blank email to to set up the Web and email servers. In the meantime, if you want to read this [email protected] with the article in a Web-savvy form, with active word unsubscribe in the hyperlinks to all of the sites listed, "visit" me at http: //www.RSSternberg.org/ subject line. Multihost.html. •

30 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 Multimedia CD-ROM via Acrobat and Quicklime Conserving Earth's

Biodiversity: Bringing For the Environment: A new CD­ ROM by Edward 0 . Wilson and Dan Perlman of Harvard University uses Science to Life Adobe Acrobat and Apple's QuickTime to present ideas about glo­ © By Dennis Dimick bal conservation. Washington DC publisher Island Press sells this in­ formative and attractive educational HESE ARE not easy days for fecting it, and why conservation is im­ disk for $40. science. Scientists frequently portant. Tstand accused of failing to com­ From a technical viewpoint, this use something such as Macromedia municate their purpose and work to is the first CD-ROM I've seen that at­ Director for the authoring environ­ the public, and the effects in public tempts full use of Adobe Acrobat's ment, yet the authors have sought opinion are showing. multimedia authoring capabilities. maximum flexibility from Acrobat Last summer the Kansas School One might think a disk like this would here. Board deleted most references to "evolution" and "big bang" from required public school teachings there, and in March a nationwide survey showed nearly 80 percent of adult Americans believe creationism

should be taught alongside COUNTRY NA.MU• •runP<"---'"""' •r...... -·-•T...... ,d11•-- .,....,. _ _ nd low Harvard University educa­ ·-...... KNb tor Dan Perlman has produced •s.-e

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 31 I

"From a technical viewpoint, this is the first CD-ROM I've seen that attempts full use of Adobe Acrobat's multi­ media authoring capabili­ ties. One might think a disk like this would use something such as Macromedia Director for the authoring environment, yet the authors have sought maximum flexibility from Main Topics: Conseroing Earth's Biodiversity offers eight main sections for learning Acrobat here." a~out the challenges we face in protecting earth's environment. Not only does the disk address challenges we face, it offers solutions to protect life on earth. What project director Perlman and staff have done is leverage link­ ing, interactive, movie playing and increase public awareness of science biodiversity sets up like this: habitat web-capture abilities of Acrobat to and the environment through his loss, deforestation rates world map, produce a well-organized and ac­ teachings and via books such as The measuring deforestation, forest loss in cessible tool meant primarily for Diversity of Life, Sociobiology, and the U.S., mangrove loss, coral reef classrooms. With a target audience at Consilience. loss, prairie loss in North America, advanced high school and college, the Besides discussions on how to be­ etc. Further discussion deals w ith disk is also usable by anyone inter­ come conservation-oriented citizens, habitat fragmentation and exotic spe­ ested in learning the latest issues and the disk also offers a list of conserva­ cies. ideas in biological sciences. tion organizations, library research Dr. Wilson speaks on the first options, and web-based resources. screen of each section via a QuickTime What Is This Thing? The disk works in concert with a movie that draws on his career as a The disk focuses on conservation website created by the disk's pub­ biologist and conservationist. Other biology, a new field of science that in­ lisher, Island Press movies, slide shows and animations tegrates biological, social, political (www.islandpress.org), a Washington throughout also illustrate changes in and economic elements of environ­ D.C. publisher of environmental the distribution of species and ecosys­ mental study. The authors also de­ books. tems over time. scribe what we need to know and Eight major subject areas make up Interactive models let you explore understand to help protect the diver­ this disk, and but for its disk-based concepts and theories in conservation sity of life on earth. form it could be considered a textbook biology by letting you change critical Voice narration, movies, and in­ given its organization. These sections aspects such as population densities teractive maps and models are used include: global biodiversity, diver­ and habitat size for each species. Fif­ to provide an overview and detailed sity of life, changes over time, teen maps show off ideas such as de­ discussion of biological diversity, the threats to biodiversity, conservation forestation patterns, ecosystem distri­ history and variety of life, and habi­ practice, social issues, and learning bution, location of critical conserva­ tat and species losses. This brings to more. tion regions, human population den­ electronic form Professor Wilson's Organization of each section is sity, current land cover, and plant di­ wide-ranging ideas: as a biologist similar. Besides an introduction, for versity. Wilson has spent a career trying to example, the section on threats to

32 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 How Well Does it Work? duced production costs. This project appears a labor of This project appears a If you're interested in getting a love. Had Drs. Wilson and Perlman labor of love. Had Drs. more detailed idea of what this admi­ wanted the latest in whiz-bang mul­ rable disk offers, an extensive preview timedia options they might have cho­ Wilson and Perlman with discussion of its contents can be sen an authoring tool other than wanted the latest in found at the Island Press web site. • Adobe Acrobat. Acrobat offers basic options such as audio tracks, movie­ whiz-bang multimedia playing, and interactive links, but options they might that's about it. No Macromedia Flash Recent journal articles by Pi member or animated GIFs are found here. have chosen an Dennis Dimick have dealt with image That said, their subject seems well authoring tool other cataloging, QuickTime, and Adobe Acro­ suited to Acrobat. If the adage "con­ bat. In his work life he edits stories on tent is king" ever were applicable, it than Adobe Acrobat. environmental subjects for National Geo­ is here. The authors have placed a col­ Acrobat offers basic graphic Magazine in Washington DC. He lege-level textbook into electronic can be reached via email: form. Any page, some pages, or all options such as audio [email protected]. pages can be printed, and high-qual­ tracks, movie-playing, ity printed output is a strength of Ac­ robat. and interactive links, Conserving Earth's Biodiversity, Acrobat offers the ability to search but that's about it. With E. 0. Wilson for any word in the file, a great ad­ By Edward 0. Wilson and Dan L. vantage for research. Acrobat's re­ Perlman cently added web capture abilities al­ cies of plants and animals to extinc­ Island Press low you to update project information tion in the next 20 years unless we 1718 Connecticut Avenue NW, by downloading web pages to an Ac­ work to conserve the natural world. Suite 300 robat file. Further, the publisher's cre­ These losses are due to dramatic ap­ Washington DC 20009-1148 ation of a companion web site en­ propriation human kind is making of www.islandpress.org/ wilsoncd I riches the learning experience and earth's natural environment and re­ Toll Free: 1-800-828-1302 offers a way to "keep alive" a CD­ sources. ISBN 1-55963-773-0 (with User's ROM that otherwise would age over If ever there is an important idea Guide) time. to pursue in our new century and mil­ ISBN 1-55963-774-9 (with User's That said, response time of this lennium, "Conserving Earth's Guide and Instructor's Manual) disk is not fast. I tested this on a Biodiversity" could be it. This disk Price for either: $39.95 PowerMac G3/333 and often it took can help people understand why it's several seconds for screens to change. important to save what natural envi­ This slowness comes because an ar­ ronment we have remaining. What E. Macintosh System ray of linked Acrobat and QuickTime 0. Wilson and partner Dan Perlman Requirements movie files make up the project. When have created is an accessible, easy to you change pages on screen some­ use and inexpensive introduction to Power PC; 32MB RAM (more is times you're also opening a different, a subject that will become only more better) linked Acrobat file. important. Mac OS 7.5 or higher, 14 MB free These actions are quite stable and In addition, the model they have hard drive space it all happens seamlessly. The authors created here - an electronic interac­ Color monitor, speakers, CD-ROM recognize shortcomings of this linked tive textbook linked to the resources drive architecture, and to optimize speed of the web-is bound only to become Required Acrobat Reader 4.0 they say it's best to copy relevant more popular in education, especially Comes With project files to your hard drive. This as technology continues becoming will take about 400MB. cheaper and more powerful. Further, other than a small accompanying What Does This All Mean? booklet, Wilson and Perlman have Wilson writes that we stand to created a college-level textbook that lose about one-fifth of all known spe- uses no paper or trees and offers re-

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 33 Second Annual Washington Apple Pi MacWorld Bus Trip Thursday July 20, 2000 Bus Departs: 5:00 am Bus Returns: 12:00 to 12:30 am, Friday July 21 Meet at commuter lot at the corner of Rockville Pike and Montrose Road Cost: $60.00 cash or check, $62.00 Visa or MasterCard. Send the slip below with your check to: WAP MacWorld Trip 12022 Parklawn Drive Rockville MD 20852 Included: Bus fare, MacWorld Expo Ticket to the Exhibit Floor only (does not include workshop sessions), and Continental Breakfast on the bus. Reservation Deadline: June 1, 2000. Space is limited so reserve you seat NOW Additional Information: Pat Fauquet ([email protected]) or Mary Keene ([email protected]).

The Washington Apple Pi bus trip to MacWorld New York will take place on Thursday, July 20. The bus will depart from the commuter lot at the corner of Rockville Pike and Montrose Road in Rockville at 5:00 am. It will arrive at the Javits Center at approximately 10:00 am. The bus will depart Javits Center at 6:30 p.m. An in-route stop for dinner will be made about 1-1/ 2 hours later. The bus should return to Rockville between 12:00 and 12:30 a.m. on Friday, July 21.

Travel will be in an air-conditioned bus with on-board restroom, VCR, and reclining seats. If accommodations for disabilities are needed, please call Pat Fauquet at 703 550 7423 as soon as possible. The price will be $60.00, including your admission to the MacWorld . A continental breakfast including juice will be served on the bus. No coffee will be available. A stop for dinner will be made at about 8:00 p.m. The cost of dinner meal is not included in your ticket. Name______Address. ______City, State, ZIP______Home Phone Work Phone Email ______Washington Apple Pi member? Yes __No __ __Here is my check. Please reserve seats on the bus for me at $60.00 each. __Here is my credit card information. Please reserve seats on the bus for me at $62.00 each. Name as it appears on card ______MasterCard _Visa Card Card number Expires___ _

34 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 rr

terns. No one knows for certain how far, or in what direction, the Internet will evolve. But no one should under­ estimate its importance. What Is The Internet Over the past century and a half, important technological develop­ ments have created a global environ­ (And What Makes It Work) ment that is drawing the people of the world closer and closer together. Dur­ By Robert E. Kahn and Vinton G. Cerf ing the industrial revolution, we learned to put motors to work to mag­ nify human and animal muscle [Editor's Note]: The Journal has been carrying a series of articles covering various power. In the new Information Age, aspects of what is typically referred to as the Internet revolution. It is not insignifi­ we are learning to magnify cant. That "thing" is changing the very foundation of our lives-the way we work, brainpower by putting the power of play, shop, learn, communicate and take care of our families and ourselves. Electronic computation wherever we need it, mail, or "email," and the World Wide Web, that easy-to-use Internet multimedia ap­ and to provide information services plication, are largely responsible for those changes. on a global basis. Computer resources are infinitely flexible tools; networked Several readers have requested that we back-up a bit and explain how the Internet came together, they allow us to generate, into existence. We are fortunate to have access to the work of a new non-pro.fit organi­ exchange, share and manipulate in­ zation called the Internet Policy Institute ([Pl). It is the nation's first independent, formation in an uncountable number nonprofit research and educational institute focusing on issues affecting and affected of ways. The Internet, as an integrat­ by the global development and use of the Internet. ing force, has melded the technology of communications and computing to Many of its founders were present at the creation of this thing that is weaving itself provide instant connectivity and glo­ into our lives. Co-chairmen of the Institute are Jim Barksdale, former CEO ofNetscape bal information services to all its us­ and Wayne Clough, President of Georgia Tech. Other directors include: Vint Cerf, ers at very low cost. Senior Vice President of Internet Architecture of MCI Worldcom, Esther Dyson, au­ Ten years ago, most of the world thor and Chairman of EDventure Holdings, Inc., Mario Morino, Chairman of The knew little or nothing about the Morino Institute, and Kimberly Jenkins, President of the Internet Policy Institute. Internet. It was the private enclave of computer scientists and researchers The stated goal of the founders is to provide a forum for independent research, discus­ who used it to interact with colleagues sion, debate, and consensus building on issues concerning the Internet. Their first in their respective disciplines. Today, work addresses the question posed by you: what are the mechanics of this thing we call the Internet's magnitude is thousands the Internet and how did it come to be? As other papers in this series are released we of times what it was only a decade will offer them to you so that you, too, can not only surf, but steer. ago. It is estimated that about 60 mil­ lion host computers on the Internet today serve about 200 million users Forward came to be, and perhaps even how to in over 200 countries and territories. This paper was prepared [in De­ begin thinking about it from an archi­ Today's telephone system is still cember, 1999] by the authors at the re­ tectural perspective. This will be es­ much larger: about 3 billion people quest of the Internet Policy Institute pecially important to policy makers around the world now talk on almost (IPI}, a non-profit organization based who need to distinguish the Internet 950 million telephone lines (about 250 in Washington, D.C., for inclusion in as a global information system apart million of which are actually radio­ their upcoming series of Internet re­ from its underlying communications based cell phones). But by the end of lated papers. It is a condensation of a infrastructure. the year 2000, the authors estimate longer paper in preparation by the there will be at least 300 million authors on the same subject. Many Introduction Internet users. Also, the total numbers topics of potential interest were not "WE approach a new millen­ of host computers and users have included in this condensed version nium, the Internet is revolu­ been growing at about 33% every six because of size and subject matter K tionizing our society, our months since 1988 - or roughly 80% constraints. Nevertheless, you should economy and our technological sys- per year. The telephone service, in com- get a basic idea of the Internet, how it

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 35 IT parison, grows an average of about 5- ers process and exchange digital in­ computers because it makes limited 10% per year. That means if the Internet formation, meaning that they use a use of the telecommunication facili­ keeps growing steadily the way it has discrete mathematical "binary" or ties and takes too long to set up con­ been growing over the past few years, "two-valued" language of ls and Os. nections. Although reliable enough it will be nearly as big as today's tele­ For communication purposes, such for voice communication, the circuit­ phone system by about 2006. information is mapped into continu­ switched voice network had difficulty ous electrical or optical waveforms. delivering digital information with­ The Evolution of the lntemet The use of digital signaling allows out errors. The underpinnings of the Internet accurate regeneration and reliable re­ For digital communications, are formed by the global interconnec­ covery of the underlying bits. We use packet switching is a better choice, tion of hundreds of thousands of oth­ the terms "computer," "computer re­ because it is far better suited to the erwise independent computers, com­ sources" and "computation" to mean typically "burst" communication munications entities and information style of computers. Computers that systems. What makes this intercon­ communicate typically send out brief nection possible is the use of a set of but intense bursts of data, then remain communication standards, proce­ silent for a while before sending out dures and formats in common among "Ten years ago, most of the next burst. These bursts are com­ the networks and the various devices municated as packets, which are very and computational facilities con­ the world knew little or much like electronic postcards. The nected to them. The procedures by nothing about the postcards, in reality packets, are re­ which computers communicate with layed from computer to computer each other are called "protocols." Internet. It was the private until they reach their destination. The While this infrastructure is steadily enclave of computer special computers that perform this evolving to include new capabilities, forwarding function are called vari­ the protocols initially used by the scientists and researchers ously "packet switches" or "routers" Internet are called the "TCP /IP" pro­ who used it to interact and form the equivalent of many tocols, named after the two protocols bucket brigades spanning continents that formed the principal basis for with colleagues in their and oceans, moving buckets of elec­ Internet operation. respective disciplines." tronic postcards from one computer On top of this infrastructure is an to another. Together these routers and emerging set of architectural concepts the communication links between and data structures for heterogeneous them form the underpinnings of the information systems that renders the Internet. Internet a truly global information not only traditional computers, but Without packet switching, the system. In essence, the Internet is an also devices that can be controlled Internet would not exist as we now architecture, although many people digitally over a network, information know it. Going back to the postcard confuse it with its implementation. resources such as mobile programs analogy, postcards can get lost. They When the Internet is looked at as an and other computational capabilities. can be delivered out of order, and they architecture, it manifests two differ­ The telephone network started can be delayed by varying amounts. ent abstractions. One abstraction out with operators who manually The same is true of Internet packets, deals with communications connec­ connected telephones to each other which, on the Internet, can even be tivity, packet delivery and a variety through "patch panels" that accepted duplicated. The Internet Protocol is of end-end communication services. patch cords from each telephone line the postcard layer of the Internet. The The other abstraction deals with the and electrically connected them to one next higher layer of protocol, TCP, Internet as an information system, another through the panel, which takes care of re-sending the "post­ independent of its underlying com­ operated, in effect, like a switch. The cards" to recover packets that might munications infrastructure, which al­ result was called circuit switching, have been lost, and putting packets lows creation, storage and access to a since at its conclusion, an electrical back in order if they have become dis­ wide range of information resources, circuit was made between the calling ordered in transit. including digital objects and related telephone and the called telephone. Of course, packet switching is services at various levels of abstraction. Conventional circuit switching, which about a billion times faster than the Interconnecting computers is an was developed to handle telephone postal service or a bucket brigade inherently digital problem. Comput- calls, is inappropriate for connecting would be. It also has to operate over

36 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 rr many different communications sys­ into the research and academic com­ switches were built by Bolt Beranek tems, or substrata. The authors de­ munity from which the Internet in­ and Newman (BBN), a DARPA con­ signed the basic architecture to be so dustry eventually emerged. tractor. Others directly involved in the simple and undemanding that it Many individuals have been in­ ARPANET activity included the au­ could work with most communica­ volved in the development and evo­ thors, Len Kleinrock, Frank Heart, tion services. Many organizations, lution of the Internet covering a span Howard Frank, Steve Crocker, Jon including commercial ones, carried out of almost four decades if one goes Postel and many many others in the research using the TCP /IP protocols in back to the early writings on the sub­ ARPA research community. the 1970s. Email was steadily used over ject of computer networking by Back then, the methods of the nascent Internet during that time Kleinrock [i], Licklider [ii], Baran [iii], intemetworking (that is interconnect­ and to the present. It was not until 1994 Roberts [iv], and Davies [v]. The ing computer networks) were primi­ that the general public began to be ARPANET, described below, was the tive or non-existent. Two organizations aware of the Internet by way of the first wide-area computer network. could interwork technically by agree­ World Wide Web application, particu­ The NSFNET, which followed more ing to use common equipment, but not larly after Netscape Communications than a decade later under the leader­ every organization was interested in was formed and released its browser ship of Erich Bloch, Gordon Bell, Bill this approach. Absent that, there was and associated server software. Wulf and Steve Wolff, brought com­ jury-rigging, special case development Thus, the evolution of the Internet puter networking into the main­ and not much else. Each of these net­ was based on two technologies and a stream of the research and education works stood on its own with essentially research dream. The technologies communities. It is not our intent here no interaction between them - a far cry were packet switching and computer to attempt to attribute credit to all from today's Internet. technology, which, in tum, drew upon those whose contributions were cen­ In the early 1970s, ARPA began to the underlying technologies of digi­ tral to this story, although we men­ explore two alternative applications tal communications and semiconduc­ tion a few of the key players. A read­ of packet switching technology based tors. The research dream was to share able summary on the history of the on the use of synchronous satellites information and computational re­ Internet, written by many of the key (SATNET) and ground-based packet sources. But that is simply the techni­ players, may be found at radio (PRNET). The decision by Kahn cal side of the story. Equally impor­ www.isoc.org/intemet/history. [vi] to link these two networks and the tant in many ways were the other di­ ARPANET as separate and indepen­ mensions that enabled the Internet to From One Network to Many: dent networks resulted in the creation come into existence and flourish. This The role of DARPA of the Internet program and the sub­ aspect of the story starts with coop­ Modem computer networking sequent collaboration with Cerf. eration and far-sightedness in the U.S. technologies emerged in the early These two systems differed in signifi­ Government, which is often derided 1970s. In 1969, The U.S. Defense Ad­ cant ways from the ARPANET so as for lack of foresight but is a real hero vanced Research Projects Agency to take advantage of the broadcast in this story. (variously called ARPAand DARPA), and wireless aspects of radio commu­ It leads on to the enthusiasm of an agency within the Department of nications. The strategy that had been private sector interests to build upon Defense, commissioned a wide-area adopted for SATNET originally was the government funded develop­ computer network called the to embed the SATNET software into ments to expand the Internet and ARPANET. This network made use of an ARPANET packet switch, and make it available to the general pub­ the new packet switching concepts for interwork the two networks through lic. Perhaps mo&t important, it is fu­ interconnecting computers and ini­ memory-to-memory transfers within eled by the development of the per­ tially linked computers at universities the packet switch. This approach, in sonal computer industry and signifi­ and other research institutions in the place at the time, was to make cant changes in the telecommunica­ United States and in selected NATO SATNET an "embedded" network tions industry in the 1980s, not the countries. At that time, the ARPANET within the ARPANET; users of the least of which was the decision to was essentially the only realistic wide­ network would not even need to open the long distance market to com­ area computer network in existence, know of its existence. The technical petition. The role of workstations, the with a base of several dozen organi­ team at Bolt Beranek and Newman Unix operating system and local area zations, perhaps twice that number of (BBN), having built the ARPANET networking (especially the Ethernet) computers and numerous researchers switches and now building the are themes contributing to the spread at those sites. The program was led at SATNET software, could easily pro­ of Internet technology in the 1980s DARPA by Larry Roberts. The packet duce the necessary patches to glue the

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pl Journal 37 rr programs together in the same ma­ would have to be able to put disor­ chine. Indeed, this is what they were dered packets back into the correct " ... the evolution of the under contract with DARPA to pro­ order and discard duplicate packets vide. By embedding each new net­ that had been generated along the Internet was based on work into the ARPANET, a seamless way. This was a major change from two technologies and a internetworked capability was pos­ the virtual circuit-like service pro­ sible, but with no realistic possibility vided by ARPANET and by then con­ research dream. The of unleashing the entrepreneurial net­ temporary commercial data network­ technologies were working spirit that has manifest itself ing services such as Tymnet and in modern day Internet develop­ Telenet. In these networks, the under­ packet switching and ments. A new approach was in order. lying network took responsibility for computer technology, The Packet Radio (PRNET) pro­ keeping all information in order and gram had not yet gotten underway so for re-sending any data that might which, in turn, drew there was ample opportunity to have been lost. The Internet design upon the underlying change the approach there. In addi­ made the computers responsible for tion, up until then, the SATNET pro­ tending to these network problems. technologies of digital gram was only an equipment devel­ A key architectural construct was communications and opment activity. No commitments the introduction of gateways (now had been obtained for the use of ac­ called routers) between the networks semiconductors." tual satellites or ground stations to to handle the disparities such as dif­ access them. Indeed, since there was ferent data rates, packet sizes, error three sites collaborated in the develop­ no domestic satellite industry in the conditions, and interface specifica­ ment and testing of the initial proto­ U.S. then, the only two viable alter­ tions. The gateways would also check cols on different machines. Cerf, then natives were the use of Intelsat or U.S. the destination Internet addresses of a professor at Stanford, provided the military satellites. The time for a each packet to determine the gateway day-to-day leadership in the initial TCP change in strategy, if it was to be to which it should be forwarded. software design and testing. BBN de­ made, was then. These functions would be combined ployed the gateways between the with certain end-end functions to pro­ ARPANET and the PRNET and also The Internet Architecture duce the reliable communication from with SATNET. During this period, un­ The authors created an architec­ source to destination. A draft paper der Kahn's overall leadership at ture for interconnecting independent by the authors describing this ap­ DARPA, the initial feasibility of the networks that could then be federated proach was given at a meeting of the Internet Architecture was demon­ into a seamless whole without chang­ International Network Working strated. ing any of the underlying networks. Group in 1973 in Sussex, England and The TCP /IP protocol suite was This was the genesis of the Internet the final paper was subsequently pub­ developed and refined over a period as we know it today. lished by the Institute for Electrical of four more years and, in 1980, it was In order to work properly, the ar­ and Electronics Engineers, the lead­ adopted as a standard by the U.S. chitecture required a global address­ ing professional society for the elec­ Department of Defense. On January ing mechanism (or Internet address) trical engineering profession, in its l, 1983 the ARPANET converted to to enable computers on any network Transactions on Communications in TCP /IP as its standard host protocol. to reference and communicate with May, 1974 [vii]. The paper described Gateways (or routers) were used to computers on any other network in the TCP /IP protocol. pass packets to and from host com­ the federation. Internet addresses fill DARPA contracted with Cerf's puters on "local area networks." Re­ essentially the same role as telephone group at Stanford to carry out the ini­ finement and extension of these pro­ numbers do in telephone networks. tial detailed design of the TCP soft­ tocols and many others associated The design of the Internet assumed ware and, shortly thereafter, with with them continues to this day by first that the individual networks BBN and University College London way of the Internet Engineering Task could not be changed to accommo­ to build independent implementa­ Force [viii]. date new architectural requirements; tions of the TCP protocol (as it was then called - it was later split into TCP but this was largely a pragmatic as­ Government's Historical Role sumption to facilitate progress. The and IP) for different machines. BBN Other political and social dimen­ networks also had varying degrees of also had a contract to build a proto­ sions that enabled the Internet to reliability and speed. Host computers type version of the gateway. These come into existence and flourish are

38 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 rr just as important as the technology works. A consortium consisting of ness sector might be seriously inhib­ upon which it is based. The federal MERIT (a University of Michigan ited by this restriction. That year, government played a large role in cre­ non-profit network services organiza­ CNRI requested permission from the ating the Internet, as did the private tion), IBM and MCI Communications Federal Networking Council to inter­ sector interests that made it available won a 1987 competition for the con­ connect the commercial MCI Mail to the general public. The develop­ tract to handle the network's con­ electronic mail system to the Internet ment of the personal computer indus­ struction. Within two years, the newly as part of a general electronic mail try and significant changes in the tele­ expanded NSFNET had become the interconnection experiment. Permis­ communications industry also con­ primary backbone component of the sion was given and the interconnec­ tributed to the Internet's growth in the Internet, augmenting the ARPANET tion was completed by CNRI, under 1980s. In particular, the development until it was decommissioned in Cerf's direction, in the summer of of workstations, the Unix operating 1990.At about the same time, other 1989. Shortly thereafter, two of the system, and local area networking (es­ parts of the U.S. government had then non-profit Internet Service Pro­ pecially the Ethernet) contributed to moved ahead to build and deploy viders {UUNET [xii] and NYSERNET) the spread of the Internet within the networks of their own, including produced new for-profit companies research community from which the NASAand the Department of Energy. (UUNET and PSINET [xiii] respec­ Internet industry eventually emerged. While these groups originally tively). In 1991, they were intercon­ adopted independent approaches for nected with each other and CERFNET The Nattonal Science their networks, they eventually de­ [xiv]. Commercial pressure to allevi­ Foundaflon and others cided to support the use of TCP /IP. ate restrictions on interconnections In the late 1970s, the National Sci­ The developers of the NSFNET, with the NSFNET began to mount. ence Foundation (NSF) became inter­ led by Steve Wolff who had the direct In response, Congress passed leg­ ested in the impact of the ARPANET responsibility for the NSFNET pro­ islation allowing NSF to open the on computer science and engineering. gram, also decided to create interme­ NSFNET to commercial usage. NSF funded the Computer Science diate level networks to serve research Shortly thereafter, NSF determined Network (CSNET), which was a logi­ and education institutions and, more that its support for NSFNET might cal design for interconnecting univer­ importantly, to allow networks that not be required in the longer term sities that were already on the were not commissioned by the U.S. and, in April 1995, NSF ceased its sup­ ARPANET and those that were not. government to connect to the port for the NSFNET. By that time, Telenet was used for sites not con­ NSFNET. Nearly a dozen intermedi­ many commercial networks were in nected directly to the ARPANET and ate level networks were created, most operation and provided alternatives a gateway was provided to link the with NSF support. This strategy re­ to NSFNET for national level network two. Independent of NSF, another ini­ duced the overall load on the back­ services. Today, approximately 10,000 tiative called BITNET (11Because it's bone network operators and spawned Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are there" Net) [ix] provided campus a new industry: Internet Service Pro­ in operation. Roughly half the world's computers with email connections to vision. Nearly a dozen intermediate ISPs currently are based in North the growing ARPANET. Finally, level networks were created, most America and the rest are distributed AT&T Bell Laboratories development with NSF support, [xi] some, such as throughout the world. of the Unix operating system led to UUNET, with Defense support, and the creation of a grass-roots network some without any government sup­ A Definition for the Internet called USENET [x], which rapidly port. The NSF contribution to the evo­ The authors feel strongly that ef­ became home to thousands of lution of the Internet was essential in forts should be made at top policy lev­ 11newsgroups" where Internet users two respects. It opened the Internet els to define the Internet. It is tempt­ discussed everything from aerobics to to many new users and, drawing on ing to view it merely as a collection of politics and zoology. the properties of TCP /IP, structured networks and computers. However, In the mid 1980s, NSF decided to it so as to allow many more network as indicated earlier, the authors de­ build a network called NSFNET to service providers to participate. signed the Internet as an architecture provide better computer connections For a long time, the federal gov­ that provided for both communica­ for the science and education commu­ ernment did not allow organizations tions capabilities and information ser­ nities. The NSFNET made possible to connect to the Internet to carry out vices. Governments are passing leg­ the involvement of a large segment of commercial activities. By 1988, it was islation pertaining to the Internet the education and research commu­ becoming apparent, however, that the without ever specifying to what the nity in the use of high speed net- Internet's growth and use in the busi- law applies and to what it does not

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40 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 rr apply. In U.S. telecommunications mental system during the 1970s and chical in character. For example, all law, distinctions are made between early 1980s. It then flourished after the host computers associated with edu­ cable, satellite broadcast and common TCP /IP protocols were made manda­ cational institutions would have carrier services. These and many tory on the ARPANET and other net­ names like "stanford.edu" or other distinctions all blur in the back­ works in January 1983; these proto­ "ucla.edu". Specific hosts would have drop of the Internet. Should broadcast cols thus became the standard for names like "cs.ucla.edu" to refer to a stations be viewed as Internet Service many other networks as well. Indeed, computer in the computer science Providers when their programming is the Internet grew so rapidly that the department of UCLA, for example. A made available in the Internet envi­ existing mechanisms for associating special set of computers called "root ronment? Is use of cellular telephones the names of host computers (e.g. servers" maintained information considered part of the Internet and if UCLA, USC-ISi) to Internet addresses about the names and addresses of so under what conditions? This area (known as IP addresses) were about other servers that contained more is badly in need of clarification. to be stretched beyond acceptable detailed name/ address associations. The authors believe the best defi­ engineering limits. Most of the appli­ The designers of the DNS also devel­ nition currently in existence is that ap­ cations in the Internet referred to the oped seven generic "top level" do­ proved by the Federal Networking target computers by name. These mains, as follows: Council in 1995, http:/ /www.fnc.gov names had to be translated into Education - EDU: Government - and which is reproduced in the foot­ Internet addresses before the lower GOV: Military - MIL: International - note below [xv] for ready reference. level protocols could be activated to INT: Network- NET: (non-profit) Or­ Of particular note is that it defines the support the application. For a time, a ganization - ORG: Commercial - Internet as a global information sys­ group at SRI International in Menlo COM tem, and included in the definition, Park, CA, called the Network Infor­ Under this system, for example, is not only the underlying communi­ mation Center (NIC), maintained a the host name "UCLA" became cations technology, but also higher­ simple, machine-readable list of "UCLA.EDU" because it was oper­ level protocols and end-user applica­ names and associated Internet ad­ ated by an educational institution, tions, the associated data structures dresses which was made available on while the host computer for "BBN" and the means by which the informa­ the net. Hosts on the Internet would became "BBN .COM" because it was tion may be processed, manifested, or simply copy this list, usually daily, so a commercial organization. Top-level otherwise used. In many ways, this as to maintain a local copy of the table. domain names also were created for definition supports the characteriza­ This list was called the "host.txt" file every country: United Kingdom tion of the Internet as an "information (since it was simply a text file). The names would end in". UK," while the superhighway." Like the federal high­ list served the function in the Internet ending ".FR" was created for the way system, whose underpinnings in­ that directory services (e.g. 411or703- names of France. clude not only concrete lanes and on/ 555-1212) do in the US telephone sys­ The Domain Name System (DNS) off ramps, but also a supporting in­ tem - the translation of a name into was and continues to be a major ele­ frastructure both physical and infor­ an address. ment of the Internet architecture, mational, including signs, maps, As the Internet grew, it became which contributes to its scalability. It regulations, and such related services harder and harder for the NIC to keep also contributes to controversy over and products as filling stations and the list current. Anticipating that this trademarks and general rules for the gasoline, the Internet has its own lay­ problem would only get worse as the creation and use of domain names, ers of ingress and egress, and its own network expanded, researchers at creation of new top-level domains multi-tiered levels of service. USC Information Sciences Institute and the like. At the same time, other The FNC definition makes it clear launched an effort to design a more resolution schemes exist as well. One that the Internet is a dynamic organ­ distributed way of providing this of the authors (Kahn) has been in­ ism that can be looked at in myriad same information. The end result was volved in the development of a dif­ ways. It is a framework for numerous the Domain Name System (DNS) [xvi] ferent kind of standard identification services and a medium for creativity which allowed hundreds of thou­ and resolution scheme [xvii] that, for and innovation. Most importantly, it sands of "name servers" to maintain example, is being used as the base can be expected to evolve. small portions of a global database of technology by book publishers to information associating IP addresses identify books on the Internet by Who Runs the Internet with the names of computers on the adapting various identification The Domain Name System Internet. schemes for use in the Internet envi­ The Internet evolved as an experi- The naming structure was hierar- ronment. For example, International

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 41 rr

Standard Book Numbers (ISBNs) can be pices of the Internet Society (ISOC). cess, what oversight mechanisms used as part of the identifiers. The iden­ The Internet Engineering Task Force will insure that the public interest tifiers then resolve to state information (IETF) operates under the leadership is adequately served. about the referenced books, such as loca­ of its Internet Engineering Steering In the 1970s, managing the tion information (e.g. multiple sites) on Group (IESG), which is populated by Internet was easy. Since few people the Internet that is used to access the appointees approved by the Internet knew about the Internet, decisions books or to order them. These develop­ Architecture Board (IAB} which is, about almost everything of real ments are taking place in parallel with the itself, now part of the Internet Soci­ policy concern were made in the more traditional means of managing ety. offices of DARPA. It became clear Internet resources. They offer an alterna­ The IETF comprises over one in the late 1970s, however, that tive to the existing Domain Name System hundred working groups catego­ more community involvement in with enhanced functionality. rized and managed by Area Directors the decision-making processes was The growth of Web servers and us­ specializing in specific categories. essential. In 1979, DARPA formed ers of the Web has been remarkable, but There are other bodies with con­ the Internet Configuration Control some people are confused about the rela­ siderable interest in Internet stan­ Board (ICCB) to insure that knowl­ tionship between the World Wide Web dards or in standards that must edgeable members of the technical and the Internet. The Internet is the glo­ interwork with the Internet. Ex­ community discussed critical is­ bal information system that includes amples include the International sues, educated people outside of communication capabilities and many Telecommunications Union Telecom­ DARPA about the issues, and high level applications. The Web is one munications standards group (ITU­ helped others to implement the such application. The existing connectiv­ T}, the International Institute of Elec­ TCP /IP protocols and gateway ity of the Internet made it possible for trical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) functions. At the time, there were users and servers all over the world to local area network standards group no companies that offered turnkey participate in this activity. Electronic mail (IEEE 801), the Organization for In­ solutions to getting on the Internet. is another important application. As of to­ ternational Standardization (ISO}, It would be another five years or day, over 60 million computers take part the American National Standards so before companies like Cisco Sys­ in the Internet and about 3.6 million web Institute (ANSI), the World Wide tems were formed, and while there sites were estimated to be accessible on Web Consortium (W3C}, and many were no PCs yet, the only work­ the net. Virtually every user of the net has others. stations available were specially access to electronic mail and web brows­ As Internet access and services built and their software was not ing capability. Email remains a critically are provided by existing media such generally configured for use with important application for most users of as telephone, cable and broadcast, in­ external networks; they were cer­ the Internet, and these two functions teractions with standards bodies and tainly considered expensive at the largely dominate the use of the Internet legal structures formed to deal with time. for most users. these media will become an increas­ In 1983, the small group of ingly complex matter. The intertwin­ roughly twelve ICCB members The Internet Standards Process ing of interests is simultaneously fas­ was reconstituted (with some sub­ Internet standards were once the out­ cinating and complicated, and has in­ stitutions) as the Internet Activities put of research activity sponsored by creased the need for thoughtful co­ Board (IAB), and about ten "Task DARPA. The principal investigators on operation among many interested Forces" were established under it the internetting research effort essentially parties. to address issues in specific tech­ determined what technical features of the nical areas. The attendees at TCP /IP protocols would become com­ Managing the Internet Internet Working Group meetings mon. The initial work in this area started Perhaps the least understood as­ were invited to become members with the joint effort of the two authors, pect of the Internet is its manage­ of as many of the task forces as they continued in Cerf's group at Stanford, ment. In recent years, this subject has wished. and soon thereafter was joined by engi­ become the subject of intense com­ The management of the Do­ neers and scientists at BBN and Univer­ mercial and international interest, main Name System offers a kind sity College London. This informal ar­ involving multiple governments and of microcosm of issues now fre­ rangement has changed with time and commercial organizations, and re­ quently associated with overall details can be found elsewhere [xviii]. At cently congressional hearings. At is­ management of the Internet's op­ present, the standards efforts for Internet sue is how the Internet will be man­ eration and evolution. Someone is carried out primarily under the aus- aged in the future, and, in the pro- (continued on page 84)

42 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 Hotline-The hotline service is only for members of w AP. Please do not call after 9:00 pm or before 8:00 am.

Name Telephone Heading Subjects Name Telephone Heading Subiects Apple General Steve Truax 304-263-5749 Stemspe!ler Bob Sherman 3()5.944-2111 Communications DBMaster Dave Jernigan 540-822-5137 Stemspel!er (before 9 PM) Ron Evry 703-490-1534 Hypermedia Hyperstudio Carey McGleish 313-332-8836 Word Juggler (evenings) Bernie Benson 301-951-5294 Miscellaneous lie Card for the LC Harvey Levin 301-299-9380 Programming Apple Script Cross Platform Eric Sheard 9()8. 782-6492 Spreadsheets Advan~ Visicalc (eves) 908- Ken DeVrto 703-960-0786 Transfers MS/DOS-Apple-Mac 782-6492 (days) -2242 Allan Griff 301-654-1515 Spreadsheets Apple Works IBM/Compatibles Eric Sheard 908-782-6492 Spreadsheets Visicalc (eves) 908-782-6492 Etana Finkler 301-891-2821 Illustration General Can call until midnight (days) -2242 Tom Cavanaugh 301-627-8889 Printers General KenDeVito 703-960-0786 Telecomm

Apple// Internet Bernie Benson 301-951-5294 Accounting Apple SSC (Super Serial Card) Dan White 301-843-3287 General Nell Laubenthal 703-691-1360 Apple llGS General Walt Francis 202-966-5742 General Allan Griff 301-654-1515 Apple Works General Will DeKroney 410-626-n16 General KenDeVito 703-960-0786 Apple Works General Curt Harpold 301· 762-0887 Programming JAVA Paul Campbell 313-255-6497 Apple Works General Craig Contardi 410-674-2752 World Wide Web Netscape Navigator Ray Settle 410-647-9192 Apple Works General Seth Mize 410-766-1154 World Wide Web Sailor Allan Griff 301-654-1515 AppleWorks General Jaque Davison 703-644-7354 World Wide Web Web S~e Builder KenDeVlto 703-960-0786 Beagle Buddies W.T. Cook 410-995-0352 Beagle Buddies Macintosh Don Avery 202-362-1783 Beagle Buddies Nancy Seferian 202-333-0126 Art &Video General Dale Smith 301-294-2287 Communications Robert Sambolin 203-853-2512 General Allan Griff 301-654-1515 Database Apple Works John Engberg 301-262-9347 or 301-604-8348 Basics Morgan Jopling 410-721-7874 Database Apple Works Tho. Snowberger 410-757-4656 Contact Managers Now Contact/UTD Milt Goldsamt 301-649-2768 Database Apple Works Mort Greene 703-522-8743 Database File Maker Pro Guy Durant 202-575-0414 Epson Printers Bill Waring 410-647-5605 Database Filemaker Pro Ron Evry 703-490-1534 General Bob Wilbur 703-426-0556 Database Filemaker Pro Harold Polk 301-662-6399 General Rick Shaddock 202-321-2110 Database FoxPro Ken DeVito 703-960-0786 General Harvey Levin 301-299-9380 Database Helix Dave Jernigan 540-822-5137 Graphics Print Shop Bob Wilbur 703-426-0556 Database Helix Express Joan Jernigan 540-822-5137 Graphics Print Shop Mort Greene 703-522-8743 Database MS-File Guy Durant 202-575-0414 Hard Drives Dick Nugent 703-425-1056 Database FileMaker Pro Guy Durant 202-575-0414 Hardware Elizabeth Mangan 703-750-2710 Database Pro-Cite Ron Evry 703-49().1534 Hypermedia Hyperstudio Dave Weikert 301-963-0063 Databases Panorama Bob Sherman 305-944-2111 Laser Printing Bob Wilbur 703-426-0556 Database General Dave Jernigan 540-822-5137 Operating Systems Blake Lange 301-942-9180 Desk Top Pub. PageMaker Joan Jernigan 540-822-5137 Operating Systems Mort Greene 703-522-8743 Desk Top Pub. PageMaker Joan Jernigan 540-822-5137 Word Processing Apple Works II EricGrupp 410-315-8331 DeskTopPub. QuarkXpress Ron Evry 703-490-1534 Word Processing Apple Writer Paul Schlosser 301-831-9166 Desk Top Pub. Quark Xpress Allan Griff 301-654-1515 Word Processing Ron Johnson 410-315-8764 Drawing/Graphics Adobe llustrator 3.0 Nancy Seferian 202-333-0126 Drawing/Graphics Aldus Freehand Apple/le Bob Wilbur 703-426-0556 Drawing/Graphics Canvas Morgan Jopling 410-721-7874 Upgrade Uoyd Olson 410-544· 1087 Drawing/Graphics ClarisDraw Etana Finkler 301-891-2821 Drawif1WGraphics Freehand Can call un1I1 midnight Apple I/GS Nancy Seferian 202-333-0126 Drawing/Graphics General Rich Sanders 703-450-4371 Drawif1WGraphics Deluxe Paint II Neil Laubenthal 703-691-1360 Drawing/Graphics General Dick Grosbier 301-898-5461 General Etana Finkler 301-891-2821 Drawing/Graphics General Can call until midnight Eric Grupp 410-315-8331 General Bob Wilbur 703-426-0556 Drawing General Seth Mize 410-766-1154 General Blake Lange 301-942-9180 Drawing/Graphics Illustrator Rich Sanders 703-450-4371 Word Processing MultiscnbeGS Etana Finkler 301-891-2821 Drawing/Graphics Illustrator Can call until midnight Mort Greene 703-522-8743 Drawing/Graphics Photoshop Apple//GS Blake Lange 301-942-9180 Drawing/Graphics Photoshop Ken Carter 301-834-6516 General Mort Greene 703-522-8743 Drawing/Graphics SuperPaint 2.0 Dave Jernigan 540-822-5137 Foreign Languages FlashWorks Apple/// Dave Jernigan 540-822-5137 Foreign Languages Greek Tutor Dave Ottalini 301-681-6136 General Dave Jernigan 540-822-5137 Foreign Languages Hebrew Tutor Paul Campbell 313-255-6497 General Dave Jernigan 540-822-5137 General Seth Mize 410-766-1154 General Robert Sambolin 203-853-2512 General Repair Steve Truax 304-263-5749 lnteg. Packages 3 Easy Pieces Dave Jernigan 540-822-5137 lnteg. Packages 3 Easy Pieces Paul Campbell 313-255-6497 Repairs Dave Jernigan 54o-822-5137 3.5" Super Drive Dave Jernigan 540-822-5137 SCSI Drives

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 43 Waslzi11gton Apple Pi Office 12022 Parklaw11 Drive, Rockville, MD, 20852. 'Pletne 'llolel M-W-F JO a.m.-6 p.m. ; Tue 7 p.m-9 p.m.; Sat 9 a.m.-2:30 p.m. Web address: www.wap.org May 2000 e-mail address: [email protected] Sunday Monday Ii' Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday .., 4"'; r 5 , i " Clinic 2 bllro to Mac-P2 3 6' Intro Mac.Pl to Apple i-Tools Intro to Mac.Pl AppleWorks-Adu Netux>rldng Pbotoshopl Quicken./ntro ll Columbia Slice 11 ·;...:.=..= = = -· "I ., ~- 7 8 Clinic 9 10 11 12 ' 13., lnlemet Intro Pbotoshop2 E-mail w,{)ut/ookEx E-mail w/AOL AppleWorks 6 E-mail w/Net.Comm. GraSihics SIG Genealogy SIG Internet Fre erick Slice WAPBoD Stock SIG Dwnloading .... ~ ., ·~ 1 14 15 Clinic 16 17 18 '1 QuickTtmeProl9 "i µ;.talCJ:zialJ. 2 0 Graphics Intro iVISit iMac-Pl Homel'':fi i-Tools iVISit i M11c-P2 Annapolis Slice ~ WAP Samner 11tro Intro to Mac-P2 General PbotoDelu.te Intro Intro to Mac.P1 .._Excel SIG '... Linux SIG A Meeting __,,_,.___. r--== .., ~ .., ·; .., .., .., 21 22 Clinic 23 24 25 26 27 IntermedMac.Pl I11temredMac-Pl Intermed MavP2 Intenned Mac-P2 Intro to Databases Mouie\Vorks Intro Advanced Mac.Pl Quark.Jntro Advanced Mac-P2 FileMaker Pro-Adu Page~ Intro FileMaker SIG l ?-~ -~ ., , Clinic 31"I 28 Memorial Day 2 9 30 Web Page Workshop Adobe Go-Liw Intro DelMarVa Slice ? Office Closed Ii.. h ' "'~ ·'· W AP Office Phone: 301 - 984-0300 TCS 2400 bps: 301-984-4066; June 2000 TCS 14400 bps: 301-984-4070 ,,. Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday ,..... Thursday I!. Friday .., ., .., Coniputtt Show S.. ., ~~- "'; ., - ., ., Clinic 20 '1 Scanner Intro 18 19 21 lnlroto Macn22 23 24 QuickTrmePro Intro to Mac.Pl Digital Camera ln/ro Graphics Intro Jntermed Mac-P1 Intemred Mac.Pl FileMaker SIG 1 . ~. Excel SIG 11!. K ~ Clinic ., ~ ., 25 26 Internet 27 AppleWorks 6J_8 29 Sprwlsbeet Intro 30 Adobe Go-Liw Dwnloadin r!'eWi AppleWorks-Classrm Appleiro't-!11Jro 'ewslttrs Dalabase Intro Grapbics-Classm1 !Uustrator ·Intro Qutl!k-Intro I ~ . ' .:., I ~ 44 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 Meeting Notices

Annapolis Slice Linux SIG 3rd Saturday; 9:30 AM; Severna Park Library on Contact William Byrd at [email protected] for McKinsey Rd. (off Rt. 2), Severna Park, MD information. Answering Machine: (410) 647-5605 Mac Programmers' SIG AOL SIG, contact John Barnes at Volunteers needed to restart this SIG [email protected] or in the evening at 301 I 652-0667. Newton Developers' SIG Volunteer needed Apple III SIG Quarterly on 2nd Saturday; 10:00 AM; NoVa Education (Ed) SIG WAPOffice. Call SIG chair for times & locations. Columbia Slice QuickTime SIG 1st Thursday; 7:00 PM. Call for location 2nd Tuesday of each month; 7:30 PM; W AP BBS (410) 964-3706 office. DataBases (Mac) SIG Retired SIG Volunteers needed to restart this SIG 4th Wednesday of each month; 11 AM to 2 PM; Delmarva Slice each meeting will have a topic, but be run At the campus of Salisbury State University, but informally. W AP office. will rotate throughout Delmarva area when appro­ Stock SIG priate. Email Shelly Wetzel form more informa­ 2nd Thursday; 7:30 PM; WAP Office. (Morris tion. Pelham who chairs StockSIG is Sysop of the Excel SIG Investment/StockSIG board on the TCS. 3rd Wednesday; 7:30 PM; W AP office. Contact him on that board.) FileMaker Pro SIG 3rd Thursday; 7:30 PM; W AP office. Telecomm SIG Call SIG chair for times & locations. Frederick Slice General meeting time, 2nd Saturday; 10:00 AM; WAP Garage Sale-upcoming in June United Methodist Church; 22 Main Street in WAP General Meeting Walkersville. 4th Saturday; 9:00 AM; Northern Virginia Game SIG Community College, Annandale Campus, 1st Thursday; 7:30 PM; Call for location. Community Cultural Center Auditorium. Genealogy SIG Women's SIG 2nd Tues. of the month; 10 AM to noon; W AP At the Pi Office at 6:00 PM dinner ($2) followed office. Volunteer needed. by 7:00 PM meeting/presentation. Call SIG chair or office for next meeting. Graphic Arts SIG 2nd Saturday of the month

Notice: Plans change! Anyone with calendar information please call the Calendar Editor, Bill Wydro (301) 299-5267 or Beth Medlin at the W AP Office (301) 984-0300.

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 45 Hotline-The hotline service is only for members of wAP. Please do not call after 9:00 pm or before 8:00 am.

Name Telephone Heading Subjects Name Telephone Heading Subjects Joan Jernigan 540-822-5137 General Michael Hartman 301·942·3717 Programming Pascal Dan White 301 ·843·3287 General Charles Schindler 410-437-4624 Spreadsheets Excel Dick Grosbier 301·898·5461 General Lloyd Olson 410-544·1087 Spreadsheets Excel Russell Robinson 301·739-6030 General Walt Francis 20'i·966·57 42 Spreadsheets General Eric Seidel 540-667·5289 General Networking Roger Burt 301-424-6927 Spreadsheet/Chart ClarisWorks Eric Seidel 540-667-5289 General Hardware Bob Wilbur 703-426-0556 Spreadsheet ClarisWorks Robert Sambolin 203-853-2512 General Repairs Older Mac through SE30 Mark Pankin 703-524-0937 Spreadsheet/Chart Excel Neil Laubenthal 703-691-1360 General Dick Byrd 703-978-3440 Spreadsheet/Chart Excel Tom Cavanaugh 301·627·8889 General Mort Greene 703-522-87 43 Spreadsheet/Chart Excel Tom DeMay 41()-461-1798 General Rick Shaddock 202-321·2110 Spreadsheet/Chart Excel Tom Witte 703-683-5871 General Tom cavanaugh 301-627-8889 Spreadsheet/Chart Excel Bob Wilbur 703-426-0556 General em Waring 410-647·5605 System General Mac Help Jim Kelly 301-926-2949 General Applescript Lloyd Olson 410-544-1087 System Mac OS Henry Miller..Jones703-478-3721 Answering Syst Mac Commcenter,FAXcilitate, Neil Laubenthal 703-691-1360 System Mac OS Modems General GV Henry Miller.Jones 703-478-3721 System Mac OS Henry Miller..Jones703-478-3721 General Fax Software Bernie Benson 301·951·5294 Telecomm. Modems Hayes Smartmodem Joan Jernigan 540-822-5137 Hypermedia HyperStudio Henry Miller..Jones703-478·3721 Telecomm. ProTerm Jerry lier 410-987-5432 llsi General Henry Miller.Jones703-478-3721 Telecomm. General Bill Geiger 703-237-3614 lnteg. Packages ClarisWorks Henry Mi!!er..Jones703-478-3721 Telecomm. MacTCP, Free PPP Sandy Kowalczuk 410-268·3149 lnteg. Packages ClarisWorks Henry Miller.Jones703-478·3721 Utilities General Ray Settle 410-647-9192 lnteg. Packages Clarisworks Jaque Davison 703-644·7354 Virtual Reality Alien Skin Texture Shop Henry M!ller..Jones703-478·3721 lnteg. Packages ClarisWorks Jaque Davison 703-644·7354 Virtual Reality Bryce 2 Joan Jernigan 540-822·5137 lnteg. Packages ClarisWorks Jaqua Davison 703-644-7354 Virtual Reality Specular Logomotion Jim Ritz 301-n0-1405 lnteg. Packages MSWorks Jaque Davison 703-644-7354 Virtual Reality Virtus • 3-D Ray Settle 410-647-9192 lnteg. Packages MSWorks Jaque Davison 703-644-7354 Virtual Reality Virtus Walkthrough Pro Tim Childers 301·997·9317 lnteg. Packages MSWorks Dave Jernigan 540-822·5137 Word Processing Word Perfect Dave Weikert 301·963-0063 MacDisketeria Disk Library Charles Schindler 410-437-4624 Word Processing WordPerfect Dave Jernigan 540-822·5137 Mail List Manager My Mail List Manager Eric Grupp 410-315-8331 Word Processing WordPerfect Mort Greene 703-522-8743 Miscellaneous File Transfer & Backfax Bob Wilbur 703-426-0556 Word Processing WordPerfect Sandy Kowalczuk 410-268-3149 Miscellaneous HyperCard Walt Francis 202·966·57 42 Word Processing General Blake Lange 301·942-9180 Miscellaneous Hypercard nm Childers 410-997·0066 Word Processing Hebrew Tom Witte 703-683-5871 Miscellaneous Hypertalk Tom Cavanaugh 301-627-8889 Word Processing MS Word Jeff Dillon 301-434-0405 Miscellaneous MX-80 Joan Jernigan 540-822·5137 Word Processors Claris Works Dave Jernigan 540-822·5137 Miscellaneous Online Bible Mac Dave Jernigan 540-822·5137 Word Processors Word Perfect Dave Jernigan 540-822-5137 Miscellaneous Soft Windows Mac Henry Mmer-Jones703·478·3721 WWW Netscape Navigator Rick Chapman 301 ·989-9708 Miscellaneous Hypercard Tom Witte 703-683-5871 Miscellaneous Hypercard Macintosh & Apple Peter Combes 301·445-3930 Multi Media Director Ginny Spevak 202·244·8644 Miscellaneous Dvorak Keyboard Peter Combes 301-445-3930 Multi Media Language Mike Spevak 202·244-8644 Miscellaneous Dvorak Keyboard Mort Greene 703-522-8743 Multimedia Image Studio Bob Sherman 305·944·2111 Telecomm. General Mort Greene 703-522-8743 Multimedia Macro Mind Director Dale Smith 301·294·2287 Telecomm. General Stuart Bonwit 301·598-2510 Multimedia Quicklime John Barnes 301·652-0667 Telecom AOL Tom Witte 703-683-5871 Multimedia Quicktime Dale Smith 301·294-2287 Telecomm. TCS Mort Greene 703-522-8743 Multimedia Video Works Nancy Seferian 20'i·333-0126 Te!ecomm. TCS Frank PappaJohn 703-922·3851 Music Notation Finale Paul Schlosser 301·831·9166 Telecomm. TCS Henry MH!er..Jones703-478·3721 Networking AppleTalk David Harris 703-845-1331 Telecomm. TCS Jerry lier 410-987-5432 Older Claris Genera Henry Miller..Jones703-478-3721 Online Services AOL, CISI Networking Jerry lier 410-987-5432 PB180C General Louis Saunders 301·648·7332 Mac Connectivity Lester Morcerf 410-987-0685 Performa 550 General Douglas Ferris 301-924-4180 Networking Novel Tho. Snowberger 410-757-4656 Performa System General Douglas Ferris 301-924-4180 Networking Windows RickShaddock 202·321·2110 Pers.ContadMgr. ACT Dave Weikert 301 ·963-0063 Networking MacfAppleShare Mel Benson 410-647-6873 Personal Finance Dollars & Sense Bill Geiger 703-237·3614 Personal Finance Manage Your Money Mel Benson 410-647-6873 Personal Finance Manage Your Money Clarence Gokfberg410-263-5189 Personal Finance Quicken We're updating the Henry Miller..Jones703-478-3721 Personal Finance Quicken Bob Wilbur 703-426-0556 Personal Finance Quicken Louis Saunders 301·648·7332 Printers Connectivity hotline!! Louis Saunders 301·648-7332 Printers Troubleshooting & Repair Tom Cavanaugh 301-627-8889 Printers General To have any changes or additions madeL Walt Francis 202·966-5742 Printers General Michael Hartman 301·942·3717 Programming C simply call the office during normal busi­ Michael Hartman 301 ·942·3717 Programming General ness hours or send the information via e­ Harry Erwin 703-758-9660 Programming General (e-mail at [email protected]) mail to Jim Ritz at . Joshua Juran 301·231·8622 Programming Perl, C, C++, Pascal Let us know if any of this information is incorrect. Thanks.

46 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 ..... Change Conference ..... Global Read All New Ms gs Telecommunications ...... List All Available Boards Help Sheet <0> ..... Off the System ..... Quit to Main Menu A quick reference sheet for use while on the TCS ..... Read All New Msgs .... Welcome Bulletin TCS Phone Numbers: Editor Menu ..... Xfer All New Msgs -301-984-4066 ..... Add to File ..... Zelect Boards of Interest (for 300, 1200, 2400 bps) ..... Clear File in Memory -301-984-4070 ..... Delete a line from File Bullefln Board Menu (for 9600, 14400, 28800 bps) (#) ..... Alter /Edit an Existing ...... Edit a Line(#) Message Main Menu ...... Find a String ...... Blind Reply to a Msg by ...... Bulletin Boards ..... Global Search & Number ..... Change Conferences Replace ..... Change Boards ..... E-Mail ...... Insert Lines into File (#) ..... Delete Msg From or To ...... File Transfer ...... List the File (#) You ...... General Library .... Toggle Reply Mode ...... Enter a Message .... Membership Search ..... Line Numbering Mode ...... Find Message by ..... Now On System On/Off Keyword <0> ..... Off the System

...... Purge Temporary File ...... Library for this Board

...... Public Library ..... Quit - Clear File & Exit <0> ..... Off the System ...... Time and Date ..... Read back from Tempo- ..... Quit to Main Menu ..... User Preferences rary File ..... Read a Msg or Msgs .... Read Welcome Bulletin ...... Save File and Exit <5> ...... Scan Message Headers ..... eXamine Weather Editor ...... TitleScan Msg Headers Forecast ...... Write File to Temporary .... Welcome Bulletin for File Board File Transfer Menu ..... Upload Mode Toggle ..... Xfer (Download) a Msg ..... Adjust Pointers (No Reply Mode) orMsgs ..... Global Read New ..... View Temporary File Des cs ..... Exchange a String User Preferences ...... List All Available Areas within line (#) ..... Alter Password ..... New File Descriptions <"> ...... Modify Reply Mode ...... Emulation Mode <0> ..... Off the System Characters ...... File Transfer Protocol ..... Quit to Main Menu

...... Prompt Character ..... Read All New Descs Change Conference Menu ..... Quit to Main Menu ..... Zelect File Areas <1-8> ... Choose Conference ..... Reply Mode Prefix Number ..... Video Length File Area Menu ...... List Conferences ..... Expert/Novice Prompts ..... Alphabetical List Available ..... Your Current Status ...... Batch Functions ..... Quit to Main Menu ..... Change File Area <1> ...... General Conference Electronic Mail Menu ..... Download a File <2> ...... Apple II Conference ...... Blind Reply to a Letter ...... Find File Descriptions <3> ...... Macintosh Conference ..... Delete Letters ..... Help With File Transfer <4> ...... Classified Conference ...... Enter a Letter ...... Info on File Contents <5> ...... Global General Confer- ...... Find Letters ...... List All Files ence ..... Help /Brief Tutorial .... Mark Files for Down- <6> ...... Global Apple II Confer- ...... Info on Letters loading ence ..... Keep Letters <0> ..... Off the System <7> ...... Global Macintosh ...... List Letters ..... Quit to Main Menu Conference <0> ..... Off the System ..... Read File Descriptions <8> ...... Global Miscellany ..... Quit to Main Menu ...... TitleScan Descriptions Conference ..... Upload a File or Files <5> ...... Scan Headers of Letters .... Welcome Bulletin Conference Menu ...... TitleScan Letters ..... Adjust Pointers ..... Xfer (Download) Letters Please see page 46 for the TCS Help Hotline phone numbers. May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 47 I

Price: Standard Members: $70.00, As­ sociate Members: $100.00, Non-Mem­ bers: $100.00 Instructor: Pat Fauquet, Jim Ritz and Cordel Ratner Macintosh Tutorials Evening Sets 6/5/00 and 6/12/00 6 pm-9 pm each night 7 /10/00 and 7 /17 /00 6 pm - 9 pm 7 /6/00 and 7 /20/00 7 pm - 10 pm each night each night Day Sets Day Sets 5/22/00 and 5/24/00 9:30 am -12:30 Introduction to Macintosh 5/l/00and5/3/009:30am-12:30pm pm This class is meant not only for each day 5/23/00 and 5/25/00 1 pm - 4 pm the new user, but also for anyone who 5/16/00 and 5/18/00 1 pm - 4 pm each day wants to learn more about the basic each day 6/13/00 and 6/15/00 1 pm - 4 pm operation of the Macintosh. This class 6/6/00and6/8/009:30am-12:30pm each day is also recommended for Macintosh each day 6/20/00 and 6/22/00 9:30 am-12:30 owners who are new to System 8.0 6/20/00 and 6/22/00 1 pm - 4 pm pm each day and above or those who have never each day 7 /11/00 and 7 /13/00 9:30 am -12:30 really learned all the things that the 7 /11/00 and 7 /13/00 1 pm - 4 pm pm each day Mac OS has to offer to the computer each day user. In addition to start up, sleep and Advanced Macintosh shutdown procedures, the student Intermediate Macintosh Advanced Macintosh will follow will learn how a computer works and Intermediate Macintosh will fol­ up on the concepts taught in Interme­ common Macintosh terminology. The low up on the concepts taught in In­ diate Macintosh. In this hands-on Finder and its basic operation will be troduction to Macintosh. You will class students will learn how to back fully covered. This discussion will learn more advanced Macintosh skills up the essential data and settings files, include the menu bar, Apple menu and terminology including contextual then how to install, update and up­ and the Application Switcher. Stu­ menus and advanced finder options, grade system software. They will dents will learn how to access and use the custom installation of software learn the difference between clean the built-in help application on the and updating software applications. and dirty system installations and Macintosh. Error messages, dialog Students will learn about memory when to use them. They will learn boxes, icons, folders, and view op­ error messages and how to deal with how to de-install software, manage tions will be discussed. You will learn them. Hard drive organization, system conflicts, and troubleshoot the basics of word processing and text archiving and backup strategies will crashes. Software such as Norton formatting. Copying, cutting, pasting, be discussed. An introduction to man­ Utilities, Tech Tool Pro, Conflict dragging and dropping will also be aging system extensions and control Catcher, Spring Cleaning, and Disk covered. Basic system and mouse panels will be covered along with vi­ Warrior will be demonstrated and maintenance will be included. The fun­ rus protection, system enhancements used to fix computer problems. Hard damentals of searching for files will and Macintosh "housekeeping" phi­ drive initialization, partitioning, also be covered. You should review the losophies. Students will learn how to defragmentation and optimization programs Macintosh Basics and Mouse use Disk First Aid, how to deal with with be discussed and demonstrated. Basics prior to attending the class. system crashes and what causes them. Students are encouraged to bring Prerequisite: None. They will also learn to use the new their CPU to use in class to actually Number of Sessions: Two. Find program, Sherlock, to find files troubleshoot and update their own Price: Standard Members: $70.00, As­ on the computer, to find text phrases computers. iMac owners should bring sociate Members: $100.00, Non-Mem­ in saved data and to find items on the their computer, keyboard and mouse. bers: $100.00 Internet. All students are encouraged All others should bring only their Instructor: Pat Fauquet, Jim Ritz and to take Introduction to the Macintosh CPU and modem. If students own Zip Cordell Ratner before attending this class. Drives or Super Drives they should Evening Sets Prerequisite: Introduction to also bring them to back up important 5/4/00 and 5/18/00 7 pm - 10 pm Macintosh data. All students are strongly encour- each night Number of Sessions: Two

48 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 I aged to complete both Introduction to Prerequisite: Introduction to duction to the Macintosh or a good Macintosh and Intermediate Macintosh knowledge of the Mac OS and its in­ Macintosh prior to enrolling in this Number of Sessions: Two terface. class. Price: Standard Members: $70.00, As­ Number of Sessions: One Prerequisite: Introduction to sociate Members: $100.00, Non-Mem­ Price: Standard Members: $35.00, Macintosh and Intermediate bers: $100.00 Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ . Macintosh Instructor: Pat Fauquet and Jim Ritz Members: $50.00 Number of Sessions: Two 5/16/00 and 5/18/00 9:30 am -12:30 Instructor: Pat Fauquet, Jim Ritz Price: Standard Members: $70.00, pm each day 5/17/001 pm-4 pm Associate Members: $100.00, Non­ 6/7/00 and 6/14/00 1 pm -4 pm each Members: $100.00 day Introduction to the Internet Instructor: Pat Fauquet and Jim Ritz 7 /10/00 and 7 /12/00 9:30 am -12:30 This three hour class, intended for pm each day users of all Internet browsers, will in­ Day Sets troduce you to the World Wide Web. 5/23/00 and 5/25/00 9:30 am-12:30 Learn what the various buttons on the pm each day lflf!(':'.;1Jj~~!~~;f·1 browser screen do. Learn to custom­ 6/7/00 and 6/14/00 9:30 am -12:30 Apple iTools ize the browser window to meet your pm each day Apple Computer released a suite visual needs. Learn how an Internet 7 /17/00 and 7 /19/00 9:30 am-12:30 of free Internet-based tools for MacOS address works and how to deal with pm each day 9 users at MacWorld San Francisco error messages that appear. You will 2000. Since then, users have learned learn how to use Sherlock, search en­ iVisit iMac how to access these tools even if you gines, directories and metasearch sites Take a working tour of the software are not using OS 9. Come learn to set to find the information you seek. included on the iMac. up and use these exciting tools to have Learn how to capture pictures and This two part, six hour class will a virtual hard drive that is accessible text from the internet and how it print introduce the various pieces of soft­ anywhere, make a home page with­ web pages. This class is appropriate ware included with the iMac. Stu­ out any additional software, share for all users of the Internet including dents will learn how use the assistants family photos and QuickTime mov­ American Online customers. It is sug­ and templates included with ies, send internet greeting cards, find gested that all participants enroll in AppleWorks to perform tasks such as great Internet sites, and even protect one of the e-mail courses to complete writing a letter; making a computer children from questionable content. their introduction to the Internet. address book, flyer or certificate, and This is an introductory three hour Prerequisite: Introduction to the printing an envelope. They will learn class. Macintosh or a good knowledge of how to send and receive a fax from Prerequisite: Introduction to the the Mac OS and its interface. Num­ their iMac and begin using Quicken Macintosh or a good knowledge of ber of Sessions: One to balance their checkbook. They will the Mac OS and its interface. Num­ Price: Standard Members: $35.00, learn how to make a favorites list in ber of Sessions: One Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ Internet Explorer, use the address Price: Standard Members: $35.00, Members: $50.00 book and send a file to someone in Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ Instructor: Pat Fauquet, Jim Ritz Outlook Express. They will also learn Members: $50.00 5/8/00 1 pm - 4 pm how to edit a photo with Kai's Photo Instructor: Pat Fauquet, Jim Ritz 6/6/00 lpm - 4 pm Soap, install and look up items in the 5/3/00 1 pm - 4 pm 7/6/001 pm-4 pm World Book Encyclopedia and use the Williams-Sonoma cookbook. Students Make a HomePage with Apple E-mail with Netscape Communicator will also learn how to use Adobe iTools This class will deal specifically the PageMill 3 to make a personalized In this three hour class we will e-mail application with Netscape start page on their computer. Strate­ make and view home pages using Communicator. Students will learn gies to win with Nanosaur and pro­ Apple's new Homepage iTool. No how to send, receive, reply to and for­ tect children with the EdView Internet other software is needed for this ward email. They will learn how to Safety kit will also be shown. New: project. Please bring pictures, mov­ save mail into folders, how to use and This class now includes the new Kid ies, and content that you would like manage the address books and how Pix Deluxe, a children's graphics and to include on your Homepage. to send mail to groups of people. animation program. Prerequisite: Apple iTools and Intro- They will learn how to attach files to

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pl Journal 49 - I e-mail messages and how to deal with e-mail messages and how to deal with elude: reviewing the screen elements the attached files that they receive. the attached files that they receive. of a basic new Word document (the Students will also learn where their Students will also learn where their standard and formatting toolbars and email and address books are stored email and address books are stored the menu bar); setting default options and how to back them up. and how to back them up. such as spell checking and document Prerequisite: Introduction to the Prerequisite: Introduction to the editing choices, default font selection Macintosh or a good knowledge of Macintosh or a good knowledge of that are applied to a basic document; the Mac OS and its interface. Num­ the Mac OS and its interface. Num­ creating, editing, saving and deleting ber of Sessions: One ber of Sessions: One a simple Word document; using the Price: Standard Members: $35.00, Price: Standard Members: $35.00, on line help function; simple format­ Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ ting using tabs and setting margins; Members: $50.00 Members: $50.00 creating a simple table; and review­ Instructor: Pat Fauquet, Jim Ritz Instructor: Pat Fauquet, Jim Ritz ing pre-defined templates such as the 5/10/00 1 pm - 4 pm 5/12/00 9:30 am - 12:30 pm letter template that are included in 6/8/00 1 pm - 4 pm Word. 7/18/00 9:30 am - 12:30 pm Downloading, Installing and Using Prerequisite: Introduction to the Files and Software From the Internet Macintosh or a good knowledge of E-mail with Microsoft Outlook Ex­ and from CD's. the Mac OS and its interface. press Learn how to find files and soft­ Number of Sessions: One This class will deal specifically the ware on the Internet. Learn how Price: Standard Members: $35.00, As­ e-mail application Microsoft Outlook download them, how to install and sociate Members: $50.00, Non-Mem­ Express. Students will learn how to use them. Learn about Macintosh vi­ bers: $50.00. send, receive, reply to and forward ruses, and how to combat them. This Instructor: Cordell Ratner email. They will learn how to save one Session class is intended for stu­ 6/15/00 7 pm - 10 pm mail into folders, how to use and dents who have completed Intro to manage the address books and how the Internet and an e-mail class and Excel for Microsoft Office 98 to send mail to groups of people. who want to learn more about the This class will start by covering They will learn how to attach files to various software resources that are opening, saving and retrieving an e-mail messages and how to deal with available on the Internet. These will Excel workbook, and then will discuss the attached files that they receive. include software, fonts, Sherlock and definitions of a workbook, a Students will also learn where their contextual menu plug-ins, worksheet, and a cell. Next we will email and address books are stored Applescripts, and system resources. review the objects on a typical and how to back them up. Prerequisite: Introduction to the worksheet screen including those Prerequisite: Introduction to the Macintosh or a good knowledge of items on the menu bar, the standard Macintosh or a good knowledge of the Mac OS and its interface. Num­ toolbar, and the status bar. The stu­ the Mac OS and its interface. Num­ ber of Sessions: One dent will then be assisted in creating ber of Sessions: One Price: Standard Members: $35.00, a simple Excel worksheet that will be Price: Standard Members: $35.00, Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ used to teach the concepts of enter­ Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ Members: $50.00 ing, editing, formatting, and deleting Members: $50.00 Instructor: Pat Fauquet, Jim Ritz data (text, number, time, date, and Instructor: Pat Fauquet, Jim Ritz 5/12/00 1 pm - 4 pm formula) in a cell, cilong with learn­ 5/10/00 9:30 am - 12:30 pm 6/27/00 9:30 am - 12:30 pm ing techniques on how to navigate 7/18/00 1 pm - 4 pm 7/6/00 9:30 am - 12:30 pm within the worksheet and between worksheets. Other topics for which E-mail with America Online the student created worksheet will be This class will deal specifically the used are for: inserting and manipu­ e-mail application with America Microsoft Word for Office 98 lating rows and columns, creating Online. Students will learn how to This class will introduce the stu­ basic formulas of addition, subtrac­ send, receive, reply to and forward dent to the fundamentals of the tion, multiplication and division in a email. They will learn how to save Microsoft Word for Office 98 word worksheet using the function wizard, mail into folders, how to use and processing software package. The adding comments to a cell, using the manage the address books and how course is designed for those with very fill command to enter a data series, to send mail to groups of people. limited or no previous knowledge of making the screen easier to view us­ They will learn how to attach files to Word. Topics that will be covered in- ing splitting and column header freez-

50 Washington Apple Pl Journal May I June 2000 I

ing techniques, adding, deleting and Apple Works and Newsletters Instructor: Pat Fauquet naming worksheets within a work­ Learn how to use the newsletter Attendance in an Introduction to book, and creating headers and assistant in AppleWorks to easily pro­ AppleWorks class or a good working footers printing of selected cells and duce newsletters for a variety of au­ knowledge of another word process­ an entire workbook. Finally, we will diences. In this class participants will ing application is suggested before create basic charts using pie and bar produce a basic newsletter, then learn attending this class. charts as examples, and will wrap up how to use the Mac OS stationery pad 6/28/00 1 pm - 4 pm by discussing worksheet style tech­ function to speed the production of 7/5/00 9:30 am - 12:30 pm niques along with reviewing the set future newsletters. Basics of graphic of workbook options in the tools design, layout, typography, writing AppleWorks (a.k.a. ClarisWorks) menu. style and suggestions for economical Advanced Prerequisite: Introduction to the reproduction will also be covered. In this class we will take Macintosh or a good knowledge of This class is not an introduction to AppleWorks to a new level! Learn the Mac OS and its interface, Num­ AppleWorks . how to make easy outlines, lists, and ber of Sessions: One. Prerequisite: Introduction to the checkoff charts. Make great slide Price: Standard Members: $35.00, Macintosh or a good knowledge of shows and presentations right in Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ the Mac OS and its interface. In addi­ AppleWorks. Learn how to dress up Members: $50.00. tion Introduction to AppleWorks class charts and graphs, how to make spe­ Instructor: Cordell Ratner or a good working knowledge of an­ cialized dictionaries, and how to have Call Office for Dates other word processing application is AppleWorks read to you! Learn the suggested before attending this class. secrets of stationary files, how to Number of Sessions: One make your own AppleWorks librar­ AppleWorks (ClarlsWorks) Price: Standard Members: $35.00, As­ ies store not only pictures, but also sociate Members: $50.00, Non-Mem­ frequently used text strings. Learn bers: $50.00. how to write personalized form let- Introduction to AppleWorks (a.k.a. ClarisWorks) This class will introduce the stu­ Some Specifics dent to the integrated software pack­ • Where: Unless otherwise stated, all tutorials sponsored age, AppleWorks. The course will be­ by Washington Apple Pi are given at the office located at gin with an introduction to the fun­ damentals of the AppleWorks envi­ 12022 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland. ronment: the window layout, the help • Fees: $35 per class for members and $50 per class for non­ menu, and the universal commands. Each of the six modules (Text, Draw, members. Pre-registration and Pre-payment must be made Paint, Spreadsheet, Database, and to hold a seat. Communications) will be treated separately but the emphasis will be • Who: All family members living within the household on text and draw documents. The of a member, are members. course will conclude with an exami­ nation of some basic integrated appli­ • Class Size: Class size is limited to 6 students per class. cations. Prerequisite: Introduction to the • Instructor Cancellation: If a class is cancelled by the Macintosh or a good knowledge of instructor, all students will be notified of the cancellation. the Mac OS and its interface. Num­ Please check your home answering machine if you have not ber of Sessions: One given a work number for notification. Price: Standard Members: $35.00, Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ • Student Cancellation: A cancellation must be received 72 Members: $50.00. Instructor: Pat Fauquet and Jim Ritz hours before the class time. Cancellation may be made only 6/15/00 9:30 am - 12:30 pm via telephone during business hours or via email to the email 6/27/00 1 pm - 4 pm address of [email protected]. The office does not have an 7/3/00 9:30 am -12:30 pm answering machine-only an announcement machine.

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 51 -

ters and how to do special layouts for templates and clip art installed with Graphics in the Classroom newsletters. Many of the projects in­ the program and the array of addi­ Calling all non-artists who need cluded will be using the capabilities tional items that will be available on to use graphics for newsletters, of ClarisWorks 4.0 and AppleWorks the.internet. This class is intended for worksheets, class web pages, presen­ 5.0 Students will receive templates, those who have completed Introduc­ tations and classroom lessons! Class stationary files and handouts to take tion to AppleWorks or who have a participants will review the Draw and home. If you have any feature of the good understanding of the previous Paint modules of AppleWorks to dis­ program that you would like covered versions. cover the many easy things that can in particular, please mention it when Prerequisite: Introduction to be done with this program. They will you sign up. AppleWorks or previous experience learn how to construct a graphic us­ Prerequisite: Introduction to with AppleWorks ing the draw module, edit clip art to AppleWorks or a good knowledge of Number of Sessions: One change colors and parts to re-pur­ the basics of AppleWorks and its in­ Price: Standard Members: $35.00, As­ pose it for web, newsletter and terface. sociate Members: $50.00, Non-Mem­ worksheet use. They will learn how Number of Sessions: One bers: $50.00 to use the AppleWorks tools to Price: Standard Members: $35.00, As­ Instructor: Pat Fauquet make ,,layered %0 pictures and sociate Members: $50.00, Non-Mem­ 5/8/00 9:30 am - 12:30 pm translucent objects. They will learn bers: $50.00. 6/28/00 9:30 am - 12:30 pm how to make and edit screen shots Instructor: Pat Fauquet 7/3/00 1 pm - 4 pm to make how-to instruction sheets. 5/5/00 9:30 am - 12:30 pm Basic photo editing and touch-ups AppleWorks in the Classroom will also be covered. Techniques for AppleWorks (a.k.a. ClarisWorks) for Teachers, come refresh your making web and clip art sets will be the Experienced User Workshop AppleWorks techniques, templates shown. No artistic talent is needed This class is for those who have and ideas in this three hour class. Par­ to benefit from this hands-on how some experience with AppleWorks ticipants will review the capabilities to filled workshop. Prerequisite: In­ and are interested in asking questions of the various components of the pro­ troduction to the Macintosh or a and having specific problems dis­ gram and learn new strategies to in­ good knowledge of the Mac OS and cussed. The class will be a questions corporate word processing, data­ its interface. The price is $35 ($50 and answer format. You should bring bases, spreadsheets and drawing and for non members). along on floppy a sample of things painting across the curriculum and in Instructor: Pat Fauquet with w,hich you need help. The idea classroom management. The instruc­ Teaching Students With Graphics being that you can work on a project tor will share lesson plans, techniques, can we change to while the instructor is helping another handouts, templates, clip art, internet Graphics in the Classroom with one that does not interest you. resources and projects. Please bring a 6/30/00 1 pm - 4 pm Prerequisite: Introduction to Zip Disk and Zip drive to take home 7/7/00 1 pm - 4 pm AppleWorks or a good knowledge of these materials. This class is not an the basics of AppleWorks and its in­ introduction to AppleWorks. Students terface. should have a good working knowl­ Number of Sessions: One edge of the program. Attend~ce in Price: Standard Members: $35.00, As­ an Introduction to AppleWorks class Networking for the Home and Small sociate Members: $50.00, Non-Mem­ or a good working knowledge of an­ Office bers: $50.00. other word processing application is Do you have two Macintoshes Instructor: Pat Fauquet suggested before attending this class. and one printer-or two printers and 7/5/001 pm-4 pm Prerequisite: Introduction to the one Macintosh-or maybe even Macintosh or a good knowledge of more? Moving up to AppleWorks 6 the Mac OS and its interface. The Come learn the possibilities of­ Come learn about the changes price is $35 ($50 for non members). fered by the Macintosh platform to and new features that are found in Instructor: Pat Fauquet share not only printers, but also files AppleWorks 6. Learn how to use the AppleWorks in the Classroom and even moderns. Learn about the new buttons, menus and tools to pro­ 6/30/00 9:30 am - 12:30 pm built in networking software in every duce word processed documents, da­ 7/7/00 9:30 am - 12:30 pm Macintosh and various hardware and tabases, spreadsheets, graphics and software options available to do even slideshows. Learn how to access the more. This class will cover AppleTalk

52 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 I and PhoneNet connectors, AB switch will learn how to make and prepare Web Page. boxes, serial port expanders, USB backgrounds, headlines, clip art, but­ Prerequisite: Introduction to the ports and hubs, ethemet, cards, and tons, rules, dividers and animations Maciritosh or a good knowledge of transceivers. Hubs, router and serv­ for web pages. They will also learn the Mac OS and its interface. ers will also be discussed. how to construct graphic sets. These Number of Sessions: Two. Learn how to install network ca­ will be made using AppleWorks, Price: Standard Members: $70.00,As­ bling without tearing down all the GraphicConverter and Adobe sociate Members: $100.00, Non-Mem­ walls and learn how to determine PhotoDeluxe. Students will learn bers: $100.00 what kind of cable to buy and how to about the GIF, JPEG and PNG formats Instructor: Pat Fauquet put the connectors on the cables. and when to use them. If you want to 5/30/00 9:30 am - 4 pm In addition to talking about wires use these projects in an actual web 7/14/00 9:30 am - 4 pm and hardware choices we will also page, please sign up for Web Page discuss sharing files and applications Workshop in addition to this class. If between two or more computers and you have a external Zip drive, please Consumer Graphics and printers. bring it to class. If you have an inter­ Multtmedla Prerequisite: A good working knowl­ nal Zip drive at home, please bring edge of the Mac OS and its interface. an empty Zip disk to class. This is an Introduction to Scanners Number of Sessions: One all day workshop. Please bring a sack This class will cover basic scan­ Price: Standard Members: $35.00, As­ lunch or money to order lunch in. ner operation. Students will learn sociate Members: $50.00, Non-Mem­ Prerequisite: Introduction to the how to scan photos and text. They will bers: $50.00. Macintosh or a good knowledge of learn how to adjust the scanner set­ Instructor: Pat Fauquet the Mac OS and its interface. tings to produce better scan and how 5/1/00 1 pm - 4 pm Number of Sessions: Two. to prepare a photo file to attach it to Price: Standard Members: $70.00, As­ an e-mail message. They will learn sociate Members: $100.00, Non-Mem­ how to use scanned photos in text Web Page Developmen~ bers: $100.00 documents and how to scan directly Instructor: Pat Fauquet into applications such as Adobe Adobe GoLive 6/23/00 9:30 am - 4 pm ··· - PhotoDeluxe and Kai's PhotoSoap. Learn to use Adobe GoLive to cre­ They will learn how to use OCR soft­ ate web pages and sites. This software Web Page Workshop ware to turned scanned text into a text package allows pixel-level control of Come design a web page! In this file. graphics and ease in adding class students will be introduced to Prerequisite: Introduction to the JavaScript actions. This class is in­ HTML and how it works. They will Macintosh or a good knowledge of tended for those who have completed learn how to use Claris Home Page the Mac OS and its interface, Introduc­ the "Web Page Workshop" and "Pre­ or Adobe PageMill or GoLive tion to the Internet and an E-mail paring Graphics for the Web" or their CyberStudio Personal Edition to class. equivalents. It is an introductory make a series of linking web pages Number of Sessions: One. course and is not intended for ad­ using pre-made backgrounds, graph­ Price: Standard Members: $35.00, vanced users of the program. ics, animations and sounds. They will Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ Prerequisite: Web Page Workshop learn how to plan and organize their Members: $50.00. and Preparing Graphics for the Web files for easy web page maintenance. Instructor: Pat Fauquet or a good knowledge of web site de­ They will learn about the principles 5/17/00 9:30 am -12:30 pm velopment of good web page design. Their pages 6/21/00 9:30 am - 12:30 pm Number of Sessions: Two. will be ready to upload to the web. If 7/10/00 1 pm - 4 pm Price: Standard Members: $70.00, As­ you have a external Zip drive~ please sociate Members: $100.00, Non-Mem­ bring it and an empty Zip disk to Introduction to Digital Cameras bers: $100.00 class. If you have an internal Zip drive Learn how to use your digital Instructor: Pat Fauquet at home, please bring an empty Zip camera to its best advantage. Learn 5/31/00 9:30 am - 4 pm disk to class. This is an all day work­ how to download photos you've 6/26/00 9:30 am - 4 pm shop. Please bring a sack lunch or taken and how to bring them directly money to order lunch in. It is sug­ into applications like Adobe Preparing Graphics for the Web gested that a good follow-on class PhotoDeluxe and Kai's PhotoSoap. In this all-day workshop students would be Graphics and Sound for My Learn about cropping and improving

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 53 image quality. Learn how to decrease orama or make QuickTune VR object? file size so that you can send photos Do you know what equipment you Other Educational via e-mail. need and how to hook it up to your Opportunities Prerequisite: Introduction to the Mac to make all those things happen? Macintosh or a good knowledge of All these projects can be done with Apple Computer Inc., the Mac OS and its interface, Intro to QuickTime 3 Pro which is included in Reston, VA 703-264-5100 or the Internet and an E-mail class. Macintosh OS 8.5 In this class we will www.seminars.apple.com Number of Sessions: One. explore these projects, discuss what Price: Standard Members: $35.00, you need to do them, and show you Mac Business Solutions Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ where to buy the missing parts with­ I Members: $50.00. out spending a fortune. If you have a 301-330-407 4 or Instructor: Pat Fauquet external Zip drive, please bring it and www.mbsdirect.com 6/21/00 1 pm - 4pm an empty Zip disk to class. If you have 7/12/001 pm-4 pm an internal Zip drive at home, please Micro Center 703-204-8400 bring an empty Zip disk to class. This or www.microcenter­ Introduction to Graphics is an all day workshop. Please bring a education.com Are you confused by graphic jar­ sack lunch or money to order lunch in. gon? Would you like to learn how to Prerequisite: Introduction to the Piwowar & Associates 202- choose and use a scanner? Do you Macintosh or a good knowledge of 223-6813 <;>r www.tjpa.com know the difference between draw and the Mac OS and its interface, Intro to paint programs? Are you wondering the Internet and an E-mail class. about digital cameras? Are you baffled Number of Sessions: Two Carol O'Connor 703-430- by PICT, GIF, TIFF BMP, JPEG, and all Price: Standard Members: $70.00, 5881, [email protected] those other graphic formats? Would Associate Members: $100.00, Non­ you like to learn how to send a picture Members: $100.00 by e-mail? Do you know what to do Instructor: Pat Fauquet Many Washington Apple Pi with pictures people send to you? 5/19/00 9:30 am - 4 pm members purchased MovieWorks at Would you like to learn how to make 6/19/00 9:30 am - 4 pm the November General Meeting. your own Finder backgrounds and Come learn how this software works icons? This is the class for you! We will Introduction to Adobe PhotoDeluxe in a hands-on Sessions. We will explore all these topics in non-techni­ This inexpensive program is fun make a "movie" that brings in sev­ cal language and show you how make and easy to learn. It can be used to eral pictures, adds titles, has narra­ graphics work for you! edit images for the web. It also can be tion and an animation and transi­ Prerequisite: Introduction to the used to enhance digital photographs tions between pictures. We will then Macintosh or a good knowledge of or scanned images, make calendars, make QuickTime movies that can be the Mac OS and its interface, Num­ posters, and cards. The only major played on a computer and over the ber of Sessions: One. drawback to the program is its poorly Internet. The instructor will demon­ Price: Standard Members: $35.00, As­ written manual with lots of neat ex­ strate how to digitize a movie on a sociate Members: $50.00, Non-Mem­ amples but few detailed instructions. computer with a video capture card bers: $50.00. In this class students will learn how and how to record from the com­ Instructor: Pat Fauquet to use this program to accomplish puter to a VCR. We will discuss how 5/15/00 9:30 am - 12:30 pm many tasks that normally require to add video capture and video out Adobe PhotoShop. capabilities to your computer. We Working with QuickTime Pro Prerequisite: Introduction to the will also discuss how to optimize Have you ever wished you could Macintosh or a good knowledge of your system to make the best pos­ make a video from your computer the Mac OS and its interface. sible movies with MovieWorks. Stu­ instead of writing a report? Have you Number of Sessions: One. dents are invited to bring their own ever wanted to add titles, credits and/ Price: Standard Members: $35.00,As­ pictures to be put into their or a new sound track to your home sociate Members: $50.00, Non-Mem­ MovieWorks projects. If you own a videos? Have you ever wanted to cut bers: $50.00. Zip drive or other large capacity or mix your own audio tapes? Have Instructor: Pat Fauquet storage device you may want to you wanted to make your own 5/15/00 1 pm - 4 pm bring it to take your project home. If QuickTime movie, a QuickTime pan- Introduction to MovieWorks you do not own MovieWorks, infor-

54 Washington Apple Pl Journal May I June 2000 mation will be provided on where to etc. Using new ink jet media you can obtain the software. make elegant faux stained glass, per­ Home and Small Business Prerequisite: Introduction to the sonalized gifts, animated greeting Flnanclal Management Macintosh or a good knowledge of the cards, elegant wall hangings, memory Mac OS and its interface. books and quilts, jewelry, games, etc. Introduction to Quicken Number of Sessions: One. Requirement for attendance: This course w ill be an introduc­ Price: Standard Members: $35.00, As­ imagination or a desire to imagine. tion to the personal use of Quicken 7 sociate Members: $50.00, Non-Mem­ New crafters may attend to learn new or 98, and will cover the following: bers: $50.00. computer tricks and experienced Entering Accounts, Use of QuickFill, Instructor: Pat Fauquet crafters may attend to learn computer Split Transactions, Categories, Writ­ 5/22100 1 pm - 4 pm tricks. None of the classes require pre­ ing Checks, Preferences, Passwords, 7/19/001 pm -4 pm vious experience. Help, Reconciling Accounts, Recon­ ciliation Report, Credit Card Ac­ Computer Crafting Class Creativity grows in a creative environ­ counts, Transferring Money. An informal class in a flexible for­ ment. Come play with us. Each class Students should have some famil­ mat to help students combine regular will be different based on the needs iarity with the program and made an art and craft skills with their computer. and skills of the students. Requests for attempt to use it before class. The class This combination will open many new specific content are invited. When you will be taught using Quicken 7 (not doors for some, and make life easier register, tell us what you want to the deluxe version). The instructor for others. This will not be a class to learn, what software you want to use w ill try to answer all questions as long teach a specific skill, rather it will teach and anything else you want to share. as they are within the curriculum out­ how to open your creative spirit. Stu­ Prerequisite: Introduction to the lined above. Bring your written ques­ dents are invited to bring clip art, Macintosh or a good knowledge of tions. graphic applications and projects to the Mac OS and its interface, Num­ Prerequisite: Introduction to the class. Instead of showing you new ber of Sessions: One. Macintosh or a good knowledge of software you have to buy, this class is Price: Standard Members: $35.00, the Mac OS and its interface, Num­ structured to help you get the best use Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ ber of Sessions: One. ou t of software you own. Members: $50.00. Price: Standard Members: $35.00, Learn how to create stencils, tem­ Instructor: Mary Keene Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ plates, silk screens, sponge patterns, Call Office for Dates Members: $50.00.

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May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pl Journal 55 Instructor: Pat Fauquet spreadsheet concepts. Students will different parts of an image on layers. 5/5/00 1 pm - 4 pm learn how to set up a spreadsheet, how Each layer can then be edited as dis­ to enter and edit numbers and words, crete artwork, allowing unlimited how to enter basic formulas and make flexibility in composing and revising basic charts and graphs. They will learn an image. This lesson introduces cre­ how to sort data and how to print the ating an image with layers, and cov­ whole spread sheet or only a portion ers the basics of the Layers palette and Introduction to FileMaker Pro and/ of it. Students will use either the how to select, view, and reorder lay­ or the AppleWorks (a.k.a. spreadsheet module of AppleWorks ers. The concepts are fundamental for ClarisWorks) Database Module (ClarisWorks) or Excel. This class is not the use of Photoshop. In this lesson, This course covers what a data­ meant for persons who are intermedi­ you'll learn how to do the following: base is, database terms, how to plan a ate or advanced users. Organize your artwork on layers. Cre­ database, and create database fields Prerequisite: Introduction to the ate a new layer. View and hide lay­ and layouts. Searching, sorting, print­ Macintosh or a good knowledge of ers. Select layers. Remove artwork on ing and editing information in a da­ the Mac OS and its interface. layers. Reorder layers to change the tabase will also be covered. The dif­ Number of Sessions: One. placement of artwork in the image. ferences between the AppleWorks Price: Standard Members: $35.00, Apply modes to layers to vary the ef­ module and FileMaker Pro will be Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ fect of artwork on the layer. Link lay­ discussed as well as when and how Members: $50.00. ers to affect them simultaneously. to migrate an existing database into Instructor: Pat Fauquet or Jim Ritz Apply a gradient to a layer. Add text FileMaker Pro. 6/29/00 9:30 am - 12:30 pm and layer effects to a layer. Save a copy Prerequisite: Introduction to the of the file with the layers flattened. Macintosh or a good knowledge of Prerequisite: Introduction to the the Mac OS and its interface, Num­ Macintosh or a good knowledge of ber of Sessions: One. the Mac OS and its interface, and Price: Standard Members: $35.00, Adobe PhotoShop Part 1 or a knowl­ Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ Adobe Photoshop Part 1 edge of the topics covered in that Members: $50.00. Learn the basic fundamentals of class. Instructor: Pat Fauquet and Jim Ritz Adobe Photoshop, the most widely Number of Sessions: One. 5/26/00 9:30 am - 12:30 pm used graphics program. Learn the Price: Standard Members: $35.00, 6/29/00 1 pm - 4 pm proper way to configure the Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ Photoshop preferences and how to Members: $50.00. FileMaker Pro Clinic use the tool, info, channel and color Instructor: Blake Lange This class is for those who have palettes. Also learn how to use each 5/9/00 7 pm - 10 pm some experience with FileMaker Pro of Photoshop's tools, create new 6/13/00 7 pm -10 pm and are interested in asking questions documents, define colors and ma­ 7/lVOO 7 pm -10 pm and having specific problems dis­ nipulate text and images. Also cov­ cussed. The class will be a questions ered will be the proper format to save Adobe Illustrator: Mastering the and answer format. You should bring your image in, and what compression Bezier Curve along on floppy a sample of things will or won't do to your image. Pre­ Illustrator has become so feature you would like help. requisite: Introduction to the laden that current tutorials are just Prerequisite: Introduction to the Macintosh or a good knowledge of overviews of the product; they do not Macintosh or a good knowledge of the Mac OS and its interface. Num­ present the fundamental workings of the Mac OS and its interface. Num­ ber of Sessions: One. the program in depth. The Bezier ber of Sessions: One. Price: Standard Members: $35.00, curve, otherwise known as a vector Price: Standard Members: $35.00, Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ graphic, is the primary building block Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ Members: $50.00. of Illustrator (and many other draw­ Members: $50.00. Instructor: Paul Schlosser ing programs). Mastering its use will Instructor: Pat Fauquet 5/3/00 6 pm - 9 pm fundamentally change your view of 5/26/00 1 pm - 4 pm 6/7/00 6 pm- 9 pm the power of the program. The way 7/5/00 6 pm - 9 pm the Bezier curve works, however, may Introduction to Spreadsheets seem alien at first with its points and This class will introduce basic Adobe PhotoShop Part 2 vectors, an approach to illustrating Adobe Photoshop lets you isolate

56 Washington Apple Pl Journal May I June 2000 many find counter-intuitive. This Introduction to Quark XPress Instructor: Paul Schlosser class will start with creating anded­ Learn the basic fundamentals of 5/24/00 6 pm - 9 pm iting the simplest lines and curves and Quark Xpress, the most widely used 6/28/00 6 pm - 9 pm build up to the creation of complex page layout program. Learn the Quark Xpress Clinic illustrations. By the end of the class proper way to configure the Xpress This class is for those who have you should feel comfortable editing preferences and how to use the tool, some experience with Quark Xpress any illustration based on the Bezier measurement, color and documents and are interested in asking questions curve, for example, all clip art that has palettes. You'll learn how to properly and having specific problems dis­ the eps extension in its file name. This create new documents, define four­ cussed. The class will be a question class serves as both a good introduc­ color process and spot colors, create and answer format and you should tion to the program and as a help for master pages and manipulate text and bring along on floppy a sample of the more advanced user to become graphic objects. Learn how to cor­ things for which you would like help. adept in its use. rectly use Xpress font and picture us­ Prerequisite: Introduction to Quark Prerequisite: Introduction to the age windows and how to configure Xpress or a good knowledge of the Macintosh or a good knowledge of the document for the laser printer or basics of Quark Xpress and its inter­ the Mac OS and its interface. Num­ high-resolution imagesetter. face. The price is $35 ($50 for non ber of Sessions: One. Prerequisite: Introduction to the members). Price: Standard Members: $35.00, Macintosh or a good knowledge of Prerequisite: Introduction to the Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ the Mac OS and its interface. Num­ Macintosh or a good knowledge of Members: $50.00. ber of Sessions: One. the Mac OS and its interface, and a Instructor: Blake Lange Price: Standard Members: $35.00, good working knowledge of Quark 6/27/00 7 pm - 10 pm Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ Xpress 7/25/00 7 pm-10 pm Members: $50.00. Number of Sessions: One. /lid' 1 Cta11e1 Easier Than Easy: Macintosh Skills, make publishing and page layout fun! NEW: Saturday Kids' Courses Tips & Tricks Whether you're writing a report, Sure, using a Mac is pretty easy sending a letter to a friend or relative, Due to member requests, Ron right out of the box! But there are or making a club newsletter, your Mac Evry has agreed to teach some plenty of unbelievably simple Mac OS puts you in control! Your only limits classes for our younger mem­ shortcuts and secret tricks that can are your imagination. Learn how to bers on Saturdays.· If you make any user look like a pro! Also use photographs you take in your would like to contact Ron about learn how to make your Mac obey publishing, and find out where to get your spoken commands, create all kinds of free fonts and clip art. these classes please do so at AppleScripts without knowing a Prerequisite: None. . Please re­ thing about programming, and set Number of Sessions: One member that Ron can not sign things up to happen on schedule Price: Standard Members: $35.00 As­ anyone up for classes. That without your being anywhere sociate Members: $50.00, Non-Mem­ must be done through the of­ around! bers: $50.00 Prerequisite: None. Instructor: Ron Evry fice. Please also remember that Number of Sessions: One Saturday 5/6/00-1 pm - 4 pm you as the parent or guardian Price: Standard Members: $35.00 As­ of the younger member must sociate Members: $50.00, Non-Mem­ Wandering the Web: Get What You be at the office 5 minutes before bers: $50.00 Want When You Want It! the scheduled class ending time Instructor: Ron Evry With over 600 million web pages Saturday 5/6/00- 9 am- Noon out there, it's easy to get lost. How­ to pick up your child. Saturday ever, it's really much easier to get ex­ Kids' Courses note: all courses Say It with Slickness: Desktop Pub­ actly what you're looking for! There's will cover use of commercial lishing and Page Layout a world of great stuff that is easy to programs and freeware and One thing that Macs have always find once you know the secrets behind shareware alternatives. done (and still do) better than any­ navigating the Internet. Discover the thing else in the computer world is to universe's greatest reference source,

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 57 Price: Standard Members: $35.00, the Mac OS and its interface and Introduction to PageMaker or a good knowl­ Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ edge of the basics of PageMaker and its interface. Number of Sessions: One. Members: $50.00. Price: Standard Members: $35.00, Associate Members: $50.00, Non-Members: Instructor: Paul Schlosser $50.00. Instructor: Blake Lange Call office for dates • 7/26/00 6 pm - 9 pm

Introduction to PageMaker Using the basic commands, tolls, and palettes, you will import, format, /lid's Classes Conlinued and position text and graphic ele­ created by a teen-ager! Learn exactly Spielberg? A famous French movie ments needed to assemble a single­ how to get great games and other director once said, "Movies won't page, black and white flyer. This programs from the web, and what it be an art until the materials are as project will cover the following top­ takes to unpack them and run them. inexpensive as paper and pencil." ics: Restoring default PageMaker set­ Also discover how to find tons of We are just about there. You can tings. Changing the view of a publi­ great free music for the download­ make movies on your Mac and cre­ cation. Creating a new publication. ing! ate effects that would have taken Opening an existing publication. Set­ Prerequisite: None. millions of dollars worth.of equip­ ting up the horizontal and vertical Number of Sessions: One ment just a few short years ago! rulers. Displaying and hiding guides. Price: Standard Members: $35.00 As­ Learn exactly what you need to Positioning the zero point. Using the sociate Members: $50.00, Non-Mem­ make your masterpiece, and when pointer tool, the text tool, and the bers: $50.00 you pick up your Oscar, you can zoom tool. Specifying multiple col­ Instructor: Ron Evry thank Washington Apple Pi! umns. Locking the guides. Creating, Saturday 6/10/00 - 9 am - Noon Prerequisite: None. placing formatting, and positioning Number of Sessions: One text and graphic elements. Creating a The Global Refrigerator Door: Cre­ Price: Standard Members: $35.00 drop cap. Applying a tint to text. ating a Web Page and Way, Way Be­ Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ Specifying a hanging indent. Creating yond Members: $50.00 ruler guides. Drawing circles, rect­ Not that long ago, just browsing Instructor: Ron Evry angles, and lines. Adjusting the stack­ the web was the height of coolness. Saturday 6/24/00 - 9 am - Noon ing order of elements on the page. Now, there's no excuse for anybody Range kerning text. Using the Snap not to have at least their own web Multimedia Madness: Razzle­ to Guides option. pages, and maybe a lot more! Lots Dazzle Reports and Eye-Popping Prerequisite: Introduction to the of web page space is available for Presentations Macintosh or a good knowledge of free! Creating your own pages is in­ Writing on paper is so 20th Cen­ the Mac OS and its interface. Num­ credibly simple. Find out just what tury! Express yourself by creating ber of Sessions: One. to do to make animations, password­ your own interactive media. Com­ Price: Standard Members: $35.00, protect your web site, put interactive bine sights, sounds,· and viewer in­ Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ games, counters, and lots more stuff put to make your next report, story, Members: $50.00. that used to be only done by pro­ or literary endeavor a hands-on, un­ Instructor: Blake Lange grammers! Finally, learn how to eas­ forgettable experience! Teachers and 5/23/00 7 pm - 10 pm ily put your own radio or television business executives are mostly lag­ programs on the internet! ging around doing slide shows when PageMaker Clinic Prerequisite: None. they do anything at all. Become a This class is for those who have Number of Sessions: One power user and stretch your skills to some experience with PageMaker and Price: Standard Members: $35.00 As­ the limits! are interested in asking questions and sociate Members: $50.00, Non-Mem­ Prerequisite: None. having specific problems discussed. bers: $50.00 Number of Sessions: One The class will be a questions and an­ Instructor: Ron Evry Price: Standard Members: $35.00 swer format and you should bring Saturday 6/10/00 - 1 pm - 4 pm Associate Members: $50.00, Non­ along on floppy a sample of things for Members: $50.00 which you would like help. Lights, Camera, Action! Produce Instructor: Ron Evry Prerequisite: Introduction to the Your Movie Masterpiece on the Mac Saturday 6/24/00 - 1 pm - 4 pm Macintosh or a good knowledge of Are you the next Steven

58 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 have excellent hearing or are trained in music probably will notice the dif­ ference, but MP3 isn't an incremental change from the top of the audiophile Expose Yourself to food chain, it's a grass roots revolu­ tion begun outside the music indus­ try. That said, I gather audiophiles are Music via MP3 pondering the implications of MP3 as well, since bringing music into a com­ puter makes possible all sorts of ma­ nipulations and auditory tweaks that While the Pi Laboratory Annex manage­ were previously impossible. ment is enthusiastically celebrating 50 Quick Recap Thanks to MP3, the Internet has become a more viable publishing me­ years of Doo Wop, we find our laboraton; by Adam C. Engst di um for independent musicians, assistants enthralled by the new music who often release recordings in the tands for MPEG available via the MP3 format on the tightly compressed and royalty-free 1 layer 3 and is a Internet. So, management decided to MP3 format, either enticing you to highly com­ learn a little of what MP3 is all about. MP3 buy the full CD or to pay a small fee pressed file format for storing audio for a particular track. MP3 is also now We asked two experts from TidBITS, afree that can be replayed without signifi­ being used by a variety of sites like email and Web publication covering the cant loss of quality. The term "near CD quality" is often bandied about, SHOUTcast and The Green Witch for Macintosh Internet community, to ex­ streaming radio broadcasts that most but the important fact is that non-au­ plain it to us. Adam C. Engst provides a of the commercial MP3 players can diophiles probably won't hear the dif­ quick overview of MP3, while ferry ference between music on an original play back. A program called Ampcast Kindall explains how to roll your own. CD and the MP3 version. People who helps you find these MP3-based

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"Thanks to MP3, the Internet has because you can put CDs into your Mac, download title and artist information from the Internet, and work with become a more viable publishing their contents as though each track were a file. That's true, medium for independent musicians, but most people don't because of the sheer size of those files - often 30 to 50 MB each. Someday we won't think who often release recordings in the twice about working with files that size, but for most pur­ tightly compressed and royalty-free poses now, a 40 MB file is too large to store conveniently on your hard disk, copy over a network, or download from MP3 format, either enticing you to the Web. A full CD might hold between 450 MB and 740 buy the full CD or to pay a small fee MB of audio data, which means I could store approximately 2 of them on the 1.2 GB hard disk in my Power Mac 8500. for a particular track." There's no reason to bother working with these massive CDs on the Mac - my $250 bookshelf stereo holds 6 CDs at once. radio broadcasts, and if you want to play disk jockey, check That's where MP3 waltzes in. You can convert a song out BayTex Fiesta and MegaSeg, both of which let you mix from a CD into MP3 format and in the process, reduce its and fade between MP3 songs. size by a factor of ten. A 30 MB original might drop down to 3 MB, and although a full CD might still occupy 45 to 75 MB, that's a far cry from its original size. •

MP3 has spawned numerous featherweight MP3 players like the Diamond Rio 500, the I-Jam, and the jazPiper. These Creating Your Own devices rely on small memory cards that store MP3 files downloaded from a Mac or a PC. MP3s by: Jerry Kindall TH 0 UGH MP3 is turning into a great way to Being Really Digital expose yourself to new music - like the new single Nicholas Negroponte of the MIT Media Lab often from local Michigan band Troll for Trout, or Alan writes about the importance of digital over analog, and Parsons' Dr. Evil Trance Remix of the title track from his MP3 provides an interesting take on the difference. After new album - half the fun is in rolling your own. Happily, all, music distributed on CDs is digital, and much is often there are no fewer than five separate Macintosh applica­ made of the superior sound quality of CDs, supposedly tions available for creating your own MP3s. With one ex­ because they're digital. In fact, the reason CDs provide ception, all of them let you encode MP3 files directly from excellent sound quality is that they provide more band­ an audio CD - and they'll do it faster than real-time with a width than many analog methods of playing recorded reasonably speedy CD-ROM drive and processor. sound, such as cassette tapes, and the quality of the CD­ Making MP3 files of CDs you already own and play­ based audio doesn't deteriorate over time and with each ing them back on your own equipment is perfectly legal. use. Sound quality is unrelated to the digital/ analog di­ Making MP3 files of music you've created and giving them vide. away is also legal. But uploading and downloading "boot­ Although they use a digital storage format, CDs feel leg" MP3s (songs encoded from commercial albums with­ like members of the analog world. You buy CDs in stores, out the artist's or record label's permission) is illegal. Re­ and they come in cardboard and plastic packages. You can member, it's up to you to keep your use.of MP3 players damage CDs, and you must constantly swap them in and and encoders on the right side of the Force. out of your CD player. Simply put, CDs are physical ob­ We donned headphones and put together a four­ jects that you use much like analog audio cassettes and minute AIFF audio file containing several different styles vinyl records. of music. In Part II, we'll tell you how quickly our five I can hear the muffled protests in the ether already, contenders encoded MP3 files and how these files sounded. But first, a journey into the psychology of sound.

60 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 Why Encoders Matter When you make a 128 kilobit per second (Kbps) MP3 "Making MP3 files of CDs you already file from an audio CD, the encoded file is less than 10 per­ cent of the size of the original, which means that the en­ own and playing them back on your coder essentially discards over 90 percent of the original own equipment is perfectly legal. Mak- data. It's been known for decades that our sense of hear­ ing is as much between our ears as it is in them. By taking ing MP3 files of music you've created advantage of our knowledge of how humans perceive and giving them away is also legal. But sound (the science of psychoacoustics), it is possible to extract the most important parts of an audio signal and uploading and downloading "bootleg" encode them with high fidelity, using lower fidelity for MP3s (songs encoded from commercial less noticeable parts of the sound, or discarding such parts altogether. This is the basic principle behind MP3 and other albums without the artist's or record lossy audio compression schemes, such as the QDesign label's permission) is illegal. " Music Codec built into QuickTime. One interesting fact about the MPEG standard (of which MP3 is only one small part) is that the specification coding stereo files at bitrates of 64 Kbps and lower. At this says nothing at all about how an MPEG encoder should point, a number of encoding inaccuracies (commonly re­ /1 work - it only defines the format required by the decoder. ferred to as artifacts" became apparent as the encoders This means that developers are free to innovate their own struggled to decide which parts of the sound were least encoding schemes - as long as the resulting file has the important and thus disposable. It was obvious which had right format, it can be decoded by any MP3 player. Com­ the best psychoacoustic models under the hood. Now, let's petition, the theory goes, will drive developers of MP3 see how the different encoders fared in our tests, includ­ encoder software to develop better and better psychoa­ ing AudioCatalyst, SoundJam MP, N2MP3, MVP, and the coustic simulations. Better encoders mean better-sound­ free MP3 Encoder. Here are the results of donning head­ ing MP3 files - and the best part is that you don't need phones and making MP3s from five popular encoding pro­ new playback software to enjoy the improvement, just a grams. new version of the file. So, counterintuitively, the software used to create an Xing AudioCatalyst 2.0.1 ity than the software you use to listen to it. Although some AudioCatalyst was the first fast MP3 encoder for the MP3 playback programs have built-in equalizers and other Mac, and the first that could encode audio directly from enhancements to allow you to shape the sound to your CD without first saving it to your hard disk. While the liking, all software MP3 players sound pretty much the initial release didn't have all the features of its Windows same with those features turned off. predecessor, AudioCatalyst 2.0 now enjoys parity with its The good news is that the encoders we tested produced Windows sibling. listenable MP3s at bitrates of 128 Kbps and higher regard­ The program feels like a Windows port, and its op­ less of the style of music. Bitrate is just a fancy word for tions are buried in different dialog boxes. Still, it sports a how many bits are required to encode a second of music. number of features its competitors don't. For one thing, it The more bits you use, the less audio information you have can automatically normalize the volume level of CD tracks to throw away, and thus the better the resulting file sounds, before encoding them. (Many older CDs are mastered at all other things being equal. If the bitrate of an MP3 or comparatively low levels. Normalizing boosts the signal QuickTime file is lower than the bitrate of your modem to take advantage of the full available dynamic range.) It (generally 56 Kbps or lower), and the planets are aligned also has a function to snip silence from the beginning and just right, you can actually play back the file as it down­ the end of a track automatically. loads. Most stereo MP3s you'll find on the Internet are AudioCatalyst's panoply of features defined our ex­ encoded at 128 Kbps or higher, which means you'll need pectations for other MP3 encoders. AudioCatalyst can look ISON line or better to listen to them in real-time. up track names for audio CDs from the Internet CD Data­ In naked ear tests, you'd be hard pressed to notice base (CDDB) , so you don't any differences between the files encoded by our selection have to name the resulting files, and it enables you to of audio bit-crunchers. With headphones, some minor dif­ specify how you want the files to be named (e.g., track ferences become apparent, although nothing earth-shat­ number+ song title+ artist name) and will optionally cre­ tering was revealed until we conducted a torture test, en- ate a folder for each album and yet another enclosing folder

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 61 I outside that named after the artist. is a fancy alternative to an equalizer that employs psy­ AudioCatalyst was the first Mac MP3 encoder to cre­ choacoustic principles to boost the audibility of bass on ate MP3s with the full audible frequency range from 20 Hz small computer speakers, enhance the stereo image, and to 20 KHz. (Older MP3 encoders cut off frequencies at 16 synthesize missing high frequencies. KHz.) At sufficiently high bitrates, this brings MP3 closer Despite getting high marks for value, SoundJam's cur­ to CD-quality realism, although at lower bitrates, this barely rent encoder functionality isn't competitive with the other audible data can cause the representation of the rest of the encoders. The program has CDDB support for automati­ audio spectrum to suffer. Like almost all its features, cally naming your files and can create an enclosing folder AudioCatalyst lets you tum off extended-range encoding. named after the album. It also supports optional full-fre­ AudioCatalyst pioneered variable bitrate encoding quency (20 Hz to 20 KHz) encoding and can automatically (VBR), a feature that automatically increases the number switch out of this mode when encoding at lower bitrates. of bits used to encode complicated or dense passages of Even when encoding the full frequency range, however, music, while using a lower bitrate for simpler passages. SoundJam-encoded files sound a little soft and muffled Standard MP3 encoding, sometimes referred to as constant compared to MP3s made by other programs. Oudgments bitrate or CBR, uses the same number of bits per second of sound quality are extremely subjective, and there is little throughout the file. VBR can substantially increase the qual­ difference between any of the programs we looked at for ity of some MP3s with only a modest increase in file size. bitrates of at least 128 Kbps.) SoundJam 1.1 didn't do well Some older MP3 players can't play VBR files, and neither on our torture test, unfortunately. can QuickTime 4, but most current players can handle them. The authors of SoundJam are aware of the product's AudioCatalyst is the only program in this roundup that sonic shortcomings and are working diligently to remedy can MP3-encode live audio from your computer's micro­ them. After we published the first part of this roundup, phone or audio line inputs. With the other encoders, you Jeffrey Robbin [at SoundJam] sent us a beta version of a must first record the audio to an AIFF-format audio file new version of SoundJam. He noted that some of the fea­ using a program like the free Coaster , then encode that what version number it would be, but he thought we'd file as MP3. find the sound quality much improved. And indeed it is. If you need one of the features only AudioCatalyst pro­ This beta version of SoundJam MP fared much better on vides, or if you will be converting a whole flock of files, no our low-bitrate torture test, with very few artifacts, al­ other program even comes close to offering as much func­ though it accomplished this feat by severely restricting fre­ tionality as AudioCatalyst. At $30, it's price-competitive quency response - the resulting MP3 sounded more like with the other full-featured encoders in this roundup, and AM radio than a CD. Still, we'll take a musically coherent it's by far the most flexible. It's also one of the fastest and but muffled MP3 over an artifact-infested one that's al­ produces very good-sounding files. (In our low-bitrate tor­ most unintelligible, and the new SoundJam gave us fewer ture test, it came in second.) However, the program's user artifacts on the low bitrate file than all but one of the other interface is unnecessarily cluttered and complicated, so if encoders. At more typical bitrates, the muffled character you just want to convert a few favorite songs to MP3 with­ we noted in version 1.1 was much reduced. The program out much fuss, one of the other programs would probably has also added variable bitrate support and a feature that be better. lets you strip out bandwidth-robbing inaudible frequen­ cies below 10 Hz. Casady & Greene SoundJam MP 1.1 SoundJam already has the distinction of being the only MP3 encoder that takes advantage of Apple's new Veloc­ SoundJam MP is both an MP3 player and an encoder. ity Engine. On a Power Macintosh G4, assuming you can It can act as an audio CD controller and play streaming get one, it's the fastest MP3 encoder you can buy, at least MP3 broadcasts from the Internet as well. (See "That until Proteron delivers a promised upgrade to N2MP3. If MP3eaceful, Easy Feeling, Part 2"in for more SoundJam is worth checking out as it stands. The upgrade on SoundJam.) we tested will likely render it a strong competitor on the SoundJam is a good choice if you want to create MP3s merits of its encoder as well. and listen to them in a single program. Like its playback­ only competitors Audion and Macast, it comes with a vari­ Proteron N2MP3 ety of "skins" for changing the program's appearance and Although we're at a loss to explain its name, Proteron's supports both audio and visual effects plug-ins. It's the only new MP3 encoder benefits from the most intuitive user player that supports Arboretum's Realizer plug-in, which interface of the programs in this roundup. It's so beautiful

62 Washington Apple Pl Journal May I June 2000 that it makes you wonder why every MP3 encoder doesn't work the same way. If this program doesn't win an Apple "All of the MP3 encoders in Human Interface Design Excellence (HIDE) award, some­ our roundup have at least one thing is seriously wrong. Here's how it works. You put an audio CD into your reason to recommend them, and computer's CD-ROM drive. As it mounts, the name of the all produce reasonable files at desktop CD icon changes to the title of the CD you just put in, thanks to a quick CDDB look-up. You open the CD typical bitrates. MVP plays a wide icon, and inside you find icons for the individual songs. variety of... Internet MP3 streams, N2MP3 tweaks this window, too, so you can see the title and duration of each track. To convert a song to MP3, and has the visual bells and double-click it to save it on your desktop (or another pre­ whistles of its playback-only viously designated folder), or drag the song icon from the CD to any folder. The N2MP3 progress window pops up competitors." and a few minutes later, your fresh MP3 file is out of the oven. N2MP3 also provides a convenient way to encode tortion for that frame. As you move the slider closer to the audio tracks on Enhanced CDs (which don't show up on Worse end of the scale, N2MP3 places lower and lower lim­ the Finder desktop as audio CDs) and uncompressed AIFF its on the number of bits that can be added to each frame. audio files. This is a powerful feature hidden in an obscure loca­ The encoder barely has a user interface at all - just a tion and woefully under-explained, so we'll rectify that few dialogs that let you choose encoding settings. Although omission here. To make the best-sounding MP3 file the pro­ the settings aren't as multitudinous as those in gram is capable of without wasting unnecessary bits, choose the AudioCatalyst, they are far better organized, and aside lowest possible base bitrate (32 Kbps) and drag the VBR quality from one minor omission, all the essentials are there. Al­ slider to Better. Each frame of the file will then use the num­ though N2MP3 supports full-frequency range recording, ber of bits required for best results, and no more. It's a bit you can't tum off the feature as you can in AudioCatalyst counterintuitive that a Better VBR file with the slider set and SoundJam, which hinders its encoding performance to 32 Kbps can be significantly larger than one encoded at low bitrates. with a constant base bitrate of 128 Kbps, but no other en­ You can choose encoding settings in a dialog that pops coder offers such an easy way to get the best sound qual­ up at the beginning of each encode operation, or you can ity with the smallest file. choose them in the N2MP3 Settings control panel and by­ When set to its Fast mode, N2MP3 is the fastest en­ pass the pre-encode dialog entirely. This "fast track" coder in this roundup, beating AudioCatalyst by a few sec­ method is the closest thing to having MP3 encoding built onds when compressing a 4-minute file on our 300 MHz into the Mac OS. G3 machine at constant bitrates. Although files encoded There's a unique play-during-encode feature, which in this mode exhibit a slight sibilance (exaggerated high­ ,of necessity, limits the program to encoding at real-time frequencies during "sss" sounds) compared to the origi­ speed. For fastest encoding, tum it off. We were slightly nal, they are acceptable. (Proteron says that their encoder disappointed, however, to discover that this feature played is optimized for 160 Kbps encoding, and the sibilance all back the [original] audio rather than decoding the [com­ but vanished when we tried again at that rate.) N2MP3 is pressed] audio, so you can't hear what your encoded file significantly slower in Best Quality mode - in fact, it was will sound like. (We were hoping it would be like the tape slower than all but one of the other encoders, and that other monitor switch on a three-head tape deck.) encoder is free. In our torture test, N2MP3 was soundly Like AudioCatalyst, N2MP3 offers variable-bitrate en­ trounced by AudioCatalyst. At ordinary bitrates (128 Kbps coding, but provides more control. In AudioCatalyst, you and above}, though, N2MP3 held its own. can choose only one of five quality settings subjectively labeled from Low to High. With N2MP3, you set the mini­ QDesign MVP 1.0 mum bitrate using the same slider you use to set the bitrate QDesign is no stranger to digital audio compression; of a fixed-bitrate file, and then use a second slider to tell their music compression technology was deemed worthy the program how good you want the file to sound; higher of incorporation into QuickTime 3 and 4. MVP is, like quality naturally implies additional bits. The manual re­ Casady & Greene's SoundJam MP, intended to be a com­ veals that when the slider is set to Better, the encoding bination multimedia player and encoder. (That's not the bitrate for each split-second frame of the encoded MP3 file only thing they have in common, since the MP3 encoder is automatically increased until there is virtually no dis- in SoundJam is licensed from QDesign.) MVP even plays

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 63 encode directly from audio CDs; instead, you must use "Here's how it works. You put an MoviePlayer or the freeware Track Thief to create AIFF ROM drive. As it mounts, the name audio files, which require about 10 MB per minute of music. of the desktop CD icon changes to The SWA Xtra lacks variable bitrate support; nor can the title of the CD you just put it encode the full audible frequency range (it only goes up to 16 KHz). And it's slow: the two slowest times in our in.... You open the CD icon, and trials were achieved with this software in Normal and inside you find icons for the indi- Higher Quality mode. But it does work - very well, in fact, vidual songs. N2MP3 tweaks this despite its limited frequency response. This encoder did window, too, so you can see the title better on our low bitrate torture test than any of the other and duration of each track." programs. And did we mention it's free? The Final Note back QuickTime video and has features for finding, down­ All of the MP3 encoders in our roundup have at least loading, and buying music. one reason to recommend them, and all produce reason­ MVP' s encoding options are even more limited than able files at typical bitrates. MVP plays a wide variety of SoundJam's. You get to choose the (fixed) bitrate for en­ multimedia files and is the least expensive of the commer­ coding. And that's it. MVP does have CDDB lookup for cial products. Sound}am is slightly more flexible than MVP, automatic naming of files and gives you AudioCatalyst­ can play Internet MP3 streams, and has the visual bells style flexibility in name formats, but the program inexpli­ and whistles of its playback-only competitors. It also comes cably cannot encode AIFF files to MP3, which excluded it with Realizer, which can improve sound on typical com­ from our time trials. With luck, QDesign will add this in­ puter speakers and is attractively priced compared to a valuable feature in the future. Files it encoded also suf­ separate player and encoder. fered from the same slightly "soft" sound as SoundJam, N2MP3 produces better-sounding files, is even more for obvious reasons. configurable, and has a elegant and simple user interface. One point in MVP' s favor is that it looks really nice AudioCatalyst is extremely configurable, very fast, and (nicer than most of the "skins" available for SoundJam, produces great-sounding files. And the SWA Xtra/MP3 Macast, or Audion, even though you can't change MVP's Encoder combination is free and does very nice low-bitrate appearance) with an enormous track title display. It's also encoding. extremely simple to use and costs only $20. Although we had hoped a single program would pull ahead from the pack, it wasn't meant to be. If we're forced Macromedia SWA Export Xtra Plus Lindvall MP3 En­ to pick, our vote goes to N2MP3 for most users and coder 0.12 AudioCatalyst for audio geeks. In fact, our dream encoder Macromedia Director's Shockwave Audio (SWA) fea­ is a cross between the two: Xing' s encoder and N2MP3's ture enables Director files (embedded in Web pages user interface, with an extra checkbox or two in the Ad­ through the company's Shockwave plug-in) to include vanced settings to satisfy our tweaker's urge. Neverthe­ streaming audio. Although Macromedia doesn't promote less, the state of MP3 encoding on the Mac has gone from the fact, SWA is essentially MP3. The SWA Export Xtra is a lame to robust in a remarkably short time, and that's a plug-in for the company's SoundEdit 16 audio editor, credit to all the developers involved. Try all their wares to which costs about $300. But fear not, ye cheapskates-Johan see which suits your needs best. You'll enjoy playing with Lindvall has written a little application called MP3 Encoder this technology. • that supports just enough SoundEdit 16 plug-in voodoo to run the SWA Export Xtra and to remove the SWA-spe­ [Jerry Kindall is the founder of Manual Labor, a technical writ­ cific bits of the file before saving it. It's free, and so is the ing and Web design firm specializing in the Macintosh. His plug-in. Voila, instant free MP3 encoder. music collection includes, at last count, over 900 CDs.] You will find the Macromedia SWA part at: . The Lindvall applications free email and Web publication covering the Macintosh is at: /www.tidbits.com> for more informative news, reviews, No one will mistake MP3 Encoder for AudioCatalyst. and practical how-to articles like this one. Its user interface is almost as minimal as MVP's. You can't © 1999 TidBITS Electronic Publishing. All rights reserved.

64 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 intranet have more access than out­ siders-after all, they've made it into From TidBITS #468/22-Feb-99 the building and past any guards, locks, or coworkers. People working on the far side of the Internet connec­ tion have less access-enough that What's a Firewall, and Why they can get work done but not enough to cause harm. The key to the intranet is our friend the firewall, re­ Should You Care? stricting Internet users to innocuous activities, and letting intranet users go by Chris Pepper about their business. Public information available to anybody on the Internet might in­ E OF THE best things either. This article will show you how clude public relations materials and bout the Internet-a legacy of firewalls work and why they're im­ public Web sites, software demos, and its educational history-is that portant, and provide some guidance annual reports. Private information a for your own thinking on firewalls. It it lets us share information with available only to people on the people all over the planet. Another assumes you're familiar with the ba­ intranet includes things like detailed wonderful capability-this one a sics of how the Internet works, al­ human resources policies, forms, and legacy of its Unix roots-is that it pro­ though it explains some details records; accounting and financial vides us access (to Web pages, email briefly. If you have a full-time or mul­ records; site-licensed software; and accounts, games, corporate info, and tiple-machine Internet connection, help desk systems and technical sup­ more) from any properly connected you should consider a firewall, but port resources. Deciding which ser­ computer. they' re generally unnecessary for in­ vices fall into public and private cat­ Of course, there are trade-offs. dividual users who don't use server egories is key to a successful intranet. One of the biggest problems with software. How Does It Work? Traffic on the sharing information with people The Intranet - A few years ago, Internet consists of individual pack­ you've never met is that some of them most networks were within build­ ets of data, generally either TCP aren't nice. The Internet can put you ings-local area networks, or LANs. (Transmission Control Protocol) pack­ in touch with fascinating folks, but it Some companies connected their ets or UDP (Universal Datagram Pro­ can also introduce you to people LANs with expensive dial-up links, tocol) packets. Every packet includes you'd rather avoid-spammers, anti­ making wide area networks, or a header which identifies the sending social hackers, and virus authors. WANs. In either case, you had to be computer and port, and the receiving It's great that you can go to a coffee on the premises to use company serv­ computer and port. Both TCP and shop, computer lab, or copy shop and ers. Such physical security is ex­ UDP use IP numbers (such as check your private email. However, tremely effective-there are laws 209.177.45.3) to identify individual people you don't know could be sit­ against trespassing, and it's fairly easy computers, and port numbers (which ting over their own coffee right now, to recognize valid employees. On the range from 0 to 65,535) to identify in­ trying to access your credit card num­ other hand, anyone who's visited an dividual programs on each computer. bers, private records, or corporate AOL chat room or IRC channel knows As an example, if you wanted to data. Obviously, people can use the that identity is more complicated see the Audubon home page, your Internet to work from anywhere on online. The problem for network ad­ Web browser might create a packet the planet, but what about security ministrators is providing access to le­ with source IP 204.57.207.50 (assigned issues? How do you differentiate be­ gitimate users and blocking outsiders. by your network administrator or tween an employee at a coffee shop The intranet concept is an attempt ISP}, source port 54,321 (arbitrarily and a competitor at the next table? to regain some of the control lost in chosen by your application}, destina­ Firewalls are one of the most ef­ this age of widely available Internet tion IP 209.177.45.3 (the Audubon fective ways to protect sensitive data connections. Basically, an intranet is Web server}, destination port 80 (iden­ and servers from hackers. Although everything on the inside of the tifying the Web server}, and a 11pay­ firewalls aren't rocket science-de­ Internet connection-what would be load" containing a request for the spite what many consultants would a LAN or WAN if the Internet link Audubon home page. have you believe-they aren't simple was cut. Generally, users on the

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 65 The higher level protocols we use www.microsoft.com/ntserver I to surf the Web, send email, transfer "If you have a contingent windowsnt5 I exec I overview I files, and more, all run on top of TCP of people outside the WhatsNew.asp> and UDP (which in tum run on top • SNMP - UDP port 161. Simple Net­ of IP-the Internet Protocol). Most firewall who need full work Management Protocol servers protocols answer on a specific TCP or access to your intranet are built into most routers, smart UDP port, but some higher level pro­ hubs, servers, and some desktop op­ tocols can use either TCP or UDP. services, consider a erating systems (SNMP is optional in It might help to think of IP ad­ Virtual Private Network Mac OS 8.5). An SNMP console, such dresses as street addresses and ports as Dartmouth's excellent as apartment numbers. Every com­ (VPN) in conjunction InterMapper, can monitor these serv­ puter that sees a packet (including with your firewall .... ers to map out a network and watch your computer, the router that con­ for trouble. nects you to the Internet, the routers VPNs make effective tion, etc.) looks at the IP address and There are over four billion valid ignores, forwards, or accepts the since you can allow VPN IP numbers (2A32-and we're run­ packet based on the IP address. Once traffic through the ning out). Each computer on the the recipient computer sees and ac­ Internet has its own complement of cepts the packet, it decides what pro­ firewall with confidence 131,072 ports which can talk to any gram should handle it based on the that only authorized port on any other computer on the destination port. TCP and UDP port Internet. The number of possible con­ numbers correspond to specific ser­ users will have the VPN nections is more than anyone could vices, and the destination computer passwords and keys, and track or guard-2A(32+32+16+ 16+ 1), uses the port number to decide which or 2A97-but a firewall can bring this program gets the packet. For example, they can access all your number down to a manageable range. without port numbers, anAppleShare services." Firewalls - Firewalls work by IP server wouldn't know whether a selectively passing traffic between specific packet should be handled by secure and insecure network areas. its FTP, SMTP, AppleShare-over-IP, or email via POP3. Typically, the firewall is a part of-or Web servers. • DNS-TCP or UDP port 53. Domain adjacent to-the Internet router. The The Internet Assigned Numbers Name Servers convert between hu­ Internet connection is a logical place Authority maintains a list of the ma­ man-readable names like for a firewall, since people on an jor assigned ports, including those www.audubon.org and IP numbers intranet are more trusted than people used by standard services and regis­ like 209 .177 .45 .3. using the Internet, and any hackers tered to specific applications (even • Telnet - TCP port 23. Telnet (or re­ must get past the firewall to reach the games). mote login) is the granddaddy of all tasty data on the intranet. •FTP-TCP port 21. FTP programs packet filters (also known as packet • HTTP - TCP port 80. HyperText send commands to FTP servers using screening firewalls) and proxy serv­ Transfer Protocol is how Web brows­ TCP port 21, but FTP is unusual in ers. The more common packet filters ers and servers talk to each other. that it uses an additional port for the are simpler, cheaper, and much faster (HTTPS, or Secure Sockets Layer, is actual data transfer. than proxies. Since IP numbers iden­ an encrypted variant of HTTP that • ASIP - TCP port 548. Used by tify computers and ports identify ser­ uses TCP port 443.) AppleShare-over-TCP /IP, as used by vices, a firewall can determine • SMTP - TCP port 25. Most people AppleShare IP, ShareWay IP, some whether a packet is legitimate by send email using Simple Mail Trans­ Unix servers, Mac OS S's built-in looking at the source and destination fer Protocol. AppleShare client, and Microsoft IPs and ports and comparing them • POP3 - TCP port 110. Post Office Windows 2000/NT 5. against a simple set of rules. As IP Protocol version 3 is used to receive

66 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Com.puter Sum.m.er Camp

Washington Apple Pi Computer Summer Camp 2000 When: The Summer Camp is a two week computer camp for teenagers. The session will be held from Monday, July 24 through August 4. Camp is from 9:00 a.m. till 5:00 p.m. (Monday-Friday)

Lunch each day will be from Noon till 12:45 p.m. Students are responsible for bringing their own lunch or bringing money to purchase lunch from a delivery restaurant.

Fees: $600.00 for the two week session of camp

To Register: write to Pat Fauquet ([email protected])

Short Overview: This is a hands-on, technobabble-lite camp. Each camper will: "Cc Brush-up on Macintosh skills "Cc Master advanced user techniques "Cc Learn to use video, sound, graphic equipment and related applications "Cc Master applications for developing web pages "Cc Design, build, and manage an appealing personal page on the Internet "Cc Learn Sherlock search technology for home and school use "Cc Learn how to network computers "Cc Learn to operate a Macintosh in a multi-platform environment

The final web page design will be posted to the Washington Apple Pi web site for 30 days so everyone can see what you have created.

Commercial applications that will be used during the session: "Cc Macintosh Operating System 9 "Cc AppleWorks "Cc Adobe PhotoDeluxe 1Zr Adobe PageMill i:t Adobe Photoshop i:t QuickTime 4.0 i:t Claris Home Page 3.0 i:t Adobe GoLive 4.0 i:t MovieWorks i:t Netscape Navigator "Cc Internet Explorer

Summary: This is a great camp for any teen who wants to really make the family Macintosh work at home, school, and on the Internet. It is an intensive, fun-paced course that is packed with information presented in as non-technical a fashion as possible. When you are done with the WAP Summer Camp, you will be able to take on almost any computer-related project with confidence and succeed - maybe, even get better grades! ·

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 67 they don't consider the content (called the payload) of the packet: the firewall makes its decisions based solely on a packet's IP and port numbers. Think of a firewall as a mili­ "Buying a Firewall - Before you buy a tary checkpoint-there are a few people with passes who firewall, find out what capabilities your can get through, and anyone else is turned away. The guards don't open briefcases. routers have. If your Internet router came . Most firewalls keep people out, rather than prevent with packet filtering capabilities, you may mtranet users from getting out to the Internet (although t?ere ar~ a few common exceptions). Thus, configuring a not need to buy anything else." firewall is generally a process of listing the few valid uses Internet users might have for intranet services, and then writing rules to allow only those uses, thus blocking out the vas~ number of unneeded connections which might and employees would go out through the firewall to use otherwISe pose a security risk. Here is a simple set of rules it. Some organizations are concerned about information for a boring company named Examples, Inc., translated leaking out and force all employees to use FTP proxy serv­ into plain English: ers that allow FTP GET but not FTP PUT. The idea is to "Allow Internet computers to connect to prevent employees from giving a large chunk of sensitive mail.example.com on port 25. Allow mail.example.com to data to a competitor. connect to outside computers on port 25. Block all other Proxy Servers - The more complicated and expen­ traffic to or from port 25 across the firewall." Port 25 is sive type of firewall is called a proxy. If a packet filtering used by SMTP for sending email. Since the firewall con­ firewall is a military checkpoint, a proxy is a finicky trans­ trols only traffic crossing from one side to the other, this lator and interpreter. People on either side of a proxy can't would prevent outsiders from using private internal mail talk directly to each other; instead, all communication passes through the proxy. If someone on the Internet tries ser:ers ~d keep employees on the intranet from sending mail directly to servers outside the firewall. If something dodgy, the proxy refuses to pass the message. mail.example.com logs all mail sent and received, you can Further, machines on the outside have no direct commu­ ensure that nobody is using a private mail server to avoid nication with machines on the inside, which means they being caught in corporate mail logs (or to send spam). have no knowledge of the internal network topology, and "Allow Internet computers to connect to can't attack or probe internal machines for vulnerabilities. www.example.com on ports 80 and 443. Allow any inter­ Network Address Translation (NAT) is a relatively new nal computer to connect to outside computers on ports 80 specification which enables a firewall to act as a proxy and 443. Log every outbound URL request along with the server without the client software doing anything differ­ (internal) requesting IP. Block all traffic to port 80 or 443 ent (or even knowing about the firewall's presence). The on other internal servers." Port 80 is the standard HTTP NAT-enabled firewall rewrites every packet to use its own (Web browsing) port, and port 443 is used by HTTPS (Se­ source IP and an available source port, and then reverses cure Sockets Layer) for encrypted Web browsing. Again, the process for replies. Because it is fairly simple, NAT is this prevents outsiders from reaching private internal ser­ becoming more common in firewalls and routers. More vices (such as Personal Web Sharing). It also logs employee sophisticated firewalls understand specific protocols and Web use, so administrators can tell if employees are using can place restrictions on individual commands or actions the company's Internet connection to access inappropri­ which are suspicious. These firewalls generally run under ate Web sites. Many companies have policies against non­ Unix or NT and are quite expensive. work-related use of the Internet-in fact, the Dilbert Zone's Pointy-Haired Boss Index lists companies that block ac­ At the other end of the spectrum, relatively inexpen­ cess to the Dilbert site. sive caching firewalls such as Maxum's WebDoubler fo­ WebDoubler improves browsing speed by caching Web uBlock all inbound DNS requests." If you run a public requests, then providing the cached copy to other users DNS server outside the firewall, and a private server in­ requesting the same page-just like the cache built into side, you can prevent outsiders from finding out about non­ Navigator or Explorer, except that all WebDoubler users public hosts, like printers. share the larger cache. Sustainable Softworks's "No FTP connections may come in. Outbound con­ IPNetRouter (which has its own packet screening capa­ nections are unrestricted." In this case, ftp.example.com bilities) is bundled free with WebDoubler. Both run on might be hosted by an upstream ISP outside the firewall, Macs.

68 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 services. This enables you to lock Configuration - Don't forget to down much more on the firewall, configure your firewall! No matter since legitimate users gain access NEW: Saturday Kids' how much it costs, a firewall can't through the VPN. Courses Due to member help you unless you think about what Be sure to turn on any packet requests, Ron Evry has agreed you need to permit and exclude, then forgery and malformed-packet filters to teach some classes for our codify that in the firewall configura­ in the firewall-such packets can younger members on Satur­ tion. Since a firewall configuration is cause stability and security problems. based on your IP numbers and the Be sure to log rejected packets-if days. If you would like to ports (services) you use, a generic con­ your firewall blocks an attack but you contact Ron about these figuration won't help. Before buying don't know about it, the attackers can classes please do so at a firewall, look at a couple of configu­ keep trying until they get through. . Please ration files. If they make sense to you, Before setting up your firewall, remember that Ron can not good. If you can't figure them out, you think carefully about what should be either need to read more or hire some­ outside and what should be inside. sign anyone up for classes. one to do the configuration for you, Since Web servers primarily serve the That must be done through and make sure they'll be available public, it might make sense to put the office. (See pages 57 and when you need to make changes. them outside the firewall, perhaps 58 for information.) First, make a list of all your inter­ even at your ISP. This may make your nal services, then decide which the site faster for visitors and ensures that public and employees outside the public access to your Web server intranet (satellite offices, travellers, doesn't become a beachhead into your Doorstop is a limited firewall-it pro­ people working from home, etc.) need internal security. ClearWay's FireSite tects only the machine on which it is to access. Firewall configuration often manages such external Web servers, running. requires trade-offs-in blocking mis­ and provides most of the benefits of impossible. customization. FI'P servers raise the In the End-If you have servers Will people want access to their same question. connected to the Internet, you should email? Are you confident about the firewall. Fortunately, there are a passwords, or are you better off pro­ Buying a Firewall - Before you plethora of options, some of which viding external accounts for travelling buy a firewall, find out what capabili­ you may already own. Hopefully, users? ties your routers have. If your Internet you'll never be attacked, but there are Can your Web server be config­ router came with packet filtering ca­ nasty people out there. You owe it to ured to allow access to internal pages pabilities, you may not need to buy yourself to think about network pro­ to anyone with an intranet IP address anything else. tection before someone else forces you or who has a password? If so, you can You can buy a hardware firewall to do so. set up an intranet Web site without from many of the same vendors who Configuring a firewall is a two­ setting up another Web server. make routers, including Cisco and stage process. First think about how If you have a contingent of people Compatible Systems. Several compa­ you use TCP /IP, and then balance the outside the firewall who need full ac­ nies also make software firewalls for uses against the harm someone could cess to your intranet services, consider Unix and Windows NT. do through subverting those facilities. a Virtual Private Network (VPN) in If you plan well, your servers will be conjunction with your firewall. VPN protected and your users may not technologies encrypt all Internet traf­ Fortunately, there are several Mac even notice. • fic between your intranet and your firewalls. IPNetRouter includes remote users. VPNs make effective firewall functionality. Both [Chris Pepper is webmaster and list man­ partners with firewalls, since you can Vicomsoft's Internet routers (Mac and ager for the National Audubon Society. allow VPN traffic through the firewall Windows versions) include firewall This article was originally presented (in a with confidence that only authorized functionality. Open Door Networks' highly abbreviated form) as part of a panel presentation at Macworld Expo SF '99.)

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pl Journal 69 I

Gemstar, and probably will be merged with Readers Digest.) The price as of Jan. 10 is $199 for a 4- megabyte model. (Two of my colleagues eBooks via the bought theirs at the original $500 and loved them.) This basic model will hold the Internet provide free equivalent of about 10 books in text form. It has a great compression program. A 32- megabyte upgrade is available ($149) that reading while saving holds 100 books. The book itself is about the size of a very fat space and trees paperback; the back lit screen is adjustable to almost any light condition. I read in bed By Manley Mandel with the lights off as well as on the patio with full sun. The font and type size are se­ lectable, and I can manage well even with HE PRINTED word and the digitized word converge in Project my impaired vision. Gutenberg, a volunteer project to convert the world's literature into The reading frame is adjustable--land­ Tc electronic format. In 1973, Xerox granted Michael Hart almost un­ scape or portrait with controls for either left limited time on a Sigma 7 mainframe to prepare digital copies of the or right handed use. The rechargeable bat­ world's literature. (For more information on Project Gutenberg, go to tery has plenty of power. I am confident that http:/ /promo.net/pg.) Volunteers all over the world have been convert­ I could read two full novels without having ing light literature, the classics and royalty-free reference volumes (copy­ to charge, so it is suitable for camping trips. right expired) into electronic texts and making these works available as The e-book gets downloaded from ei­ free downloads on the web. These are "plain vanilla" ASCII text files, ther a Mac or a Wintel machine carrying the which makes them accessible independent of operating systems or hard­ Rocket Librarian software via the serial port. ware. Anyone is free to copy and distribute these texts, to convert them I have loaded mine from both types of com­ to any markup (such as HTML) and to publish them. puters. I did have some difficulty in regis­ That's exactly what is being done by the Internet libraries at http:/ I tering my e-book via the Mac. Their soft­ www.ipl.org/reading/books/ index.html or http:/ I ware did not set my Navigator Preference digital.library.upenn.edu/books/lists.html. These sites require no sign file correctly, but their tech support finally in, no log in and have no commercial ads. Both are well indexed and you got me registered correctly. (You can use it can find things as you would in any public library. You can download without registering.) your selection and read at your leisure. Don't worry about highlighting When I catch up on all the Jack London, any passage or scribbling in the margin; it is your copy to save, to print, Joseph Conrad, Alexander Dumas and A. to erase or to trash. Conan Doyle writings, I will worry about Of course, this basis of 10,000 public domain texts leads to commer­ buying some new stuff. It is going to be nice cialization. Numerous publishing houses have started to convert their to load it up with my whole summer of copyrighted books to electronic form, which they are eager to sell via the reading material, pack my charger and go Internet. All offer some freebies to get you interested in their offerings. off to the mountains without a bag of books. Here are the URLs for a good sampling of available sites: I wouldn't be without it. Save the trees! www.powells.com/ rocketeditions Here are a few more sites that offer www.barnesandnoble.com/ downloadable books: www.softbook.com/ store/ www.ebookshoppe.com www.rocket-library.com/ www.netbooks.com www.ebooksonthe.net/ www.ebookconnections.com www.glassbook.com/ www.ecampus.com (this one will locate the www.booksonline.com/ textbook for your course) www.netlibrary.com/ www.librius.com (for Palm OS and Win­ I find that I can read a relatively short text section on the computer dows CE users) • screen, but that is not how I prefer to read a book. A convenient storage device is more to my taste. For Christmas, I was the lucky recipient of a From the February 2000 issue ofApple Barrel, Rocket eBook (NuvoMedia). Here are some of the advantages and dis­ newsletter of the Houston Area Apple User advantages of it. (There is also a "SoftBook." Both have been bought by Group:

70 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 May Northern Virginia Comm. College FileMaker Community & Cultural Center Aud. May 20, 2000 8333 Little River Turnpike Annandale, VA Getting to NoVa: V ~ take Exit 6 West '=" ... L onto VA 236 I I (Little River Turnpike)

.... For schedule changes check the TCS or the Pi's Website at http://www.wap.org/

<( s: > c

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 71 I

you need. If you need a configuration that is standard on any of the 3 models then you should order the standard unit. If, however, you want a computer that doesn't fit Apple User's Dilemma: Apple's estimation of their system, then you should order your configuration and pay accordingly. By doing this, you will save Build Your Own Apple yourself several hundred dollars. Let us examine such a situation. If you or Buy Standard wanted the top-of-the-line 500 Mhz model, you could order the basic 400 Mhz model Configuration? and order a 500 Mhz upgrade for an addi­ tional $700. H you wanted a larger hard disk, By Irv Haas you could order the minimum 10 GB that is standard on the 400 Mhz model and then go to a separate computer store and pur­ chase a much larger hard drive. For ex­ N THE "old" days when you wanted buy an Apple Computer, ample, if you wanted a 27 GB hard drive, you went down to your Apple dealer, decided which Mac you wanted, you could purchase one for less than $300, I and were told the price. That pretty much sums up the buying deci­ which is $130 less than Apple's price. You sion that we customers had to make. could install it yourself or have it installed Now things are not so easy. For the PowerMac G4s you now have 3 for a small fee-usually around $25-30. choices: (1) You can still visit your Apple dealer and select your model If you wanted more memory, fine. Just and the standard configuration that comes with that unit, (2) order from don't pay Apple for it. The 256MB costs $430 the Internet or mail order and save a little cash, or (3) build your own from Apple or $198 from a memory vendor system. (at current prices). As you could easily fig­ If you want and/or need all of the standard equipment that comes ure, this would amount to a $232 savings with each model the price is the same as if you went to Apple to build alone. Since the minimum memory Apple your own system. ships is 64K, for this $198, you would have a total of 320MB, an additional bonus! Here is the current configuration pricing for G4 models: Let's look at the two models side-by-side: MODEL 400MHz 450MHz 500MHz RAM 64MB 128MB 256MB Std. Build- Hard Drive lOGB 20GB 27GB Config. to-Order DVD Format DVD-ROM DVD-ROM DVD-RAM Base $3,499 1,599 Zip Drive No Yes Yes 500MHz Upgrade Inc. 700 Modem 56K Int 56K Int None Hard Drive (27GB) Inc. 280 PRICE $1,599 $2,499 $ 3,499 Memory(256MB) Inc. 198 TOTAL $3,499 $2,777 If you went for option #1, then you would pay the above prices. If Difference: $722 you went with option #2 (Internet or mail order sales}, you could save As you can see, you have saved over some from the above prices. Many mail order firms, for example, throw $700 by purchasing only those components in free RAM while others give you a discount in the form of an instant you require on your computer system. The cash bonus. 400 and 450 MHz models come with a 56K What many Apple customers do not realize is the significant sav­ modem standard. This is a an excellent stan­ ings of option #3- build your own system. This is not like it sounds dard feature. However, if you have a cable where Apple could send you the case and a motherboard and you liter­ modem, for example, you would be paying ally build your own. The build-your-own system was pioneered by Power for an internal modem that you will not Computing and others. This program enables the customer to dictate need. Consequently, if you would have exactly what components he/ she wants on their own computer. The com­ elected the build-to-order option, you could puter is then built to the customer's specifications and costs are figured have saved an additional $99. from that configuration. If you want your computer built-to-or­ The beauty of such a system is that you are only paying for what der, you currently have two options. Most

72 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 "If you wanted more memory, fine. Just don't pay Apple for it. The Sending & Receiving 256MB costs $430 from Pictures via AOL Apple or $198 from a memory vendor (at current HE TULSA Computer Society "This is the advice they prices). As you could easily equently get calls from members give their members. We figure, this would amount who use America. Online, and are hay~g pr~blems either sending or re­ have adapted their AOL to a $232 savings alone. ceiving pictures. This is the advice they give their members. We have hints for the Since the minimum adapted their AOL hints for the Macintosh.. .lt turns out memory Apple ships is Macintosh. there are THREE differ­ 641<, for this $198, you It turns out there are THREE dif­ ent situations which an would have a total of ferent situations which an AOL mem­ ber faces: AOL member faces ... " 320MB, an additional • sending a picture within AOL; bonus!" • sending one from within AOL to a sage, this will work fine. However, if non-AOL account; and, you send two or more pictures in one • non-AOL to an AOL address. email message, the recipient will re­ people order directly from Apple's ceive a .ZIP file, and will have to ex­ web site. After placing your order, you AOL has two different ways of tract the pictures from that file. This can follow the progress on line. Apple sending pictures: as a "camera icon", is not terribly hard to do. The new will ship the computer to you for free and an "attach button", which you freeware Stufflt Expander™ 5.5 will if you elect UPS Ground or will de­ can see if you go to the following site. open a .ZIP file. Otherwise use a liver FedEx 2-day delivery for an ex­ ~at if a non-AOL user sends multiple however. Current build time is 5 days pictures to a non-AOL user, they from placing order to shipment. AOL to AOL won't have to mess with the .ZIP files, The second option is to go with a If an AOL user wants to send pic­ but will receive the attachments just mail order vendor. Club Mac offers tures to another AOL user, the "cam­ fine. the build-to-order option as well. era icon" is the tool to use because the Two-day FedEx shipping is $30 with user can send one or several pictures, Non-AOL to AOL no sales tax charged. Build time for and the recipient will be able to see The third "problem area" arises if Club Mac is 7-10 days. each of them without any trouble. a non-AOL user sends multiple pic­ Whichever option you choose to However, if the person uses that same tures to an AOL user. AOL will pack­ order your G4, you now have the op­ "camera icon" to send one or more age all of them into a ''MIME file", portunity to get the one that's right pictures to a non-AOL user, the recipi­ which must be saved to disk. Then foryou. • ent won't get the image at all, and in­ some special software needs to be stead will get the message which sometimes shows up as pie.em!. coded files. Or, the AOL user can get newsletter of the Central Indiana Asso­ the special software to handle MIME ciation of Microcomputer Users AOL to Non-AOL files by going to keyword MIME, and The only way an AOL user can then clicking Handling Mime Files. If send a picture to a non-AOL user is a Mac user needs a stand-alone MIME with the "attach button". If you just decoder, try YA-Decoder by Brian send one picture in each email mes- Clark.

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 73 In Summary The hardware required to convert One :ei~tur~ Myltipl~ Pi!:t.Y.r~s the music to digital format falls into AoLtoAoL No problem No problem two categories, computer hardware using Camera icon and music equipment. Keeping in mind that I'm a computer geek and failed music class you'll note that my AoL to Non-AoL Does not work Does not work descriptions on the computer side are using Camera icon much more detailed. On the music at all at all side I'll mention that turntable­ thingamajig. AoLtoAoL No problem Files are Zipped Computer equipment: Almost using attach any computer will do the job. All Macs have built-in support for audio AoL to Non-AoL No problem Files are Zipped and the software I'll be showcasing is using attach fat (no, it doesn't have a slow metabo­ lism! Fat just means that the software Non-Aol to AoL No problem Files are left has support for both PowerPC chips in MIME form and 68k chips). The key to burning CDs of any Non-Aol to Non-Aol No problem No problem kind, data or music, is to have plenty of disk storage and hopefully it's All the non-AOL utilities mentioned in this article are available on "Pi Fillings fairly fast. Remember that each - The CD" or can be found via minute of music takes up almost lOMB of disk space. This means that We would like to thank the Tulsa Computer Society for a 74 minute CD you need about for assembling the original article for the user group community. • 650MB of disk space allocated to tem­ porary space. My solution and one I'd recommend is to use a second harddrive of 700MB to 1 GB. This gives you an area that you can dedi­ cate to bum storage and not worry Convert your LP's to CD's about it getting fragmented. If this isn't an option you may want to con­ By Joe Aecuri sider partitioning your current drive so that you have an empty 700MB par­ tition to use. There are plenty of CD recorders the option of converting it to CD or NE OF THE wonderful on the market. There'snowaylcando MP-3. In this article and in my presen­ things of owning our Macs is justice to a review of them in this space. tation I'll concentrate on the methods that they come with the capa­ If you don't have one already you'll O needed to deliver the music on CD. bility to do so many things that are have to decide whether to get an inter­ The conversion process is fairly unanticipated when we originally got nal or external one and then determine straight forward, using the example involved with them. One of these if you need a SCSI version or USB. As of LPs what we need is a turntable to things I've found is the ability to con­ may be obvious, if you have an iMac play the original on, a signal ampli­ vert some of my older music which is you'll be forced to get a USB version fier (such as the receiver in your ste­ on vinyl LPs to the more modem for­ and for most other systems you ll be reo system), a cable from audio out mat of CD-Rom. Of course when you safe getting a SCSI drive. on the receiver to the headphone jack think of latest technology you're Software: There are a few areas [editor's note: later he correctly says tempted to note that the cutting edge where we need software. First, we the microphone jack] on the Mac, a of computer based music is not CDs need to capture the music coming in Mac (duh), a CD recorder and the soft­ but rather MP-3s. Either way you'll to a file. For this we need an audio ware that can convert the music to need to get the music from the vinyl to capture software. A nice package digital format. a digital format, from there you have which coincidentally is free is Coaster.

74 Washington Apple Pl Journal May I June 2000 Second, you may want to clean up the SCSI chain for proper termination. heart's content. After recording the sound quality since LPs tend to have If you're using Coaster you can Toast will verify that the recording scratches and dust on them which cre­ break the recording into individual was properly recorded. Of course ates undesired sound. Not being a files on the fly as the LP plays. If with a CD it doesn't make a differ­ music aficionado I'm not concerned you're using other software you ll ence, if it won't verify it'll be unus­ about getting the highest quality need create one huge file and find an able anyway. sound so thus I don't use any software inexpensive software package that'll Now that you have that CD you for this. Thirdly, you need software to break the large file into the individual can take it to any CD player and lis­ record the resulting tracks to the CD music tracks. A good choice for this is ten to some music you haven't heard recorder. Most CD-R drives come Peak LE which cost's $99. At the same in quite few years. with a copy of Adaptec's Toast. This time if you're using Peak you can In a little over a thousand words is easily the most predominant CD clean the recording to remove snap­ that's the straightforward approach to recording software on the market and ping and crackling. For proper Audio converting vinyl to CD. If you're end re­ with good reason, it's great. If you CD burning you'll need to record the sult is to create MP-3s you now have the don't have a copy buy it. It'll be worth track in 16-bit 44khz and save the re­ AIFF files to "rip" to MP-3 format. • the investment. sultant files as AIFF format. Music equipment: Obviously if After you capture all the tracks to you're converting LPs you need a your harddrive you can bring up your From the March 2000 Connecticut turntable. One of the drawbacks of CD recording software. With Toast Macintosh Chronicle, newsletter of the most turntables is that they don't put you can drag and drop your tracks to Connecticut Macintosh Connection. out a linelevel signal which can be a window and arrange them to your directly input to the Mac s micro­ phone port. You'll need to output the turntable's signal to your receiver first and from there use your "tape out" ports to stream the signal to the Mac via a stereo RCA to 1/8" mini cable From the February 2000The Strait Scoop, newsletter of the Strait MUG (WA) (which can be purchased at any Ra­ dio Shack). Here's the official defini­ tion of why connecting a turntable directly to the sound-in port won't Getting started: Info-Mac, work out: all vinyl recordings are equalized with "RIAA" (Recording Industry Association of America) MaclnTouch, MacFixlt, etc. curve, which adjusts the bass and A monthly series for users new to the treble in order to prevent overmodulation of the record groove. Macintosh Operating System ALL "phono" inputs on receivers, etc. have the complimentary RIAA curve by Terry Lawrence, MacWest First Byte Program Director built in, which corrects the signal. This has been in place since the LP was developed almost 50 (!) years ago. NE OF THE best things to do is find them. This article lists five So what are we waiting for? Let's start bout the Internet is that you of the most useful ones along with converting those LPs! Qcan find hundreds of sites offer­ their URL's (web addresses that you Get the drives connected up to the ing free online help, free utilities for enter into your Search criteria box). Mac and run the cable from your re­ diagnosing and fixing your problems, Each of these five websites have links ceiver to the Mac's microphone port. and software for virtually any pos­ to many more. Once you have found A good idea when doing any kind of sible interest from beekeeping to as­ their home page, save it as a Book­ CD recording is to create a minimal tronomy. The internet is filled with mark in Netscape Communicator, as extension set so that the CPU has as Macintosh web sites, many of them a Favorite in Internet Explorer, or as much power available as possible. commercial enterprises, who none­ a Hotlist item in the iCab web Turn off any unused extensions, make theless provide free assistance and browser. Then move it into the toolbar sure AppleTalk is off and check your software for Mac users. All you have folder so it will always be handy on

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 75 I

Mac arena, and expert reviews of new products with world wide reader feedback on each new product. "The internet is filled with Macintosh The MaclnTouch website also maintains ongoing reader forums on many specific new software and hard­ web sites, many of them commercial ware products which are continually updated. For ex­ enterprises, who nonetheless provide ample, Mac OS 9 Troubleshooting, Orb Drives, Norton Utilities 5, Tech Tools Pro, CD burners, iMac DV's, G4's, free assistance and software for Mac USB & Firewire devices, and many other newly introduced users. All you have to do is find them. pieces of equipment or software are subjected to close scru­ tiny from MaclnTouch's world wide readership, and prob­ This article lists five of the most useful lems and fixes are posted to the forums and main pages ones along with their URL's ... " daily. This is where you can review the performance of that new software program, update, or hardware you are thinking of purchasing before you spend hundreds or thou­ sands of dollars on it. Finally, the MaclnTouch and MacFixlt websites main­ the toolbar at the top of your web browser. tain large databases of all kinds of Freeware and Shareware fix-it utilities, and archives of their past daily reports. Want Apple resources. URL: http://www.apple.com/support/ to see what is happening on your SCSI chain? Download Apple Computer is the single most important web site the free SCSI Probe. Want double scroll arrows at both ends for Mac users. The Apple software updates and support of your scroll bars and proportional scroll bars? pages list almost all current and past versions of Apple software for download, along with detailed descriptions Finding online help, updates, and information. of 1001 problems and fixes in the Apple Technical Infor­ Download the free Prestissimo program. Etc., etc. You mation Library (TIL). The Apple website also lists some can also use the archives to follow back the thread of a current links to third party programs and updates on its discussion on that new program or equipment you were Hot News page. This is your first stop for updating any going to purchase, and see what other purchasers thought Apple software such as Mac OS upgrades, Quicklime, of it after they had used it for a while. Color Sync, Open Transport, etc. You can also use the TIL for troubleshooting your problems, and keep up with the MacFixlt. URL: http://www.macfixit.com/ latest Apple news and announcements on the Hot News. The MacFixlt site is almost identical to the MaclnTouch site, although it is a bit more oriented toward problem solv­ Info-Mac. URL: http://hyperarchive.lcs.mit.edu/ ing as opposed to reviewing new developments. I usually HyperArchive.html look at both every day, as they cover things from a slightly Info-Mac is a huge library of Macintosh software avail­ different perspective, and sometimes one will mention able for download and organized by categories such as things not covered by the other. Either MaclnTouch or Games, Science, Utilities, Word Processing, etc. This is a MacFixlt will keep you up to date, but if you are a real good place to shop for new software. You can find plenty Mac news junkie, read both daily. of Freeware and Shareware to try out, and Demos of many Version Tracker. URL:http://www.versiontracker.com/ commercial products, especially games. If your kid is con­ Version Tracker is where you go to find the latest ver­ tinually whining at you to buy new games, try looking sion of every possible Mac program posted for download. here for free ones. Info-Mac has literally hundreds of games Commercial demos, Shareware, Freeware, updates and available for free download. fixes; it's all posted here in an easy to find format with links to key categories and a huge archive of Mac software. MaclnTouch. URL: http://www.macintouch.com/ For example, all the OS 9 updates for various third party The MaclnTouch website is a central clearing house programs are posted in a single OS 9 archive, so all you for all things Macintosh which is updated daily. Virtually have to do to find the updates you need is click the OS 9 every new Mac software update or program is posted im­ link, review the list for updates to any programs you have mediately upon release on the MaclnTouch and MacFixlt installed on your Mac, and then download and install the websites with links to the home pages for download. But updates. Ditto for Y2K fixes. Like the other archives we the MaclnTouch website is much more than just a list of have already discussed, Version Tracker groups its archives new software and updates. You can find daily news, re­ by categories such as Utilities, Productivity, Word Process­ ports, and discussion about all new developments in the ing, Shareware, Freeware, etc. •

76 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 I

resolves itself into a neat, alphabeti­ cally arranged list with little grey tri­ A series from MacWest Memo, newsletter of the MacWest Computer Society angles on the left margin, beside each (British Columbia, Canada). This part one is from May 1999. folder. Click on one, and it opens the folder into another alphabetical list of everything inside the folder. Anything I bought an iMac and with a grey triangle to the left is a folder with something inside it. Just plugged it in, now what? click the triangle to see what's inside. Opening the programs. by Terry Lawrence, MacWest First Byte Program Director Start working your way through the folders by clicking the triangles, and pretty soon you'll find every­ WO IMPORTANT im- article, and Appleworks is taking an­ thing. You may not know what it is, provements I strongly recom other 9 .8 megabytes, for a total of 34.1 but at least you'll know where it is. Tmend. MB of RAM. If I had only 32 mega­ Read the "Read me's" as you come to 1. Mouse. Get rid of that "Mickey bytes of RAM, I couldn't even have them by double-clicking their icons. Mouse" iMac mouse ASAP. If you are opened Appleworks without resorting They tell you what the programs are, more than five years old, or if the dis­ to Vrrtual Memory. I recommend blow­ and other important information. You tance between your wrist and your ing about $170 and adding a 64 mega­ can open (or "launch") anything by fingertips is more than 4 inches, you byte RAM upgrade, giving you a total double-clicking on it. will find the non- directional, round of 96 MB. You will never regret it. mouse that comes with the iMac awk­ Where are all those application I got it open. Now, how ward to use. The "mouse" has programs and games that came with do I close it? evolved into the standard oval shape the iMac? No problem, Senor. On the top used by absolutely everybody, includ­ Your new iMac comes with lots left hand corner of (almost) every ing Apple until about 10 months ago, of built-in productivity software "window" you open there is a little because that shape is comfortable to (Appleworks, Quicken, FaxStf, etc.), square box called the "close box".Just use. The mouse is your #1 tool on the games (Nanosaur, Crop Circles, Go­ move the tip of the mouse pointer Mac, and you will be using it a lot. If pher Golf, etc.), and control panels onto that box and click it once. That you don't want cramps in your fin­ that allow you to customize the way closes the window. However, it does gers, head to your friendly Mac dealer your computer looks and works. But not quit the program, if what you (you can find several in this newslet­ where are they? How do you find opened was a program. To quit an ter) and check out the replacement what you need? open program (such as Appleworks mice. MacAlly, Kensington, and vari­ or Quicken), either select "Quit", ous other manufacturers make excel­ Where Is it? which is always the bottom item in lent USB replacement "mice", in iMac The short answer is that every­ the "File" menu or better still, get used colours, that are comfortable to use thing is on the Hard Disk, which you to using the keyboard short-cut, Com­ and selforienting. open by double-clicking the Icon in mand 'Q'. That is, hold down the 2. Random Access Memory the top right hand comer of your Mac Command key (the one beside the (RAM). Upgrade to at least 96 mega­ display. Now-a little trick to make it spacebar with the picture of an apple bytes total of RAM. Your iMac comes much easier to find everything. After on it) and, while continuing to hold with 32 megabytes of RAM. It's not you have opened your Hard Disk by down the Command Key, press the enough. The basic operating system double-clicking it, look at the top left "Q" (for "Quit") key. Poof! The pro­ takes from 16 to 30 megabytes all by side of your display where it says gram disappears. Incidentally, if the itself, depending on what desktop "View" in the Menu Bar, just to the window you have opened doesn't extensions you have added and what right of "File" and "Edit". Click on the have a "Close box", choosing "Quit" else you have open. For example, my word "View" and select "as list" by is how you close it. OS 8.5.1. operating system is using dragging the mouse pointer onto it 24.3 megabytes of RAM as I write. I and releasing the mouse button. O.K. I found It. What is It? also have the Appleworks word pro­ Bingo! That confusing mess of un­ As you work your way through cessing application open to write this sorted Icons in the Hard Disk window the folders on your Hard Disk, you

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 77 I will come to all sorts of programs. (Hint-programs usually have a coloured Icon instead of a grey ~series fro~ MacWest Memo, newsletter of the MacWest Computer Society (Brit­ folder.) So what are they? There ish Columbia, Canada). This part two is from June 1999. are two ways to get information (other than asking someone who already knows, or reading one of the excellent iMac books such as I bought an iMac and "The little iMac book" by Robin Williams, or "iMac's for Dum­ plugged it in, now what? mies" by David Pogue). Way# 1. Select the Icon by by Terry Lawrence, MacWest First Byte Program Director clicking on it ONCE. Not twice, we don't want to open it just now. Organizing your Hard Disk. ton down, drag down to the third item, The Icon and the description to Disk is the ware­ "As List", and let go of the mouse but­ the right of it will darken or HE HARD ton when it highlights. This will cause "highlight" to indicate it has been house of your computer. When !; your Hard Disk window to sort all the "selected". Now, from the "File" you first get your computer, your folders, documents, and other items into menu, choose Hard Disk window will probably look an alphabetical list, ready to reorganize. "Get Info" > "General Informa­ like a warehouse that someone started to organize, got a few shelves set up, Setting up and labelling the shelving tion" by dragging the mouse (Folders) in your warehouse. pointer down to the "Get Info" and then just dumped most the boxes There is only one folder on your item, and then across to the right helter skelter all over the floor when Hard Disk that definitely has a particu­ onto "General Information". they ran out of time. lar name, and whose name cannot be When "General Information" is Your System Folder will be orga­ changed. That is the System Folder. Do highlighted, release the mouse nized, and your Internet Folder might not tinker with this folder or its contents button, and a window will appear be, but your Applications Folder (if until you know what you are doing. with information about the Icon there is one), your Documents Folder, Above all, do not rename the System you have selected. This informa­ your Apple Extras folder, Utilities Folder or anything in it, or you will be in tion is generic, and may or may Folder, and so forth, probably contain big trouble, amigo. If your computer can­ not be very helpful, depending on a jumble of programs, free software, not find a System Folder with that name what you wanted to know. shareware, utilities, installer logs, and on the Hard Disk, it will be unable to start Way # 2. For more specific other odds and ends. The first thing you up from the Hard Disk. and detailed information, Open need to do is rearrange everything in a Everything else is fair game. You can the program by double clicking way that makes sense to you, so you can make as many folders as you like, and its Icon, and then, after the pro­ find what you need when you want it. name them Bob, Sue, and Marty if you gram is open, choose help from To make this easier, open the Hard so desire. However, I would recommend the Menu Bar at the top of your Disk by double clicking its Icon at the naming them to reflect their contents. display, or by pressing the "help" top right hand comer of your display. You should have a Folder named Utili­ key over by the numeric keypad The start-up disk, which is usually your ties, one named Documents, one named on the right of your keyboard. ~ard Disk, will always be in the top Internet, one named Applications, and Scroll through the list to find what right hand comer of the display. If that maybe one for Read Me's, one for Assis­ you are looking for, and then click Icon is not the Hard Disk, it's because tants, and one for Extras or Miscella­ the item you are interested in to you booted from another disk such as neous. Keep it simple. These folders are open it. a CD ROM, and your Hard Disk Icon multilayered, as you will see shortly. Oops. I can hear Phil telling will be immediately below the start-up Don'.t have more than a dozen at the top me this is a 16 page newsletter, (boot) disk Icon. level, or it starts getting harder to find not a "how to" book, so I'll wrap When the Hard Disk window things. When you open your Hard Drive up the first instalment here. Next opens, click the mouse pointer once in window, you just want to see a handful month we'll talk about reorganiz­ the Hard Disk window to activate it, of main folder categories. I have 9 cat­ ing your Hard Disk folders so you and then place the mouse pointer on egories at the moment. can find what you want, when "View" in the menu bar at the top left Besides the System Folder, you defi­ you want it.• side of the display, just to the right of File and Edit. Holding the mouse but- nitely want a folder named " Docu-

78 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 I ments". This is where you keep ev­ left hand third of your screen. Now erything you write, your scanned im­ drag your renamed folder into the "When you first get ages if you have a scanner, and all your open Hard Disk window (but not on your computer, your work in general. The reason is twofold: top of another folder) and let go. It Hard Disk window will first, you can set the General Controls will sort itself alphabetically in the list. probably look like a panel to automatically place everything You can also just drag and drop it onto warehouse that someone you save into the Documents folder, the Hard Disk icon, if you want the and second, it keeps all your saved folder to go onto the top level of the started to organize, got work in one folder where you can find Hard Disk. The advantage of drag­ a few shelves set up, it, open it, and copy it easily, until you ging it into the open Hard Dive win­ and then... " get more familiar with where things are dow is that you can place sub-folders on your computer. into the top level folders by this QuickTax, or Mind Your Own Busi­ To have your work automatically method. For example, you create a ness (MYOB) into Taxes and Finan­ saved into the Documents folder by folder named "Letters to Mom" or 11 cial, Kai's Photo Soap, Color It, and default, click on the Apple Icon at the Flower Oub Financial Statements" and Photoshop into Photo Editing, and top left of the display, choose Control drop it onto the Documents folder Nanosaur, Tomb Raider, and Crop Panels > General Controls, and click where it becomes a sub-folder. Within Circles into Games. the button on the bottom right of the Flower Club Financial Statements you You can now quickly access any­ General Controls window that says might create sub-folders for Income thing by looking at the top level of the when saving or opening a Document, and Expenses, for example. Hard Disk window and saying take me to "Documents Folder''. Once "Quicken"-that's a financial Appli­ you are more familiar with the Save Sorting out the Wheat cation. Open Applications, and the and Open dialogue boxes, you can from the Chaff. next level would include a Taxes and save things in any folder you like, Now that you have created a Financial folder. It's probably in there, anywhere on your Hard Disk. But for dozen or less top level folders with right where it should be, along with beginners, this way you will at least names that tell you what is in them, all the other financial applications. If know where to look for that letter to start sorting out your Hard Disk win­ your sub-folders start to get too many Mom that disappeared after you dow by going through all the exist­ files or applications, and the list is ex­ clicked the "Save" button. ing folders, (except the System tending out of the window, it's time Folder), and dragging all your other to further subdivide. The idea is don't Making a Folder. folders into the appropriate top level let a folder get big enough that you To create a new folder where you folders. For example, drag all your can't see everything in it without can easily find and name it, click once utilities such as Disk First Aid, Norton scrolling. For example, I have over 50 out in the Finder window. That's the Utilities, Conflict Catcher, File Buddy, games in my Games folder, so I have display screen that opens when you Drive Setup, or Techtool, into your subdivided them into Flight Simula­ first start the computer. You can al­ Utilities Folder. Drag and Drop all tors, Arcade Games, Simple Games, ways access the Finder by clicking on your Read Me's into your Read Me Card Games, Action Games, 3D the word at the extreme top right Folder, and all your Internet applica­ Games, and so on. So to find a Flight hand corner of your display and tions and set-up files into the Internet Simulator game such as Flying Circus, choosing "Finder" to activate the Folder. Now you're getting organized. I open the folders like this: Finder. Now, hold down the Com­ Using Sub-Folders to keep big files Hard Disk> mand key (the one with the Apple on manageable. Applications> it) and press "N", as in New. Poof! A Finally, create sub-folders and Games> new, empty folder will appear in the drop them into the main category Flight Simulators > Finder, probably just below the Hard folders. For example, within the top Flying Circus Disk icon. Click once in the name level Applications Folder, create sub­ I can thereby go directly to Fly­ which will probably read "untitled folders such as Word Processing Ap­ ing Circus without scrolling at all. Of folder", wait a few seconds for it to plications, Photo Editing Applica­ course, once you have it organized, highlight, and then type in whatever tions, Games, Database Applications, there are better and faster ways to ac­ name you want-Applications, for Taxes and Financial Applications, and cess everything on your Hard Disk example-or Utilities. so forth. directly from the Finder by using the By clicking and dragging on the Place Application programs such Apple Menu, Contextual Menus, and bottom right comer, resize your Hard as AppleWorks, Microsoft Word, or Aliases, but that is the subject of next Disk window so it just takes up the Corel into Word Processing, Quicken, month's getting started article. •

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 79 I

Now that my desktop is covered in Aliases, what do I do with them? Pretty quickly your desktop will A series from MacWest Memo, newsletter of the MacWest Computer Society be covered in an unsightly mess of (British Columbia, Canada). This part three is from July 1999. aliases, hiding your lovely desktop picture or teddy bear pattern. Let's park them somewhere out of sight, I bought an iMac and but still accessible. plugged it in, now what? Using Contextual Menus. There is a wonderful free pro­ by Terry Lawrence, MacWest First Byte Program Director gram by Eric de la Musse called "CM Tools", as in "Contextual Menu tools". It is available for download from the MacWest website, or from: more frequently opened programs http: I I w3.ime.net/ -elf66 I Getting Started #3: Aliases 8c such as AppleWorks, your E-mail pro­ Contextual Menus CM Tools has many features gram, or your documents folder on which you can access by Control your desktop for instant access to Using Aliases and Contextual Clicking (holding down the Control those programs. Better still, as we will key while clicking the mouse button), Menus to access your programs and see shortly, you can place them in documents quickly. but the one we are interested in here your Apple Menu or your Contextual is the Launcher. When you run the N THE FIRST two install­ Menus where you can easily open CM Tools installer, it will place a ments of this series, I talked them even if you are not in the Finder folder called CM Tools Configuration about how to find everything on I at the time. in the Contextual Menu items folder your hard disk, and organizing all in the System Folder. Within the CM that material into alphabetical list How do I make an Alias? Tools folder is a subfolder called view in a series of folders and Nothing could be easier. Simply Launcher. If you place aliases into this subfolders so you can find it quickly select the Icon for the folder, applica­ Launcher folder, when you without too much scrolling. However, tion program, or document you wish Control click to bring up the contex­ there are much better ways to directly to make an alias of and click on it once tual menus, all the programs, folders, access and open the applications and to highlight it. Then hold down the documents, or whatever that you documents you are looking for with­ Command key (the one with the clo­ have placed aliases of into the out opening the hard disk or any fold­ verleaf and apple on it) and press "M" Launcher folder will show up on your ers at all. (as in Make), and an alias will appear desktop. You can open any program, An alias is a little Icon you create just below the selected Icon. Drag the document, or whatever directly from which looks just like the Icon for its alias out of the hard disk window the Contextual Menu, in any pro­ parent application, document, or onto the desktop. Double click the gram, just by Control clicking to open folder, except that its name is in ital­ alias, and the parent program, folder, the Contextual Menu, and then select­ ics. Each alias is connected to its par­ or document opens. If you hit the "M" ing the desired item to open. ent application by an invisible thread, key several times while holding down and when you double click on an the Command key, you will get sev­ Organizing those Aliases into alias, you open the parent application, eral aliases, all fully functional. You subfolders. control panel, document, folder, or can delete the word "alias" from the To better organize the contextual whatever. The alias is a bit like the aliases by clicking in the name box, menu launcher, make some folders remote starter in your car: you just dragging through the word (or such as Internet, Applications, Docu­ turn the ignition key-the alias-and words) alias, and hitting the Delete ments, Utilities, etc., and place them the engine starts without having to key. This shortens the title. You can into the Launcher folder. Then place open the hood and crank over the still tell the alias from the original, the aliases for your utility programs, engine by hand. because the alias will always have it's documents, application programs or You can make as many of these name in italics, (slanted to the right}, Internet browsers, etc., into the appro­ aliases as you like, and park them while the lettering on the original Icon priate folders. Now when you open wherever you want to. For example, will be upright. the contextual menus, you will see a you can leave aliases for a few of your

80 Washington Apple Pl Journal May I June 2000 list of names such as Internet repre­ senting the top level folders. High­ lighting any one of these names will open a sublist showing the contents of that folder, which you can open Mac OS 9 Gets An Update directly by highlighting one and re­ leasing the mouse button. EN APPLE has bugs to with a PowerPC processor [not an add­ Using the Apple Menu. quash, or new machines to on G-series processor]. The same trick will also work pport, it generally means There are two ways to install the with the Apple Menu items folder in an update to the Macintosh operating update. You can let Mac OS 9 do it for your System Folder. Rather than re­ system. Mac OS 9.0.4 fits that descrip­ you - Go to the Software Update invent the wheel, just duplicate the tion nicely. The release notes that ac­ Control Panel in Mac OS 9 and click on folders you already made for the con­ company this update claim additional the "Update Now" button. Or you can textual menu launcher, complete with FireWire and USB support, enhances download Mac OS 9.0.4 Update and their contents, and drop them into the networking and power management, install it yourself. You will find it at: Apple Menu items folder. Be sure to and improves audio, video and . folder and drop it into the Apple It's a recommended update for all Download this software to your hard Menu items folder, as it will show all computers running Mac OS 9, Mac OS drive and then double-click on the .smi the subfolders and individual docu­ 9.0.2, or Mac OS 9.0.3. It has the same to use it. You do not need Disk Copy to ments, any of which you can open hardware requirements - 32MB of access the update. simply by clicking on the Apple icon physical RAM, 40MB of logical RAM, If you try to use the online installer in the menu bar. To duplicate a folder and a machine that originally shipped and it does not see you computer, you and its contents (or anything else, for that matter), just highlight the item you wish to duplicate, hold down the Software Update! Command key, and hit "D", as in "Duplicate". Ciiek the Update button to check for new and ltll Using the big, ugly, clunky upd,j)ted versions of your software. official Apple Launcher. If you want to use the clunky Apple launcher to launch your pro­ grams, just drop your aliases into the Launcher folder in the System Folder. While you are at it, place an alias of the Launcher on the desktop, so you Update Now can close it when you are not using it, but still open it whenever you want (if Update software automatically ______, to launch a program. • Sofuiere Update wi II check for new software every Tuesday end Wednes~y at 7:27 AM.

Set Schedule-. J

k me before downloading new software

May I June 2CXXl Washington Apple Pi Journal 81 I ---- Install 5o1tware Redmond on the Potomac­ Part 2 son.ware Update found the following new or (continued from page 21) updated son.ware for your computer. Microsoft won't continue working its predatory methodology on the next in­ •Select software to Install by clicking the checkboxes: novation to come along that threatens its Nome hegemony. It is the pervasive underly­ [if USB Adapter Card ing methodology used by Microsoft to O Micro3oft Internet Explorer 4.51 12,940K create marketshare that is the issue here, not the quality or usability of their prod­ O Micr03oft Outlool: Express 5.01 9,236K ucts. Unchallenged, those same "techno­ logical shackles", to quote Judge Jackson, can be used to keep tomorrow's threats to Microsoft's dominance from entering the market.

..... t-- Appropriate Relief In about a month, the Court will be­ gin a series of hearings to determine how to fix the damage done to the marketplace t-.... by the years of anti-competitive conduct of Microsoft. When that ruling is handed I cancel J [[ Install ) down, the appeal cycle, possibly expe­ dited, will begin. Judge Jackson can for­ ward appeals directly to the Supreme Court. That Court has accepted cases may have the wrong Software Updater installed. You need version 1.1 directly if of general importance to the which is found on the "Pi Fillings" CD or can be obtained from Apple at: public. For example, the Supreme Court . After you accepted the AT&T divestiture case on an install version 1.1, restart your Mac and go after 9.0.4. expedited basis and, in that example, ap­ The Apple web page suggests that after you run the .smi version of the proved the consent decree. update you still run the Software Update Control Panel if you can, as there are some new parts of software that are not included in the OS 9 Go Stand In The Corner Update (or Apple just wants to keep track of who is using it). There is no consensus on the street as to what appropriate relief means. Pun­ For some, there is a second part to install: Apple DVD Player 2.2. If dits seem to come down as either struc­ you have an iMac DV (Slot Loading), Power Mac G4, or PowerBook tural or behavioral. Structural fans want (Fire Wire) computers, you need to install Apple DVD Player 2.2. Apple the company broken-up; behaviorists will install it for you after successfully installing Mac OS 9.0.4. Return to look for boards and committees to over- the Software Update Control Panel and click "Update Now". It will find and install additional important updates that depend on the presence of "Most harmful of all is the Mac OS 9.0.4. Or, to it manually, return to the same address where you message that Microsoft's found the OS system update. Click on the link in the Associated Files section of that page. actions have conveyed to If you are uncomfortable about being a pioneer and want to wait, every enterprise with the there should be no problem doing so. If you own a slot-loading iMac or a potential to innovate in the PowerBook (FireWire), you will find the fixes installed by this update computer industry. Through bring you more stability. Owners of older model PPC computers will see its conduct towards fewer noticeable changes. There is no "Uninstall" feature, so if you want Netscape, IBM, Compaq, Intel to remove Mac OS 9.0.4, you'll have to resort to a backup or do a clean and others, Microsoft has install. • demonstrated ...

82 Washington Apple Pl Journal May I June 2CXXJ rr see the operations of Microsoft to pre­ alists and the behaviorists is to keep any firm that insists on pursuing ini­ clude recurrence. If you can't make the focus on the message of Judge tiatives that could intensify competi­ up your mind, don't feel badly; there Jackson's Findings of Fact and not al­ tion against one of Microsoft's core is a feeling on the street that Justice low the spinmisters to shift the focus products. Microsoft's past success in and the States can't agree among to where the public believes that it is hurting such companies and stifling themselves as to what is appropriate. Microsoft's creativity that is being innovations deters investment in tech­ If you are a fan of breaking the throttled by the Courts. nologies and businesses that exhibit company up along market lines, you the potential to threaten Microsoft. see creating three separate companies The ultimate result is that some inno­ divided along product lines: software Long Half-Ufe vations that would truly benefit con­ applications, operating systems and I don't understand why more is not sumers never occur for the sole rea­ network stuff. "Let natural market being made of the aftereffects of these son that they do not coincide with forces do the job" opines Ralph Nader conclusions. Unless I am missing Microsoft's self-interest." Don't get assumes the continued leveling influ­ something, Microsoft is about to keep distracted. • ence of the Sherman Act. But, you a generation of lawyers healthy han­ could end up with the individual dling the aftershocks. Remember, the Endnotes pieces dominating their markets and Court holds Microsoft liable under the [1] then recombining the way the Baby antitrust laws of "the plaintiff states" [2] ibid Bells have done, which, to this writer, as well as applicable federal law. This dilutes the intent of the original dives­ sentence is not insignificant. Think titure. about the aftermath of the so called If you lean towards behavioral 'national tobacco settlement.' States, modification, be careful. The market hospitals, insurance companies, and in which Microsoft and their competi­ others have piled on. Now, how Participate tors play, the sandbox from which you many groups that are major users of derive your toys, is not very commit­ Microsoft products are going to cry with WAP!! tee friendly. foul? Can you spell "class action?" If you are a UNIX derivative fan, Look at poor Netscape. If they wish you could argue that Justice and to seek a judicial recourse, some beau­ Microsoft should just keep it up so tiful discovery work has already been Vote in the that Microsoft remains distracted done on their behalf. Fly to Brussels, from the 11 open source" movement. Belgium and ask the European Com­ election. That way, open source has a chance mission how their investigations into to solidify its base and grow. This alleged antitrust violations by writer thinks they are dreaming, be­ Microsoft are proceeding? Redmond cause if the underlying behavior that and Brussels have tussled in the past Take advantage led to the Microsoft intervention in over pricing policies for their appli­ of the trip to Java and Netscape is not stopped, cations and network software licens­ Redmond will turn their attention to ing agreements. Mac World. those folks should they evolve as a 'threat'. Closing From where I sit, the issue to be I believe the core message in this addressed is generic tomorrow. It case bears repeating. Judge Jackson Remember the matters not where the technology that put it clearly when he wrote: "Most runs either our computers or the harmful of all is the message that Computer Show Internet ventures. The relief is to keep Microsoft's actions have conveyed to & Sale in June. Microsoft and tomorrow's Microsoft every enterprise with the potential to clone entrepreneur from using the innovate in the computer industry. tactics described above to stifle inno­ Through its conduct towards vation and creativity. I don't see any­ Netscape, IBM, Compaq, Intel and Take a look at one looking for a remedy that puts others, Microsoft has demonstrated Humpty back together again. that it will use its prodigious market the new Kid's The problem for both the structur- power and immense profits to harm Tutorials.

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 83 re (lntemet continued from page 42) had to take responsibility for oversee­ (DHCP) to dynamically assign IP ad­ ment the TCP /IP protocols and re­ ing the system's general operation. In dresses has also cut down on demand cently a university announced a two­ particular, top-level domain names for dedicated IP addresses. Neverthe­ chip web server. Chips like this are had to be selected, along with persons less, there is growing recognition in extremely small and cost very little. or organizations to manage each of the Internet technical community that And they can be put into anything. them. Rules for the allocation of expansion of the address space is Many of the devices connected to the Internet addresses had to be estab­ needed, as is the development of tran­ Internet will be Internet-enabled ap­ lished. DARPA had previously asked sition schemes that allow pliances (cell phones, fax machines, the late Jon Postel of the USC Infor­ interoperation between IPv4 and IPv6 household appliances, hand-held or­ mation Sciences Institute to take on while migrating to 1Pv6. ganizers, digital cameras, etc.) as well numerous functions related to admin­ In 1998, the Internet Corporation as traditional laptop and desktop istration of names, addresses and pro­ for Assigned Names and Numbers computers. Information access will be tocol related matters. With time, (ICANN) was formed as a private sec­ directed to digital objects of all kinds Postel assumed further responsibili­ tor, non-profit, organization to over­ and services that help to create them ties in this general area on his own, see the orderly progression in use of or make use of them [xxii]. and DARPA, which was supporting Internet names and numbers, as well Very high-speed networking has the effort, gave its tacit approval. This as certain protocol related matters that also been developing at a steady pace. activity was generally referred to as required oversight. The birth of this From the original 50,000 bit-per-second the Internet Assigned Numbers Au­ organization, which was selected by ARPANET, to the 155 million bit-per­ thority (IANA) [xix]. In time, Postel be­ the Department of Commerce for this second NSFNET, to today's 2.4 - 9.6 came the arbitrator of all controversial function, has been difficult, embody­ billion bit-per-second commercial net­ matters concerning names and ad­ ing as it does many of the inherent works, we routinely see commercial dresses until his untimely death in Oc­ conflicts in resolving discrepancies in offerings providing Internet access at tober 1998. this arena. However, there is a clear increasing speeds. Experimentation It is helpful to consider separately need for an oversight mechanism for with optical technology using wave­ the problem of managing the domain Internet domain names and numbers, length division multiplexing is under­ name space and the Internet address separate from their day-to-day man­ way in many quarters; and testbeds space. These two vital elements of the agement. operating at speeds of terabits per sec­ Internet architecture have rather dif­ Many questions about Internet ond (that is trillions of bits-per-second) ferent characteristics that color the management remain. They may also are being constructed. management problems they generate. prove difficult to resolve quickly. Of Some of these ultra-high speed Domain names have semantics that specific concern is what role the US. systems may one-day carry data from numbers may not imply; and thus a government and inde~d governments very far away places, like Mars. Al­ means of determining who can use around the world need to play in its ready, design of the interplanetary what names is needed. As a result, continuing operation and evolution. Internet as a logical extension of the speculators on Internet names often This is clearly a subject for another time. current Internet, is part of the NASA claim large numbers of them without Mars mission program now under­ intent to use them other than to resell Where Do We Go From Here? way at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory them later. Alternate resolution As we struggle to envision what in Pasadena, California [xxiii]. By mechanisms [xx], if widely adopted, may be commonplace on the Internet 2008, we should have a well function­ could significantly change the land­ in a decade, we are confronted with ing Earth-Mars network that serves as scape here. the challenge of imagining new ways a nascent backbone of the interplan­ The rapid growth of the Internet of doing old things, as well as trying etary Internet. has triggered the design of a new and to think of new things that will be en­ Wireless communication has ex­ larger address space (the so-called IP abled by the Internet, and by the tech­ ploded in recent years with the rapid version 6 address space); today's nologies of the future. growth of cellular telephony. Increas­ Internet uses IP version 4 [xxi]. How­ In the next ten years, the Internet ingly, however, Internet access is be­ ever, little momentum has yet devel­ is expected to be enormously bigger coming available over these net­ oped to deploy 1Pv6 widely. Despite than it is today. It will be more perva­ works. Alternate forms for wireless concerns to the contrary, the 1Pv4 ad­ sive than the older technologies and communication, including both dress space will not be depleted for penetrate more homes than television ground radio and satellite are in de­ some time. Further, the use of Dy­ and radio programming. Computer velopment and use now, and the pros­ namic Host Configuration Protocol chips are now being built that imple- pects for increasing data rates look

84 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 rr promising. Recent developments in well as related matters, by discussion, taken at RAND Corporation for the high data rate systems appear likely interaction and coordination between US Air Force beginning in 1962. to offer ubiquitous wireless data ser­ and among the principal players. vices in the 1-2 Mbps range. It is even Business, the academic community [iv] L. Roberts & T. Merrill, "Toward possible that wireless Internet access and government all need as much as­ a Cooperative Network of Time­ may one day be the primary way most surance as possible that they can con­ Shared Computers", Fall AFIPS Conf., people get access to the Internet. duct their activities on the Internet Oct.1966. A developing trend that seems with high confidence that security likely to continue in the future is an and reliability will be present. The [v] Davies, D.W., K.A. Bartlett, R.A. information centric view of the participation of many organizations Scantlebury, and P. T. Wilkinson. 1967. Internet that can live in parallel with around the world, including espe­ "A Digital Communication Network the current communications centric cially governments and the relevant for Computers Giving Rapid Re­ view. Many of the concerns about in­ service providers will be essential sponse at Remote Terminals," Pro­ tellectual property protection are dif­ here. ceedings of the ACM Symposium on ficult to deal with, not because of fun­ The success of the Internet in so­ Operating System Principles. Associa­ damental limits in the law, but rather ciety as a whole will depend less on tion for Computing Machinery, New by technological and perhaps man­ technology than on the larger eco­ York, 1967. Donald W. Davies and his agement limitations in knowing how nomic and social concerns that are at colleagues coined the term "packet" best to deal with these issues. A digi­ the heart of every major advance. The and built one node of a packet switch­ tal object infrastructure that makes in­ Internet is no exception, except that its ing network at the National Physical formation objects "first-class citizens" potential and reach are perhaps as Laboratory in the UK. in the packetized "primordial soup" broad as any that have come before. • of the Internet is one step in that di­ [vi] Barry M. Leiner, Vinton G. Cerf, rection. In this scheme, the digital Endnotes: David D. Clark,Robert E. Kahn, object is the conceptual elemental unit [i) Leonard Kleinrock's dissertation Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, in the information view; it is interpret­ thesis at MIT was written during Jon Postel, Larry G. Roberts, Stephen able (in principle) by all participating 1961: "Information Flow in Large Wolff, "A Brief History of the information systems. The digital ob­ Communication Nets", RLE Quar­ Internet," www.isoc.org/ internet/ ject is thus an abstraction that may be terly Progress Report, July 1961 and history /brief.html and see below for implemented in various ways by dif­ published as a book "Communication timeline ferent systems. It is a critical building Nets: Stochastic Message Flow and block for interoperable and heteroge­ Delay", New York: McGraw Hill, [vii] Vinton G. Cerf and Robert E. neous information systems. Each digi­ 1964. This was one of the earliest Kahn," A Protocol for Packet Network tal object has a unique and, if desired, mathematical analyses of what we Intercommunication," IEEE Transac­ persistent identifier that will allow it now call packet switching networks. tions on Communications, Vol. COM- to be managed over time. This ap­ 22, May 1974. proach is highly relevant to the devel­ [ii] J.C.R. Licklider & W. Clark, "On­ opment of third-party value added in­ Line Man Computer Communica­ [viii] The Internet Engineering Task formation services in the Internet en­ tion", August 1962. Licklider made Force (IETF) is an activity taking place vironment. tongue-in-cheek references to an "in­ under the auspices of the Internet So­ Of special concern to the authors ter-galactic network" but in truth, his ciety (www.isoc.org). See is the need to understand and man­ vision of what might be possible was www.ietf.org age the downside potential for net­ prophetic. work disruptions, as well as [ix] From the BITNET charter: cybercrime and terrorism. The ability [iii] [BARAN 64) Baran, P., et al, "On BITNET, which originated in 1981 to deal with problems in this diverse Distributed Communications", Vol­ with a link between CUNY and Yale, arena is at the forefront of maintain­ umes I-XI, RAND Corporation Re­ grew rapidly during the next few ing a viable global information infra­ search Documents, August 1964. Paul years, with management and systems structure. " IOPS.org" [xxiv) - a pri­ Baran explored the use of digital services provided on a volunteer ba­ vate-sector group dedicated to im­ "message block" switching to support sis largely from CUNY and Yale. In proving coordination among ISPs - highly resilient, survivable voice com­ 1984, the BITNET Directors estab­ deals with issues of ISP outages, dis­ munications for military command lished an Executive Committee to pro­ ruptions, other trouble conditions, as and control. This work was under- vide policy guidance.

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 85 (see http:/ /www.geocities.com/ earlier. designed by Paul Mockapetris and ini­ SiliconValley I 2260 /bitchart.html) tially documented in November 1983. [xiii] PSINETwas a for-profit spun out Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - [x) Usenet came into being in late of the NYSERNET in 1990. Concepts and Facilities", RFC 882, 1979, shortly after the release of V7 USC/Information Sciences Institute, Unix with UUCP. Two Duke Univer­ [xiv) CERFNET was started by Gen­ November 1983 and Mockapetris, sity grad students in North Carolina, eral Atomics as one of the NSF-spon­ P.,"Domain names - Implementation Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis, thought of sored intermediate level networks. It and Specification", RFC 883, USC/In­ hooking computers together to ex­ was coincidental that the network was formation Sciences Institute, Novem­ change information with the Unix called "CERF"Net-originally they had ber 1983. (see also http:/ I community. Steve Bellovin, a grad stu­ planned to call themselves SURFNET, soa.granitecanyon.com/ faq.shtml) dent at the University of North Caro­ since General Atomics was located in lina, put together the first version of San Diego, California, but this name [xvii] The Handle System - see the news software using shell scripts was already taken by a Dutch Research www.handle.net and installed it on the first two sites: organization called SURF, so the Gen­ "unc" and "duke." At the beginning eral Atomics founders settled for Cali­ [xviii] See Leiner, et al, "A Brief His­ of 1980 the network consisted of those fornia Education and Research Foun­ tory ... ", www.isoc.org/ internet/his­ two sites and "phs" (another machine dation Network. Cerf participated in tory /brief.html at Duke), and was described at the the launch of the network in July 1989 January Usenix conference. Steve by breaking a fake bottle of cham­ [xix] See www.iana.org for more de­ Bellovin later rewrote the scripts into pagne filled with glitter over a Cisco tails. See also www.icann.org. C programs, but they were never re­ Systems router. leased beyond "unc" and "duke." [xx) see www.doi.org Shortly thereafter, Steve Daniel did [xv) October 24, 1995, Resolution of the another implementation in C for pub­ U.S. Federal Networking Council [xxi] Version 5 of the Internet Protocol lic distribution. Tom Truscott made was an experiment which has since further modifications, and this became RESOLUTION: been terminated the "A" news release. (see http: I I "The Federal Networking Council www.ou.edu/ research/ electron/ (FNC) agrees that the following lan­ [xxii] see A Framework for Distributed internet/ use-soft.htm) guage reflects our definition of the Digital Object Services, Robert E Kahn term "Internet". and Robert Wilensky at [xi] A few examples include the New www.cnri.reston.va.us/ cstr I arch/k­ York State Education and Research "Internet" refers to the global informa­ w.html Network (NYSERNET), New England tion system that - Academic and Research Network [xxiii] The interplanetary Internet ef­ (NEARNE'I), the California Education (i) is logically linked together by a fort is funded in part by DARPA and and Research Foundation Network globally unique address space based has support from NASA. For more in­ (CERFNET), Northwest Net on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its sub­ formation, see www.ipnsig.org {NWNET), Southern Universities Re­ sequent extensions/ follow-ons; search and Academic Net (SURANET) [xxiv] See www.iops.org for more in­ and so on. UUNET was formed as a (ii) is able to support communica­ formation on this group dedicated to non-profit by a grant from the UNIX tions using the Transmission Control improving operational coordination Users Group (USENIX). Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP /IP) among Internet Service Providers. suite or its subsequent extensions I fol­ [xii] UUNET called its Internet service low-ons, and/ or other IP-compatible Disclaimer ALTERNET. UUNETwas acquired by protocols; and The Internet Policy Institute presents this Metropolitan Fiber Networks (MFS) in publication as a useful contribution to 1995 which was itself acquired by (iii) provides, uses or makes acces­ public discourse. The findings, interpre­ Worldcom in 1996. Worldcom later sible, either publicly or privately, high tations and conclusions in this publication merged with MCI to form MCI level services layered on the commu­ are those of the author or authors and do WorldCom in 1998. In that same year, nications and related infrastructure de­ not necessarily represent the views of the Worldcom also acquired the ANS back­ scribed herein." staff of the Internet Policy Institute or its bone network from AOL, which had Board of Directors. The Internet Policy purchased it from the non-profit ANS [xvi] The Domain Name System was Institute (IPI):

86 Washington Apple Pi Journal May I June 2000 IT

Washington, DC. Send us an e-mail describing yourself and what you WANT to do every day. Then tell us Oassified advertisements can be placed by mailing copy to the business office of about your professional qualifica­ Washington Apple Pi, Ltd., 12022 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852: Be sure tions, specifically your to include your W AP membership number and indicate area code~ w1~ your experience helping people with tech­ phone numbers. Ads must be received by the ad .copy due dat~ lis.ted m the nology and troubleshooting Macs in calendar page for that monthin order to be included m ~e a~propnate i5:5ue. Any a networked environment. Send your ads postmarked after that time will be included at the discretion of the eclito~. Cost resume . is $2.00 /line (40 characters per line), maximum 12 lines. Members of Washington Visit our website at Apple Pi, Ltd., may place ads up to three lines at no charge. The editor reserves the www.uptimeweb.com to learn more right to refuse any ads deemed inappropriate. about Uptime Computer Services, Inc.

Services membership. WAP Members must Help Needed Law Office of identify themselves as such and then -Volunteers Needed: Recording for Richard S. Sternberg deduct $5 from the regular $39 the Blind and Dyslexic of Metro A General Practice of Law (printed ClarisWorks Journal) or $34 Washington is looking for volunteers since 1984 (electronic ClarisWorks Journal) who can read technical books (cur­ General Civil & Criminal Litigation membership dues when they join or rently working on data structures in Employment, Labor & Civil Rights renew. Contact the ClarisWorks Us­ c++ for example). We are located in Personal Injury & Auto Accidents ers Group directly at Box 701010, Ply­ Chevy Chase at the Friendship Business and Corporate Practice mouth, MI 48170; toll-free at (888) 781- Heights Metro, 5225 Wisconsin Ave. Domestic Relations CWUG; Fax: (734) 454-1965; Email: NW (at Jennifer Street- across from Wills & Probate or web site Mazza Gallery). We need computer Admitted DC, MD, VA & http:/ /www.cwug.org. literate folks willing to volunteer for Fed. Courts 2 hours a week, to help read textbooks First consultation free and Help Wanted onto tape. The tapes are used by stu­ discount rates with valid -Looking for Apple Lovers Staff­ dents borrowers. Interested folks can Pi membership ing Alternatives is looking for Mac come by on Wednesday evening, (202) 638-2300 Help Desk Specialists for GE Informa­ January 20th, between 6-8pm for an tion Services in Gaithersburg, MD. open house orientation. Else, they can -Macintosh Trainer/Consultant Day and evening shifts available. call Laurel after 3pm at 202-244-8990 Available for Hire. Macintosh (OS 7.6.l or above) knowl­ and get more info. Evening sessions I currently subcontract to many local edge and Bachelors Degree required start at 5:30 and 7pm, Monday-Thurs­ Mac schools. Hire me directly and for this support position. Please call day. Thanks again for your help and save. I teach: Excel, Word, Quark, Carolyn at 301-340-5457 or e-mail best wishes for a successful and en­ PageMaker, Illustrator, MS Project, your resume to joyable 1999 WAP membership. WAP and more. References available. Alan [email protected]. Members must identify themselves as Stillman: 703-370-5505 or Toll Free such and then deduct $5 from lhe regular 800-958-2907; email at -Bethesda Computers & Networks $39 (printed Claris Works Journal) or $34 ,[email protected]>. is looking for a person knowledgeable (electronicClarisWorks Journal) member­ on the Macintosh for a Sales and Soft­ ship dues when lhey join or renew. Con­ -Computers on Demand ware Support Position. General tact lhe Claris Works Users Group directly Used Macs, Powerbooks & Peripher­ knowledge of the Macintosh hard­ at Box 701010,Plymouth, MI 48170; toll­ als-We Buy, Sell, Trade, Repair & Up­ ware is preferred but will train a quali­ free at (888) 781-CWUG; Fax: (734) 454- grade all Mac Equipment. Call for fied applicant in this area. Please con­ 1965; Email: Quotes. All Major Credit Cards Ac­ tact Ejaz at or 301- or web site http://www.cwug.org. cepted. (301) 718-0822 652-5108. Seeking to Purchase -ClarisWorks Users Group Dis­ - Mac Consultants and Techs -135mg disks for Syquest. Please email count Wanted Join our team of dedicated Kathryn Murray at [email protected] if Loyal WAP members receive a $5 a and professional Mac lovers as we you have one or more available for pur­ year discount on their CWUG (Oaris serve the technology needs of busi­ chase. • Works User Group) membership and nesses throughout metropolitan renewals as a benefit of their WAP

May I June 2000 Washington Apple Pi Journal 87 Washington Apple Pi, Ltd. 12022 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852

Membership Application Please print or type: Name ______._...... ,_~Golnpany---1.::;....;....;;-- ...... -=--_,...... ,,----,-=-"" ...... -:;:-~

Address._...... _._ __....-'"-,.__...... :,....;.....:...-;;;:.....;;=-.-,..--.....,,.._,...... ,...... ,,_...... ,..-- ...... ,.....,, ...... -=--~.--~ City State-.------Home Phone_...... ,,_..,, ...... --- ...... ---- Work Phone_....._ ...... _,__,.._ ...... _ (Must have/or the TCS) OccHpation---=:...... ;-.---=---,.._,..-...,,...... ,,...

WAP has many Special Interest Groups Please answer a few questions for us regarding your (SIGs) and Regional Groups (SLICEs). computer use. Check the computers/equipment Please check each group you would be that you use on a regular basis. interested in. D Graphic SIG D Apple II D Annapolis Slice D NOVA/Educa- D Apple JIGS D IBM, PC clone D Columbia Slice D Delmarva Slice tors SIG D Apple III (SARA) D PowerBook D Game SIG D Mac Plus, SE D Centris (all) D Frederick Slice D Disabled SIG D QuickTime SIG D Mac SE30, Mac Ilx D Quadra (all) D Retired SIG D Mac LC (series) D Power PC/Mac D Excel SIG D FileMaker SIG D Stock SIG D Mac II D G3 D Women's SIG D Performa (all) D iMac D Geneaology SIG D Other D I can serve as a Hotline contact for

Enclose check or money order payable to Washington Apple Pi, Ltd. If you are using a credit card please remember that we only accept VISA and MasterCard. 0 Check/Money Order 0 VISA 0 MasterCard Card Number ------~ Exp. Date...... ____ Signature______(Required) Indicate .desired New D Basic Membership-1 year $49 Member Kit (1 only) D Student rate* for 1 year $42 D Mac400k D Mac800 k For other options please add correct amounts D Mac l.44k D W AP Bulletin Board System (TCS)**with e-mail $ 20 D MacCD D W AP Bulletin Board System (TCS)**with Internet $ 171 D 1st class mail (U.S.) $17 Please drcle Yes or No for the 2 items below. D Airmail to Canada, Mexico, West Indies or Cental America $20 1. Please leave my name on the Pi D Airmail to Europe & South America $38 mailing list. (The list never leaves D Airmail to Asia & elsewhere $48 the office and all mailings are su­ pervised by the Pi staff.) Surface to Europe, Asia & elsewhere $18 D Yes No Total enclosed $___ _ 2. My name, address & phone number may be published in the *Please enclose photocopy of current student ID. membership director. ** Access to the TCS is contingent on W AP having a Yes No. current home telephone number for the member. Applicant signature and date

88 Washington Apple Pl Journal May I June 2CX)() Pi Fillings-The CD: Version 6 Version 6 is your companion CD if you are using Mac OS 8.x through 9.0. This one­ stop updater will save you hours of downloading time. Here is where you will find the up­ dates and drivers to all your Macintosh peripherals whether the device is USB, Firewire, or Old Faithful. We include updates to Java, Open Transport, ColorSync, and PowerMac G3/4 ROMs. In addition, we freshened the essential Internet tools and utilities; added more large updates for the more popular applications; and of course, put in some interesting diversions. In all, more than a billion bytes worth of stuff fills our latest offering in the Pi Fillings-The CD series.

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•t·Pi Fillings-the CD, version 6 is available for $10 How to get 1 • at Pi General Meetings, or for $12 via snail mail. Call the Pi office at (30 I) 984-0300 and place an order, or send a check to the Pi office. You can also place an order over the Internet by visiting the Pi store at: http://store.wap.org April Shower of Savings Promotions

.. iMac • $1,199 PowerBook®G3 MacOS 8.5 Power Macintosh®G3 FREE 32MB Memory from $1999 Free T-Shirt from $1599 FREE while-you-wait Installation FREE Canying Case Free Mac Mail in for FREE Internal ('99 Value) Bible Bluebeny, Grape, Tangerine Fax Modem or Internal and Strawbeny in Stock IOOMB Zip Drive. FREE Battery ('200 Value) Mail for FREE Tomb Raider Epson Stylus 740, SuperDisk, $100 Mail in rebate if Mail in for FREE 64MB II or Tomb USB Zip Drives & Floppy purchased with Apple Memrny or Virtual PC 98. Raider Gold Disk Drives in Stock. Studio Display 17

(c) 1999 ~l:ic rpgrad1:s1 Inc. t\pplc:, M:1cintct::'lh, Power Maciniosh. Power Book :in: rcgistcrt..'tl trJdcm:irks ofApple Compmcr, Inc. All od1cr trJdcmark.' propcnr of their owners. All prices quoted JrC subjert to changt'.' wit h out notice. Nut rcspcmsiblt.: for tnx>s. Prices and Promotions valid uniil :u least 4!24f)<).

• • • • . www.macupgrades.com Mon· Thurs 10·6, Fri 10-s , 4 mac Upgrades email:. info ~ macupgrades.com 301 Sa9tuorda7y: llo-300 • Apple Specialist 6931 Arlington Road· Bethesda, MD • •

Washington Apple Pi, Ltd 12022 Parklawn Drive Periodical Rockville, MD 20852 Postage rates paid at May I June 2000 Rockville, MD