DOCSLIB.ORG

1 Chapter 4731 Department of Health Radiation Safety

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1 Chapter 4731 Department of Health Radiation Safety 1 CHAPTER 4731 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH RADIATION SAFETY GENERAL PROVISIONS 4731.0100 DEFINITIONS. 4731.0200 GENERAL APPLICATIONS. 4731.0210 RECORDS. 4731.0230 REQUEST FOR WRITTEN STATEMENTS. 4731.0240 DATA PRIVACY. 4731.0250 INSPECTIONS AND TESTING. 4731.0260 VIOLATIONS, ENFORCEMENT, AND PENALTIES. 4731.0270 MODIFICATION AND REVOCATION OF LICENSES. 4731.0280 DELIBERATE MISCONDUCT. 4731.0290 EMPLOYEE PROTECTION. 4731.0300 FEDERAL JURISDICTION EXCLUSION. 4731.0315 CRITICAL MASS. 4731.0355 RECIPROCITY. TRANSPORTATION OF LICENSED MATERIAL 4731.0400 SCOPE; ENFORCEMENT NOTICE. 4731.0401 REQUIREMENT FOR LICENSE. 4731.0402 TRANSPORTATION OF LICENSED MATERIAL. 4731.0403 SPECIFIC EXEMPTIONS. 4731.0406 GENERAL LICENSE; NRC-APPROVED PACKAGE. 4731.0407 PREVIOUSLY APPROVED PACKAGES. 4731.0409 GENERAL LICENSE; FOREIGN-APPROVED PACKAGE. 4731.0410 GENERAL LICENSE; FISSILE MATERIAL. 4731.0411 GENERAL LICENSE; PLUTONIUM-BERYLLIUM SPECIAL FORM MATERIAL. 4731.0412 EXTERNAL RADIATION STANDARDS FOR ALL PACKAGES. 4731.0413 ASSUMPTIONS AS TO UNKNOWN PROPERTIES. 4731.0414 PRELIMINARY DETERMINATIONS. 4731.0415 ROUTINE DETERMINATIONS. 4731.0416 AIR TRANSPORT OF PLUTONIUM. 4731.0417 OPENING INSTRUCTIONS. 4731.0418 REPORTS. 4731.0419 ADVANCE NOTIFICATION OF SHIPMENT OF IRRADIATED REACTOR FUEL AND NUCLEAR WASTE. 4731.0420 QUALITY ASSURANCE REQUIREMENTS. 4731.0421 QUALITY ASSURANCE ORGANIZATION. 4731.0422 A AND A VALUES FOR RADIONUCLIDES. 1 2 4731.0423 DETERMINATION OF A AND A . 1 2 4731.0424 ACTIVITY-MASS RELATIONSHIPS FOR URANIUM. Copyright ©2016 by the Revisor of Statutes, State of Minnesota. All Rights Reserved. RADIATION SAFETY 2 4731.0455 QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR TRANSPORTATION PACKAGES. DOMESTIC LICENSING OF SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL 4731.0525 DOMESTIC LICENSING OF SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL. 4731.0530 LICENSE REQUIREMENT; SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL. 4731.0535 EXEMPTION; CERTAIN FEDERAL CONTRACTS. 4731.0540 EXEMPTION; CARRIERS. 4731.0550 TYPES OF LICENSES. 4731.0555 GENERAL LICENSE; CALIBRATION OR REFERENCE SOURCES. 4731.0560 GENERAL LICENSE; OWNING SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL. 4731.0565 APPLICATION; FILING. 4731.0570 APPLICATION; CONTENTS. 4731.0575 APPLICATION APPROVAL REQUIREMENTS. 4731.0580 APPLICATION; FINANCIAL ASSURANCE AND RECORD KEEPING FOR DECOMMISSIONING. 4731.0585 ISSUANCE OF LICENSES. 4731.0590 LICENSE CONDITIONS. 4731.0595 LICENSE RENEWAL AND AMENDMENT. 4731.0597 INALIENABILITY OF LICENSES. 4731.0600 LICENSE EXPIRATION AND TERMINATION; DECOMMISSIONING. 4731.0605 SPECIFIC LICENSE; MANUFACTURE OR INITIAL TRANSFER OF CALIBRATION OR REFERENCE SOURCES. 4731.0610 AUTHORIZED USE OF SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL. 4731.0615 TRANSFER OF SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL. 4731.0620 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS. 4731.0625 RECORD TRANSFER REQUIREMENTS. 4731.0630 INSPECTIONS AND TESTS. DOMESTIC LICENSING OF SOURCE MATERIAL 4731.0700 PURPOSE AND SCOPE. 4731.0705 INACTIVE TAILINGS SITES. 4731.0710 LICENSE REQUIREMENT. 4731.0715 EXEMPTION; USE OF SOURCE MATERIAL UNDER CERTAIN FEDERAL CONTRACTS. 4731.0720 EXEMPTION; CARRIERS. 4731.0725 EXEMPTION; UNIMPORTANT QUANTITIES OF SOURCE MATERIAL. 4731.0730 OTHER EXEMPTIONS. 4731.0735 TYPES OF LICENSES. 4731.0740 GENERAL LICENSE; TITLE TO SOURCE OR RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL. 4731.0745 GENERAL LICENSE; SMALL QUANTITIES OF SOURCE MATERIAL. 4731.0750 GENERAL LICENSE; USE OF CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS OR DEVICES. 4731.0760 SPECIFIC LICENSE; APPLICATION. 4731.0765 SPECIFIC LICENSE; APPROVAL. 4731.0770 SPECIFIC LICENSE; CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS AND DEVICES. Copyright ©2016 by the Revisor of Statutes, State of Minnesota. All Rights Reserved. 3 RADIATION SAFETY 4731.0780 FINANCIAL ASSURANCE AND RECORD KEEPING FOR DECOMMISSIONING. 4731.0785 LICENSE CONDITIONS. 4731.0790 LICENSE EXPIRATION AND TERMINATION; DECOMMISSIONING. 4731.0795 LICENSE RENEWAL AND AMENDMENT. 4731.0810 INALIENABILITY OF LICENSES. 4731.0815 TRANSFER OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL. 4731.0816 LICENSE TO TRANSFER SOURCE MATERIAL. 4731.0817 REQUIREMENTS FOR LABELING SOURCE MATERIAL; INSTRUCTIONS. 4731.0820 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS. 4731.0825 RECORDS. 4731.0830 INSPECTIONS AND TESTS. 4731.0840 MODIFICATION AND REVOCATION OF LICENSES. STANDARDS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION 4731.1000 SCOPE; NOTICES, INSTRUCTIONS, REPORTS. 4731.1010 POSTING WORKER NOTICES. 4731.1020 WORKER INSTRUCTIONS. 4731.1030 EXPOSURE NOTIFICATIONS AND REPORTS. 4731.1040 INSPECTIONS; PRESENCE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 4731.1050 INSPECTIONS; CONSULTATION WITH WORKERS. 4731.1060 INSPECTIONS; REQUESTS BY WORKERS. 4731.1070 INSPECTION NOT WARRANTED; INFORMAL REVIEW. 4731.1080 VARIANCES. 4731.1090 DISCRIMINATION PROHIBITED. 4731.2000 GENERAL PROVISIONS. 4731.2010 RADIATION PROTECTION PROGRAMS. 4731.2020 OCCUPATIONAL DOSE LIMITS FOR ADULTS. 4731.2030 SUMMATION OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL DOSES. 4731.2040 DETERMINATION OF EXTERNAL DOSE; AIRBORNE RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL. 4731.2050 DETERMINATION OF INTERNAL EXPOSURE. 4731.2060 PLANNED SPECIAL EXPOSURES. 4731.2070 OCCUPATIONAL DOSE LIMITS FOR MINORS. 4731.2080 DOSE EQUIVALENT TO EMBRYO/FETUS. 4731.2090 RADIATION DOSE LIMITS FOR THE PUBLIC. 4731.2095 COMPLIANCE; DOSE LIMITS FOR THE PUBLIC. 4731.2100 RADIOLOGICAL CRITERIA FOR LICENSE TERMINATION. 4731.2150 MINIMIZATION OF CONTAMINATION. 4731.2200 SURVEYS AND MONITORING. 4731.2210 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING; EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL OCCUPATIONAL DOSE. 4731.2220 HIGH RADIATION AREAS; CONTROL OF ACCESS. 4731.2230 VERY HIGH RADIATION AREAS; CONTROL OF ACCESS. Copyright ©2016 by the Revisor of Statutes, State of Minnesota. All Rights Reserved. RADIATION SAFETY 4 4731.2240 CONTROLLING CONCENTRATION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL IN AIR. 4731.2260 USE OF INDIVIDUAL RESPIRATORY PROTECTION EQUIPMENT. 4731.2270 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION EQUIPMENT RESTRICTIONS. 4731.2280 USE OF HIGHER ASSIGNED PROTECTION FACTORS. 4731.2290 STORAGE AND CONTROL OF LICENSED MATERIAL. 4731.2300 CAUTION SIGNS. 4731.2310 POSTING REQUIREMENTS. 4731.2320 EXCEPTIONS TO POSTING REQUIREMENTS. 4731.2330 LABELING CONTAINERS. 4731.2340 LABELING REQUIREMENTS; EXEMPTIONS. 4731.2350 PROCEDURES FOR RECEIVING AND OPENING PACKAGES. 4731.2360 LEAK TEST REQUIREMENTS. 4731.2400 WASTE DISPOSAL. 4731.2405 DECAY-IN-STORAGE. 4731.2410 APPROVAL OF PROPOSED DISPOSAL PROCEDURES. 4731.2420 DISPOSAL BY RELEASE INTO SANITARY SEWERAGE. 4731.2430 TREATMENT OR DISPOSAL BY INCINERATION. 4731.2440 DISPOSAL OF SPECIFIC WASTES. 4731.2450 TRANSFER FOR DISPOSAL; MANIFESTS. 4731.2460 DISPOSAL OF CERTAIN BYPRODUCT MATERIAL. 4731.2500 RECORDS; RADIATION PROTECTION PROGRAMS. 4731.2510 RECORDS; SURVEYS. 4731.2520 DETERMINATION OF PRIOR OCCUPATIONAL DOSE. 4731.2530 RECORDS; PLANNED SPECIAL EXPOSURES. 4731.2540 RECORDS; INDIVIDUAL MONITORING RESULTS. 4731.2550 RECORDS; DOSE TO INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC. 4731.2560 RECORDS; WASTE DISPOSAL. 4731.2600 REPORTS; THEFT OR LOSS OF LICENSED MATERIAL. 4731.2610 NOTIFICATION OF INCIDENTS. 4731.2620 REPORTS; RADIATION EXPOSURES, LEVELS, AND CONCENTRATIONS EXCEEDING CONSTRAINTS OR LIMITS. 4731.2630 REPORTS; PLANNED SPECIAL EXPOSURES. 4731.2640 REPORTS TO INDIVIDUALS; DOSE LIMITS EXCEEDED. 4731.2700 ASSIGNED PROTECTION FACTORS FOR RESPIRATORS. 4731.2705 NATIONAL SOURCE TRACKING TRANSACTION REPORTING. 4731.2750 ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKE AND DERIVED AIR CONCENTRATIONS. 4731.2800 QUANTITIES OF LICENSED MATERIAL REQUIRING LABELING. 4731.2820 NATIONALLY TRACKED SOURCE THRESHOLDS. 4731.2950 LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE; TRANSFER AND DISPOSAL. DOMESTIC LICENSING OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS 4731.3000 APPLICABILITY; DOMESTIC LICENSING OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL. Copyright ©2016 by the Revisor of Statutes, State of Minnesota. All Rights Reserved. 5 RADIATION SAFETY 4731.3005 ACTIVITIES REQUIRING LICENSE. 4731.3010 SPECIFIC EXEMPTIONS. 4731.3015 EXEMPTION; USE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL UNDER CERTAIN FEDERAL CONTRACTS. 4731.3020 EXEMPTION; CARRIERS. 4731.3025 EXEMPTION; CERTAIN CONCENTRATIONS. 4731.3030 EXEMPTION; CERTAIN ITEMS CONTAINING RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL. 4731.3040 EXEMPT QUANTITIES. 4731.3045 EXEMPTION; SELF-LUMINOUS PRODUCTS CONTAINING TRITIUM, KRYPTON-85, OR PROMETHIUM-147. 4731.3050 EXEMPTION; GAS AND AEROSOL DETECTORS CONTAINING RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL. 4731.3055 EXEMPTION; RADIOACTIVE DRUGS. 4731.3056 EXEMPTION; CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL DEVICES. 4731.3060 TYPES OF LICENSES. 4731.3065 SPECIFIC LICENSES; APPLICATION. 4731.3070 SPECIFIC LICENSES; APPROVAL. 4731.3075 TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF LICENSES. 4731.3080 FINANCIAL ASSURANCE AND RECORD KEEPING FOR DECOMMISSIONING. 4731.3085 LICENSE EXPIRATION AND TERMINATION; DECOMMISSIONING. 4731.3090 RENEWAL AND AMENDMENT OF LICENSES. 4731.3105 TRANSFER OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL. 4731.3110 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS. 4731.3115 RECORDS. 4731.3120 INSPECTIONS AND TESTS. 4731.3130 MODIFICATION AND REVOCATION OF LICENSES. 4731.3135 WITHHOLDING OR RECALL OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL. 4731.3140 EXEMPT CONCENTRATIONS. 4731.3145 EXEMPT QUANTITIES. 4731.3150 RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS; EMERGENCY PLAN QUANTITIES. 4731.3155 ASSURING DECOMMISSIONING FUNDS; PARENT COMPANY GUARANTEES. 4731.3160 QUANTITIES OF LICENSED MATERIAL REQUIRING LABELING FOR DECOMMISSIONING. 4731.3165 ASSURING DECOMMISSIONING FUNDS; SELF-GUARANTEES; BOND RATING. 4731.3170 ASSURING DECOMMISSIONING FUNDS; SELF-GUARANTEE; NO OUTSTANDING RATED BONDS. 4731.3175 ASSURING DECOMMISSIONING FUNDS; NONPROFIT ENTITIES. 4731.3200 GENERAL DOMESTIC LICENSES FOR RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL. 4731.3215 GENERAL LICENSE; DETECTING, MEASURING, GAUGING, CONTROLLING, AND OTHER DEVICES. 4731.3220 GENERAL LICENSE; INSTALLATION OF GENERALLY LICENSED DEVICES. 4731.3225 GENERAL LICENSE; LUMINOUS SAFETY DEVICES FOR AIRCRAFT. 4731.3230 GENERAL LICENSE; AMERICIUM-241 AND RADIUM-226
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Table 2.Iii.1. Fissionable Isotopes1
    FISSIONABLE ISOTOPES Charles P. Blair Last revised: 2012 “While several isotopes are theoretically fissionable, RANNSAD defines fissionable isotopes as either uranium-233 or 235; plutonium 238, 239, 240, 241, or 242, or Americium-241. See, Ackerman, Asal, Bale, Blair and Rethemeyer, Anatomizing Radiological and Nuclear Non-State Adversaries: Identifying the Adversary, p. 99-101, footnote #10, TABLE 2.III.1. FISSIONABLE ISOTOPES1 Isotope Availability Possible Fission Bare Critical Weapon-types mass2 Uranium-233 MEDIUM: DOE reportedly stores Gun-type or implosion-type 15 kg more than one metric ton of U- 233.3 Uranium-235 HIGH: As of 2007, 1700 metric Gun-type or implosion-type 50 kg tons of HEU existed globally, in both civilian and military stocks.4 Plutonium- HIGH: A separated global stock of Implosion 10 kg 238 plutonium, both civilian and military, of over 500 tons.5 Implosion 10 kg Plutonium- Produced in military and civilian 239 reactor fuels. Typically, reactor Plutonium- grade plutonium (RGP) consists Implosion 40 kg 240 of roughly 60 percent plutonium- Plutonium- 239, 25 percent plutonium-240, Implosion 10-13 kg nine percent plutonium-241, five 241 percent plutonium-242 and one Plutonium- percent plutonium-2386 (these Implosion 89 -100 kg 242 percentages are influenced by how long the fuel is irradiated in the reactor).7 1 This table is drawn, in part, from Charles P. Blair, “Jihadists and Nuclear Weapons,” in Gary A. Ackerman and Jeremy Tamsett, ed., Jihadists and Weapons of Mass Destruction: A Growing Threat (New York: Taylor and Francis, 2009), pp. 196-197. See also, David Albright N 2 “Bare critical mass” refers to the absence of an initiator or a reflector.
    [Show full text]
  • PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS R12 64E-5.101 Definitions
    64E-5 Florida Administrative Code Index PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS R12 64E-5.101 Definitions ................................................................................................. I-1 64E-5.102 Exemptions ............................................................................................. I-23 64E-5.103 Records ................................................................................................... I-24 64E-5.104 Tests ... ................................................................................................... I-24 64E-5.105 Prohibited Use ........................................................................................ I-24 64E-5.106 Units of Exposure and Dose ................................................................... I-25 64E-5 Florida Administrative Code Index 64E-5 Florida Administrative Code Index PART II LICENSING OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS R2 64E-5.201 ...... Licensing of Radioactive Material .............................................................. II-1 64E-5.202 ...... Source Material - Exemptions .................................................................... II-2 R12 64E-5.203 ...... Radioactive Material Other than Source Material - Exemptions ................. II-4 SUBPART A LICENSE TYPES AND FEES R12 64E-5.204 ..... Types of Licenses ..................................................................................... II-13 SUBPART B GENERAL LICENSES 64E-5.205 ..... General Licenses - Source Material .........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicological Profile for Plutonium
    PLUTONIUM 1 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT This public health statement tells you about plutonium and the effects of exposure to it. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies the most serious hazardous waste sites in the nation. These sites are then placed on the National Priorities List (NPL) and are targeted for long-term federal clean-up activities. Plutonium has been found in at least 16 of the 1,689 current or former NPL sites. Although the total number of NPL sites evaluated for this substance is not known, strict regulations make it unlikely that the number of sites at which plutonium is found would increase in the future as more sites are evaluated. This information is important because these sites may be sources of exposure and exposure to this substance may be harmful. When a substance is released from a large area, such as an industrial plant, or from a container, such as a drum or bottle, it enters the environment. This release does not always lead to exposure. You are normally exposed to a substance only when you come in contact with it. You may be exposed by breathing, eating, or drinking the substance, or by skin contact. However, since plutonium is radioactive, you can also be exposed to its radiation if you are near it. External exposure to radiation may occur from natural or man-made sources. Naturally occurring sources of radiation are cosmic radiation from space or radioactive materials in soil or building materials. Man- made sources of radioactive materials are found in consumer products, industrial equipment, atom bomb fallout, and to a smaller extent from hospital waste and nuclear reactors.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix: Key Concepts and Vocabulary for Nuclear Energy
    Appendix: Key Concepts and Vocabulary for Nuclear Energy The likelihood of fission depends on, among other Power Plant things, the energy of the incoming neutron. Some In most power plants around the world, heat, usually nuclei can undergo fission even when hit by a low- produced in the form of steam, is converted to energy neutron. Such elements are called fissile. electricity. The heat could come through the burning The most important fissile nuclides are the uranium of coal or natural gas, in the case of fossil-fueled isotopes, uranium-235 and uranium-233, and the power plants, or the fission of uranium or plutonium plutonium isotope, plutonium-239. Isotopes are nuclei. The rate of electrical power production in variants of the same chemical element that have these power plants is usually measured in megawatts the same number of protons and electrons, but or millions of watts, and a typical large coal or nuclear differ in the number of neutrons. Of these, only power plant today produces electricity at a rate of uranium-235 is found in nature, and it is found about 1,000 megawatts. A much smaller physical only in very low concentrations. Uranium in nature unit, the kilowatt, is a thousand watts, and large contains 0.7 percent uranium-235 and 99.3 percent household appliances use electricity at a rate of a few uranium-238. This more abundant variety is an kilowatts when they are running. The reader will have important example of a nucleus that can be split only heard about the “kilowatt-hour,” which is the amount by a high-energy neutron.
    [Show full text]
  • CURIUM Element Symbol: Cm Atomic Number: 96
    CURIUM Element Symbol: Cm Atomic Number: 96 An initiative of IYC 2011 brought to you by the RACI ROBYN SILK www.raci.org.au CURIUM Element symbol: Cm Atomic number: 96 Curium is a radioactive metallic element of the actinide series, and named after Marie Skłodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre, who are noted for the discovery of Radium. Curium was the first element to be named after a historical person. Curium is a synthetic chemical element, first synthesized in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso at the University of California, Berkeley, and then formally identified by the same research tea at the wartime Metallurgical Laboratory (now Argonne National Laboratory) at the University of Chicago. The discovery of Curium was closely related to the Manhattan Project, and thus results were kept confidential until after the end of World War II. Seaborg finally announced the discovery of Curium (and Americium) in November 1945 on ‘The Quiz Kids!’, a children’s radio show, five days before an official presentation at an American Chemical Society meeting. The first radioactive isotope of Curium discovered was Curium-242, which was made by bombarding alpha particles onto a Plutonium-239 target in a 60-inch cyclotron (University of California, Berkeley). Nineteen radioactive isotopes of Curium have now been characterized, ranging in atomic mass from 233 to 252. The most stable radioactive isotopes are Curium- 247 with a half-life of 15.6 million years, Curium-248 (half-life 340,000 years), Curium-250 (half-life of 9000 years), and Curium-245 (half-life of 8500 years).
    [Show full text]
  • EPA Facts About Plutonium
    EPA Facts about Plutonium What is Plutonium? Radiation is released during the decay process in the form of alpha and beta particles and gamma Plutonium is a radioactive metal that exists as a radiation. Alpha particles can travel only short solid under normal conditions. It is produced distances and generally will not penetrate when uranium absorbs an atomic particle such human skin; however, internal exposure to as a neutron. Small amounts of plutonium occur alpha radiation is a concern. Beta particles are naturally, but large amounts have been generally absorbed in the skin and do not pass produced in nuclear reactors as a result of through the entire body. Gamma radiation, neutron irradiation. however, can penetrate the body. Plutonium occurs in several forms called The time required for a radioactive substance to isotopes. The most common plutonium isotopes lose 50 percent of its radioactivity by decay is are plutonium-238, plutonium-239, and known as the half-life. Plutonium-238, plutonium-240. plutonium-239, and plutonium-240 are isotopes of plutonium, and have half-lives of 87 years for What are the uses of plutonium? plutonium-238, 24,065 years for plutonium-239, and 6,537 years for plutonium-240. Plutonium-238 is used as a source of heat to generate thermoelectric power for electronic How are people exposed to plutonium? systems in satellites and for heart pacemakers. Plutonium has been released to the Plutonium-239 is used primarily in nuclear environment primarily by atmospheric testing of weapons. Plutonium-239 and plutonium-240 are nuclear weapons and by accidents at facilities two of the most common byproducts of where plutonium is used.
    [Show full text]
  • On Fusion Driven Systems (FDS) for Transmutation
    R-08-126 On fusion driven systems (FDS) for transmutation O Ågren Uppsala University, Ångström laboratory, division of electricity V E Moiseenko Institute of Plasma Physics, National Science Center Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology K Noack Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf October 2008 Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co Box 250, SE-101 24 Stockholm Tel +46 8 459 84 00 CM Gruppen AB, Bromma, 2008 ISSN 1402-3091 Tänd ett lager: SKB Rapport R-08-126 P, R eller TR. On fusion driven systems (FDS) for transmutation O Ågren Uppsala University, Ångström laboratory, division of electricity V E Moiseenko Institute of Plasma Physics, National Science Center Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology K Noack Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf October 2008 This report concerns a study which was conducted for SKB. The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily coincide with those of the client. A pdf version of this document can be downloaded from www.skb.se. Summary This SKB report gives a brief description of ongoing activities on fusion driven systems (FDS) for transmutation of the long-lived radioactive isotopes in the spent nuclear waste from fission reactors. Driven subcritical systems appears to be the only option for efficient minor actinide burning. Driven systems offer a possibility to increase reactor safety margins. A comparatively simple fusion device could be sufficient for a fusion-fission machine, and transmutation may become the first industrial application of fusion. Some alternative schemes to create strong fusion neutron fluxes are presented. 3 Sammanfattning Denna rapport för SKB ger en övergripande beskrivning av pågående aktiviteter kring fusionsdrivna system (FDS) för transmutation av långlivade radioaktiva isotoper i kärnavfallet från fissionskraftverk.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tokamak As a Neutron Source
    PREPARED FOR THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, UNDER CONTRACT DE-AC02-76-CHO-3073 PPPL-2656 PPPL-2656 UC-420 THE TOKAMAK AS A NEUTRON SOURCE BY H.W. HENDEL AND D.L JASSBY November 1989 PMNCITON PLASMA PHYSICS LASOffATORY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY NOTICE Available from: National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield. Virginia 22161 703-487-4650 Use the following price codes when ordering: Price: Printed Copy A04 Microfiche A01 THE TOKAMAK AS A NEUTRON SOURCE by H.W. Hendel and D.L. Jassby PPPL—2656 DE90 001821 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Princeton University Princeton, N.J. 08543 ABSTRACT This paper describes the tokamak in its role as a neutron source, with emphasis on experimental results for D-D neutron production. The sections summarize tokamak operation, sources of fusion and non-fusion neutrons, principal nsutron detection methods and their calibration, neutron energy spectra and fluxes outside the tokamak plasma chamber, history of neutron production in tokamaks, neutron emission and fusion power gain from JET and TFTR (the largest present-day tokamaks), and D-T neutron production from burnup of D-D tritons. This paper also discusses the prospects for future tokamak neutron production and potential applications of tokamak neutron sources. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as JH account or work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsi­ bility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or repre^r-s that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
    [Show full text]
  • A Roadmap for Replacing High-Risk Radioactive Sources and Materials
    1 Permanent Risk Reduction: A Roadmap for Replacing High-Risk Radioactive Sources and Materials Miles A. Pomper James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies The National Academies of Sciences Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies Meeting January 31, 2020 2 Overview • CNS Workshops and Studies • Materials of Security Concern • Uses of Current High-Risk Materials ▫ Medicine ▫ Oil and gas industry • Strategy for Replacing High Activity Sources • Replacement Priority • Encouraging Replacement: Actions • Conclusions 3 CNS Workshops and Studies Since 2008, CNS has led a series of workshops and studies: . Alternatives to High-Risk Radiological Sources: The Case of Cesium Chloride in Blood Irradiation (2014) . Permanent Risk Reduction: A Roadmap for Replacing High-Risk Radioactive Sources and Materials (2015) . Treatment Not Terror: Strategies to Enhance External Beam Cancer Therapy in Developing Countries While Permanently Reducing the Risk of Radiological Terrorism (2016) . Additional material since: for NYC, NTI, and IAEA ICONS, draft language for 2016 NSS 4 Important Current Uses for High-Risk Materials, Existing Alternatives and Challenges, and Suggested Next Steps 5 High-Risk Sources • A task force report by the NRC listed 1. Americium-241 (Am-241) 2. Am-241/Beryllium (Be) 16 radionuclides as those of principal 3. Californium-252 (Cf-252) concern when considering the 4. Cesium-137 (Cs-137) problems they would cause if used in a 5. Cobalt-60 (Co-60) radiological dispersion device (RDD) 6. Curium-244 (Cm-244) • Considered an immediate danger only 7. Gadolinium-153 (Gd-153) when found in large enough amounts 8. Iridium-192 (Ir-192) to threaten life or cause severe 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Plutonium Is a Physicist's Dream but an Engineer's Nightmare. with Little
    Plutonium An element at odds with itself lutonium is a physicist’s dream but an engineer’s nightmare. With little provocation, the metal changes its density by as much as 25 percent. It can Pbe as brittle as glass or as malleable as aluminum; it expands when it solidi- fies—much like water freezing to ice; and its shiny, silvery, freshly machined surface will tarnish in minutes. It is highly reactive in air and strongly reducing in solution, forming multiple compounds and complexes in the environment and dur- ing chemical processing. It transmutes by radioactive decay, causing damage to its crystalline lattice and leaving behind helium, americium, uranium, neptunium, and other impurities. Plutonium damages materials on contact and is therefore difficult to handle, store, or transport. Only physicists would ever dream of making and using such a material. And they did make it—in order to take advantage of the extraordinary nuclear properties of plutonium-239. Plutonium, the Most Complex Metal Plutonium, the sixth member of the actinide series, is a metal, and like other metals, it conducts electricity (albeit quite poorly), is electropositive, and dissolves in mineral acids. It is extremely dense—more than twice as dense as iron—and as it is heated, it begins to show its incredible sensitivity to temperature, undergoing dramatic length changes equivalent to density changes of more than 20 percent. Six Distinct Solid-State Phases of Plutonium Body-centered orthorhombic, 8 atoms per unit cell Face-centered cubic, 4 atoms per unit cell Body-centered monoclinic, Body-centered cubic, 8 34 atoms per unit cell 2 atoms per unit cell δ δ′ ε Contraction on melting 6 γ L L 4 β Monoclinic, 16 atoms per unit cell Anomalous Thermal Expansion and Phase Instability of Plutonium Length change (%) 2 Pure Pu Pure Al α 0 200 400 600 800 Temperature (°C) 16 Los Alamos Science Number 26 2000 Plutonium Overview Table I.
    [Show full text]
  • Plutonium (Pu) Fact Sheet
    Plutonium (Pu) November 2002 Fact Sheet 320-080 Division of Environmental Health Office of Radiation Protection WHO DISCOVERED PLUTONIUM? Plutonium was first produced by Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edward M. McMillan and Arthur C. W ohl by bombarding an isotope of uranium, uranium-238, with deuterons that had been accelerated in a device called a cyclotron. This created neptunium-238 and two free neutrons. Neptunium-238 has a half-life of 2.1 days and decays into plutonium -238 through beta decay. Although they conducted their work at the University of California in 1941, their discovery was not revealed to the rest of the scientific community until 1946 because of wartime security concerns. Plutonium was the second transuranic elem ent of the actinide series to be discovered. By far of greatest importance is the isotope 239Pu, which has a half-life of more than 20,000 years. The complete detonation of a kilogram of plutonium produces an explosion equal to about 20,000 tons of chemical explosive. The isotope 238Pu was used in the American Apollo lunar missions to power seismic and other equipment on the lunar surface. WHAT IS PLUTONIUM USED FOR? Only two of plutonium's isotopes, plutonium-238 and plutonium-239, have found uses outside of basic research. Plutonium-238 is used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators to provide electricity for space probes that venture too far from the sun to use solar power, such as the Cassini and Galileo probes. It also provides the electricity source in implanted cardiac pacemakers, space satellites, and navigation beacons.
    [Show full text]
  • Assignment 3
    Budny 10:00 L15 Disclaimer: This paper partially fulfills a writing requirement for first year (freshman) engineering students at the University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering. This paper is a student paper, not a professional paper. This paper is based on publicly available information and may not provide complete analyses of all relevant data. If this paper is used for any purpose other than this author’s partial fulfillment of a writing requirement for first year (freshman) engineering students at the University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, users are doing so at their own risk. ASSIGNMENT 3 Ian Barker ([email protected]) INTRODUCTION lighter elements and three new neutrons which then bombard other uranium or plutonium nuclei and split those. Two of the biggest problems facing the world today are This is used to generate heat which is captured by water the changing climate and the dwindling supply of fossil fuels surrounding these fuels. The water boils and turns which currently provide the majority of society’s power generators, creating power. This process produces a production. These two issues go hand in hand. The use of sizeable quantity of energy but also creates radioactive fossil fuels produces greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide waste. Nuclear fusion compares favorably to fission in all that trap heat from the sun in our atmosphere and cause the aforementioned aspects which is why physicists and planet to gradually heat up. This process has intensified in engineers are so interested. recent years and has been linked to rising sea levels, melting The definition of nuclear fusion according to ice caps, and even an increase in strength and number of Merriam-Webster is this “a process in which the nuclei hurricanes [1].
    [Show full text]