ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE PROGRAMME 2007-2008 DESIGN REPORT

BACK-GROUND: DEVELOP FROM THE "GROUNDS:

HUNG Chim May 2008

BACK- Thesis Abstract (論文慨要） Develop Housing Estate from the "grounds' Architecture and infrastructure play a dominant role in constructing the contemporary Hong Kong city Landscape. Starting from 90s, Hong Kong city Thesis Advisor: TIEBEN Heridrik making mainly concentrates on the density, programs, transport system, economy etc. The impact of architecture to the landscape has been a minor factor. The consequence is Hong Kong architecture doesn' t land on the ground intimately

"Priority should now be accorded to landscape, rather than freestanding built form in the making of cities." Architectural Critics, Kenneth Frampton

In recent decades, housing estates in new town development are important factor in changing the city landscape and living environment in Hong Kong. The new development generates the Urban Residential landscape to Hong Kong. Landscape is one of the key elements in our daily life. We should have a more considerate approach toward the landscape in city making. Thesis Report The Objective of the thesis is exploring the principles and possibilities in housing estate development from the idea of "ground".

建築物和基礎建設已成爲構建今天香港城市地貌的主要原素。九十年代 起，香港的城市建設則重處理人口密度、功能、交通、經濟的構思.。建築 物對周邊景觀的影響往往在規劃設計中被忽視，導致香港當下的城市建築 跟地面環關係並不和諧。

在城市建設 現應以景觀爲主，而不是獨立的建築形態。」 建築評論家Kenneth Frampton

新市塡的屋挪發展是改變了近幾十年香港地貌和生活模式，創造出一套城 市往宅景觀。屋哪往宅構建曰常的生活環境，我們應有一套關顧這方面的 城市設計。

這篇論文目的在於探索以”地”爲主題發展屋®的可行性。

Hung Chim (s064276) P.l 1980: The Hopewell 1904: Alexandra 1.0 A Vision to City and Architecture Neo-Classical Cgntrs Along the historical time line，the agenda of architecture always changes Designed in a restrained style of Modernism the Renasissance, and was known It is 66 storeys hieght and the as "the flat-iron" because of it tallest bulding in Hong Kong at that with society, technology and environment. With the emphasis of different triangular-sahped site. time. It is circle cylinder in form. There is an automatic rotating agenda, those agenda generates different system and form in architecture and restarurant on the top and visitor lifts located on the border urbanization. of the facade for viewing the harbour. It conlians two lobbies for connecting the Queen's road East and Kenndy's Road, which are Landscape Urbanism is a new vision toward the coming development of 17 storeys different in height. The becomae the vertical route architecture. The architectural historian Kenneth Frampton has written that 1935: Hong Kona & for the pedestrians. “priority should now be accorded to landscape，rather than freestanding built Bank Art Deco form" in the making of cities.^ The importance of landscape is getting higher in Solid and impressive massing. Topped off by a truncated pyramid. the design of architecture. Plain stone surfaces were relived by vertical columns of windows & base-relief bronze panels. Fashionable Egyptian & art deco "Increasingly, landscape is emerging as a for urbanism. Landscape has motifs were incorpoprated in the details. Fully air-conditioned, traditionally been defined as the art of organizing horizontal surfaces. It bears concealed panel-heating and high speed lifts. an obvious relationship to the extended field of the contemporary city, and also to the newly emerging interest in topological surfaces.”2 19$Q; Bgnk pf Art Deco 1990: Bank of China By Stan Allen] Solid and impressive massing. modernism Topped off by a truncated pyramid. tt is 70 storeys in height. It is the time to explore how to emerge architecture toward landscape with a Plain stone surfaces were relived by The structure of the building vertical columns of windows & bas- are constructed by the huge different perspective. should take actions and let the vision takes relief bronze panels. Fashionable triangular frames. Egyptian & art deco motifs were shape. incorpoprated in the details. Fully ， air-conditioned concealed panel- 1992: Central Plaza heating and high speed lift Postmodernism 1-1 Hong Kong Development It was the tallest in 90s. The facade was designed with the Architecture and infrastructure play a dominant role in constructing the contem- neon lighting. porary landscape of Hong Kong. In the recent decade，Hong Kong architects 1959: The Chartered Bank Modernism and planners mainly concentrate the density, programs, transport system，econ- It is Solid and impressive massing. Topped off by a truncated pyramid. omy etc. Starting from mid-1990s, the impact of architecture to landscape was Plain stone surfaces were relived by vertical columns of windows put out from their drafting board. & bas-relief bronze panels. Fashionable Egyptian & art deco motifs were incorpoprated in the details. Fully air-conditioned, Most of the buildings are still nothing more than a series of stacked trays piled concealed panel-heating and high homogenously and vertically one on top of the other, while at the same time speed lift. seeking to optimize net-to-gross areal spatial efficiencies. Both commercial and 1973: Jardine House residential buildings are having the same logic in creating the floor plans and Modernism Jardine House is a 52 height 2003: international the vertical surface of the fagade, building, It has been the tallest building in Southeast Asia. The Fjn^pcg Qgntr? Bulding was adopted the concept Postmodernism 1. Kenneth Frampton, "Toward an Urban Landscape/' Columbia Documents no.4 of "containers within containers.", IFC is a 88 storey buldings in (1994):90. which means the core and the Central, It sits on the podium of facade of the buiidign are structural the MTR stations. In the podium, Stan Allen, "Mat Urbanism; The Thick 2-D," in Hashim Sarkis, ed. CASE: Le wall. The windows are circle in there is a huge mall. Corbusier's Venice hospital, (Munich: Prestd, 2001), 124 shape to avoid weakening the It was planned to form a visual loading of the structural wall. gateway with the skyscaper on ICC Stan Allen is an American , theorist and dean of the School of in Kowloon. Architecture at Princeton University. P.2 on H.K. Landscape In the new development in Hong Kong, architecture doesn't land on the ground intimately. It becomes a problem in new city development of Hong Kong. There is lack of concern about the effect of architecture toward the space on the ground and the overall landscape. Landscape is one of the key elements in our daily life. We should have a more considerate approach toward the landscape in city design.

1-3 Surface in Landscape Landscape includes many aspects. As Stan Alan; defines “Landscape is, at one 1950 level, an art of surface.” 4 And the surface consists of many factors.

"The surface in landscape is more particular than the abstract surfaces cur- rently proliferating in architectural design proliferating in architectural design. m These folded or warped surfaces are thin and immaterial - ephemeral scrims of data. The surface in landscape, on the other hand, is always distinguished by Its material or performative characteristics. Slope, hardness or softness, perme- ability, depth, or soil chemistry are all variables that influence the behaviour of surfaces. Performative effects ranging form the tendency to shed or hold water to the ability of support traffic, events, or plant life are all the result of specific material characteristics of landscape surfaces. By paying close attention to these surface conditions - not only configuration but also materiality and perfor- mance - designers can activate space and produce urban effects without the weighty apparatus of traditional space making.”之

It is crucial to have a comprehensive study of the connection between landscape surface and architecture. Surface connecting them is the basic element in the thesis.

Stan Allen, "Mat Urbanism; The Thick 2-D,〃 in Hashim Sarkis, ed. CASE: Le Corbusier's Venice hospital, (Munich: Prestel, 2001), 124 【Stan Allen is an American architect, theorist and dean of the School of Architecture at Princeton University. See The metapolis dictionary of advanced architecture: city, technology and society in the information age P.382 P.3 1-4 Study Area: Architecture and the 1.6 Methods of Studies As Architecture critics Ilka & Andreas Ruby^ mentioned in their book "Ground- For achieving the objectives, the research of the thesis is conducted in two dis- scapes" ,the ground today has become one of the ecologies of architecture tinctive directions: in Reyner Banham's^ sense. On the other hand, architecture has also become a dominant factor in the ecology of the landscape. The relationship between 1. Investigate the impact of Hong Kong New Town development to the ground. ground and architecture is inevitably strong. It is for understanding the condition within the landscape and effect to our liv- ing environment In recent decades, the new town development is an important factor in changing the landscape and living environment in Hong Kong. The development gener- 2. Study the projects in "Groundscapes" to explore the potential and design ated a specific landscape to Hong Kong. In "Landscape Value Mapping of Hong principle how architecture can emerge to the ground. Kong，’，most of area of the new town is classified to Urban Residential Land- scape. The focus of the thesis is the landscape surface inside the New Town Development in Hong Kong.

1 -5 Objective of the thesis The findings would be used as a criticism toward the design of recent Housing development areas in Hong Kong through following:

1 • Understand what is really inside in the current Urban Residential Landscape in Hong Kong.

2. Exploring the principles and possibilities in housing estate development from the idea of "ground".

5. Ilka & Andreas Ruby are the authors of the book: Groundscapes : el reencuentro con el suelo en la arquitectura contemporanea = the rediscovery of the ground in contemporary architecture. f^eyner Banham (1922-1988) was a prolific architectural critic and writer of "Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies" in which he categorized the Angelean experience into four ecological models. P.4 2.0 Role of 1960s "\~iifrm The Housing Authority has been working towards the broader sustainability of Hong Kong by providing housing for about 29% and 17% of the population in subsidized rental flats and flats for sale 姻 mOMmM 1954: Shek Kip Mei Resettlement Estate respectively. -IVIgrK 1 Eight permanent 6 storey buildings - the Mark 1 had been completed to resettle the fire victims of the Shek In other words, Public Housing is one of the main factors in Kiu Mei Fire. constructing the urban residential landscape. H••‘ w % •M I IE r 19Q1： Tgj Wq H卯 R押E?tatg • Mgrk 2 4 are added to the end of the blocks for land I owners. Enclosed courtyard are formed • irii 5雙- S5 1 •HK BE? rjp: - or- i^i s ±fi 一 i 964-1967: Resettlement E

1953:Shek Kid Mei Fire Victims Over 50,000 fire victims queuing for registration

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P.5 2.2. Tin Shui Wai New Town Development Location in Tin Shui Wai in Hona Kona Tin Shui Wai New Town is located in the northwestern part of New Territories. Most of the developed land in TSW was contructed by Public Housing. The land of Tin Shui Wai did not exist at the beginning of 1900s while Ping Shan in the adjacent is by the sea. The water north of Ping Shan gradually became marshes and villages made use of it by converting into pools and rice paddies. The pools became "Gei Wai" fish ponds where most of the residents were fishermen before new town development. Because of the decline in aquaculture, most of the fish ponds were abandoned. The Hong Kong Government developed the area into a new town by land reclamation.

Its development began in 1987. A total area of about 430 hectares of land has been formed by reclamation of the low-lying areas. The Development Zone of 220 hectares, located in the southern part of the new town, has been developed to house about 200 000 people, complete with all infrastructure works and a full range of community facilities. An Light Railway Train line and new roads linking the new town to the trunk road network provide communication with the Yuen Long and Tuen Mun districts and to the urban areas beyond.

Further expansion of the new town into the remaining areas to the north, known as the Reserve Zone with an area of 210 hectares commenced in July 1998. The infrastructure is completed in stages from 2000 to 2004 to cope with population intake of the housing developments. West Rail and extension of the LRT service to the Reserve Zone were also commissioned in late 2003. To the northeastern portion of the new town, a constructed wetland has been completed which serves as a buffer between the developments in the Reserve Zone and the Mai Po Nature Reserve. The constructed wetland has been further developed into a wetland and opened to public in May 2006. The total planned population of Tin Shui Wai new town is about 306 000 and the current population is about 270 000.

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P.8 2.0 Analysis of the “Groundscape Projects"

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Lift off the ground Statement Freeing the ground from the domination of architecture.

Characterisitcs The "elevation" of the architecture respect this dependence (to the ground) the make it transparent.

The specific nature of its topography becomes visible, giving the building on added value. Effects The ground appears as a figure in itself. The void between building and ground condenses to become a real space that defines the relationship between architecture and territory. P.9 Raised ground Statement Treat the ground as more than just an earth-encompass- ing skin of territory where spatial object are positing. Treat the ground itself as a spatial body.

Characterisitcs Lifting the ground like a piece of turf with a spade results in an ambivalence between underground and above ground that allows paradoxical spatial situations to develop.

Programs that one wants to position intimately, i.e. to embed in the ground, can still have an over ground relationship to the surroundings.

The ground consumed by the building is given back to the territory in the form of raised ground on the : a ground that, although it hovers above the actual zero level of the surroundings, on no account wants to be the upper floor of a building but only represents a further ground level.

Effects The conceals its mass in the upward extruded ground, like a highland plateau that looks like flat territory - as long as we merely move across its surface and don't approach the steep edges connecting it with the adjoin- B ing lowland plain. RIO If #職(fc. _ XL EHII - L £1 Is

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Stacked ground Statement The antidote to the urban entropy (placing a horizontal carpet of low density development).

Characterisitcs Vertically stacking ground uses on a single site. sill XL Stacking emancipates the ground from its definitive relationship to the ground floor and can，in principle, be replicated on any level. XL

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Maximum density and concurrent minimum ncMotViAtftudy) Use of ground surface area is the leitmotif of this ethic of the ground, which seeks to pro- ®關LL vide asylum for undeveloped landscape.

a® Embedded ground Statement Help Architecture to escape the ubiquitous visibility of the world and to inhabit the space of an object.

Characterisitcs It is impressed in the ground, doesn't have to outwardly express anything.

The dissolution of buildings into the ground allows a new visual economy of the territory.

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-•ys. x^aa.—" "VTi J—-— — ill XL •画國 Carved ground Statement Cutting empty spaces out of full mass of the ground.

Characteristics defined primarily by the absence of ttiaterial.

J^ffects The negative architecture anticipates the future of building in an entropic World in which the surface of our earth would be completely built over.

P.13 Vectorial ground Statement The ground is adapted to the movement, rather than Untreated ground of the wilderness.

Characteristics Translate the law of movement to the topography.

A ground immune to the fluctuations of topography by corridors of movement (e.g. , bridge and tunnels).

Lightly borne by minimal material resistance Laid out curves whose radii are drawn by the compass movement of centrifugal forces.

Effects Capacity to be left behind becomes a crucial value of the ground in contemporary society, taking the drive-through ground of the street one of the major typologies of architecture in the age of its o^vn "infrastructuralisation".

P. 14 Inscribed ground Statement Architect's vision ventured beyond the end of the roof and extended to the horizontal surfaces of the ground that frame the building.

Characteristics Ground is programmed into the canvas of a picture that can be grasped as a whole only from a birdeye view. It is not meant primary to be seen, but to organize the space.

Effects The inscription of the image in the ground translates the graphic constellation of the image relief, transforming the point, lines and surfaces of the image into programmatic elements of a space that allow little traces of its division on image.

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Exposed ground Statement The opposition of architecture and ground as appar- ently autonomous conditions.

Characteristics The ground transforms material into building materi- al and thus becomes visible, or architecture functions as a viewing machine that directs our gaze at nature of the ground through visual connection.

^^ffects Gives way to a symbiotic relationship in which ar- chitecture appears essentially as a material extrusion, reconfiguration and derivation of the ground. ifWARCMCAAM " AnMMel-I'Mk MwMMoanw m . _ IhepnrwNr, fn^aNMjr*. _ [1圔X L _ _ VW IK iT '^t _ ^••i f • • a (Ml XL _ _ • • _

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Statement Architect's vision ventured beyond the end of the roof and extended to the horizontal surfaces of the ground that frame the building.

Characteristics Ground is programmed into the canvas of a picture that can be grasped as a whole only from a birdeye view. It is not meant primary to be seen, but to organize the space.

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2.1 Extruded ground is a condition of access that is dictated by the mam bai elevated cores, by a fire compartmentized main staircases and by escaped stairs. By observations of current building development in Hong Kong, ground seem to be extruded out and create another new ground. It lands on the ground autonomously. The material is artificial and distinc- tive from the ground. The program on the ground level is usually for building Statement service or mechanical vehicle , such as transformer room, parking Space is developed upward with the internal vertical transportation system in- lots. side to provide high efficiency of using resource and space. Effects Current buildings consist of a series of chopped up compartmental- The buildings are autonomous to the ground and have a great effect in forming ized spaces, vertically stuck back together. These internal spaces are rigidly the landscape. It usually doesn't create public space to the surrounding ground. stratified and totally contained, some even with unopenable windows. The boundary is clearly defined along its edges. There is instant condition of spatial segregation and the spaces are no longer Characteristics linked or interactive, but are isolated homogenous enclaves devoid of the diver- Ground is extruded out and addition volume of space is created inside.The sity and richness of life that exists at the ground plane. simple fact is that most today are essentially nothing more than ver- tical piles of identical regular compartmentalized internal space that are strait- The experiences of movement are limited, often noncontiguous visually seg- Jacketed as neatly gridded series of vertically stratified containers. mented vertically and unpleasant. It is a mechanistic compartmentalized experi- ence of travelling between in the cars. P.18 3.0 Conclusion on the ground of current Hong 5.0 Design Proposal Kong Development According to the 2007-08 Policy Address, Hung Shui Kui where is the The current Housing Block doesn't provide a good landscape to the ground south of Tin Shui Wai proposed for a New Development Area (NDA). by itself. Hence, layer of greenery and distinctive series of open space are Beyond developing a new town, it is also a good opportunities to resolve necessary for making urban space inside the housing estates. the current problems of landscape in Tin Shui Wai: "Contemporary landscape practices are witnessing a revival of sorts, a 1. No Event Space along walkway recovery of broader social, cultural, and ecological agendas. No longer 2. Unplesant landscape (openstorage area near Tin Shui Wai) a product of pure art history and horticulture, landscape is re-engaging 3. Dominance of Building & Infrastructure issues of site and ecological succession and is playing a part in the 5.1 Design Criteria formative roles of projects, rather simply giving form to already defined 1. Integrated landscape (Connection and reaction to surrounding projects." landscape) By Chris ReecT 2. Identity (through the idea of mountain and groundscape) 3 Clear orientation. (Building itself show the orientation of flows) Rather than placing the existing types of residential block (extruded 4 Urban Focal point ground) and resolving the problems through the landscape outside it. The 5 Define New town boundary and connect the boundary better way is avoiding the problems in the building design. As the findings 6 Comprehensive network of pedestrian circulation through the district of the research showing the ground surface of the current residential 7. Encourage bicycle driving through the development building is not well developed for creating good space on the ground. For improving ground of the current Hong Kong Residential building For an east-west orientation we proposed floor layouts with 10 meter width design, I propose to do series of experiments of extruded with the which allows for a 50% increase in floor area ration and also create more light principle of "grounds" in the book "Groundscapes". By observing and and air for the inner zones of the floor plan. This building type is advantageous evaluating the outcome of the experiment, new solution to emerge the for combined leisure space and living spaces. North-south orientation most ground and architecture will come. efficiently integrates a marionette type which because of this house-like characteristic is a space-saving alternative to the single family dwelling. The density of the buildings requires a clearly differentiated outdoor private and public space hierarchy.

入 Chris Reed is the author of "Public Works Practice" in the book "The landscape Urbanism Reader" No Program Relocate the [the level of Planning Development Allocation first \he heigth ground plane

Think how 隱 Refining to form the rientation \he level of landform \he heigth maxium the ground plane pen space eiween the buildings

he level of | in lountain he heigth I 丨round plane

Decentalized Relocate the Plot ratio increase to 4 4

Height :he level of Plot Ratio Variation :he heigth lincreases round plane | to 5

Longitudinal Section Series for ground line, skyline and communal space inside the buildings Cross Section Series for ground line, skyline and communal space inside the buildings

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Aerial View of the whole development 1:1000 iSSSSL P.20 Tell stories to connect with the land. They are more real if the detail is well remembered; not necessarily the exact features but the character of it, the qualities of colour and shadow and location. What makes the telling fresh each time is the bias we put on the observed facts; these A facts are wrapped up in patterns - that is why we remember so well and can reinvent the telling. >•产.

The patterns are codes. Bicycle Networks We draw and paint them, sing them, write them. The most compressed are i""‘ the ones we remember for R,.._.. . .

；. , all time, the archetypes, >v. .. A t •... i c stereotypes and the J mythic structures we create to learn from, and evolve from. To be \ rich, in the cradle of our trees Distributions imagination, is to be full of stories. ]\ s Cecil Balmond in "Element"

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It. Bibliography 2. ^yZi^aWJ^kj^^工con el suelo en la arquitectura contemporanea = the rediscovery of the ground in contemporary architecture / Ilka & Andreas Ruby. Editorial Gustavo Gili (June 2006) 3. Charles Waldheim, The Landscape Urbanism Reader, Princeton Architectural Press; 1 edition (July 21, 2006) 4. Landscape value mapping of Hong Kong. Executive summary. Hong Kong : Planning Dept., [2005] , .. , . . .qap 5. Jullian de la Fuente, Guillermo, The Venice hospital project of Le Corbusier/by Guillermo Jullian De La fuente, New York : Distributed by Wittenborn, 1968 6. Tschumi, Bernard, Event-cities 3 : concept vs. context vs. content / Bernard Tschumi. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, c2004. 7 Banham, Reyner. Los Angeles: the architecture of four ecologies. Harmondsworth, Eng. : Penguin Books, 1973, cl971. 8. Ten years : ten cities, the work of Terry Parrel I & Partners, 1991-2001. Publisher London : Laurence King, 2002. 9. Hong Kong Guide 2007 (Photomap Edition), The Survey and Mapping of HKSAR, 2006 广 “ i . r r^ nnn^n 10 Hong Kong (China). Chief Executive (2005- : Tsang) , A new direction for Hong Kong : the 2007-08 policy address. Hong Kong : Govt. Logistics Dept., [2007] 11； The metapolis dictionary of advanced architecture : city, technology and society in the information age / [authors, Manuel Gausa ... [et al.] ； coordination, Susanna f^l|o$tfif3nzam i。〒l"ia[n2gOgOa3n]g jjan zhu bai nian / Chen Cui'er, Cai Hongxing zhu bian ； Xianggang jian zhu shi xue hui tong chou. Xianggang : San Man shu dian (Xiang- irKoston Spiro^The City^a^ssembled : the elements of urban form through history / Spiro Kostof ； with the collaboration of Greg Castillo ； original drawings by Richard Tobias. London : Thames and Hudson, cl992. ^ . . ,, . .. _ .qqc 14. Kostof, Spiro. A history of architecture : settings and rituals / Spiro Kostof ； original drawings by Richard Tobias. New York : Oxford University Press, 1985. 15. httpV/www.housingauthority.gov.hk/en/interactivemap/estate.html 16 Marie-Ange Brayer, Jane Alison, Frederic Migayrou, Neil Spiller, Future City: Experiment and Utopia in Architecture,Thames & Hudson (April 9, 2007) 17. Wines, James, Green architecture / James Wines ； edited by Philip Jodidio. Koln ； New York : Taschen, c2000. ；」^ ,, n n • i. 18. Jean-Louis. Le Corbusier and the mystique of the USSR : theories and projects for , 1928-1936 / Jean-Louis Cohen ； [translated by Kenneth Hylton]. Princeton, NJ. : Princeton University Press, cl992. 19. Richards, Ivor. Groundscrapers + subscrapers of Hamzah & Yeang / Ivor Richards.Chichester, West Sussex : Wiley-Academy, 2001. 20. Takaharu + Yui Tezuka Architecture Catalogue, Toto,Japan (August 1, 2006) 21. www.jeannouvel.com „ 22. Spoiled climate : R&Sie, architects / Andreas Ruby, BenoTt Durandin (eds.) ； with contributions by Benoit Durandm ... [et al.]. Publisher 已asel ； Boston : Birkhauser-Publishers for Architecture, c2004. 、-.、 23. 2G 21 Lacaton & Vassal, International Architechture Review, Gustavo Gili; 1st edition (2003) 24 http://www.eisenmanarchitects.com/ 25 Zaha Hadid, Aaron Betsky, Zaha Hadid ,Thames & Hudson Ltd (October 19, 1998) 26 Zaha Hadid, 1983-2004 (El Croquis 52+73+103) ,EI Croquis (August 2004) 27 RCR Arquitectes, 1999-2003 (El Croquis 115,116), El Croquis (2003) 28 http://www.enn2n.ch 29 Kenneth Frampton, "Toward an Urban Landscape, Columbia Documents no.4 (1994):90.

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