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Assessment of Solid Woodfuel Situation in Sierra Leone and Burkina Faso

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Assessment of Solid Woodfuel Situation in Sierra Leone and Burkina Faso BioCarbon and Rural Development in West Africa (BIODEV) Assessment of Solid Woodfuel Situation in Sierra Leone and Burkina Faso By Javier Arevalo, Yohama Puentes and Sari Pitkänen Work Package 1.4 on Sustainable Wood Energy May 2016 Assessment of Solid Woodfuel Situation in Sierra Leone and Burkina Faso. BIODEV WP 1.4. University of Eastern Finland Table of Contents 0. Acronyms & Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 4 2. Methods ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 3. Country review: Sierra Leone ...................................................................................................................... 6 3.1 National data ....................................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Regional, district and site data .......................................................................................................... 10 3.3 Regulations, policies and initiatives .................................................................................................. 13 4. Country review: Burkina Faso .................................................................................................................... 15 4.1 National data ..................................................................................................................................... 15 4.2 Regional, district and site data .......................................................................................................... 19 4.3 Regulations, policies and initiatives .................................................................................................. 21 5. Discussion .................................................................................................................................................. 24 6. References ................................................................................................................................................. 30 2 Assessment of Solid Woodfuel Situation in Sierra Leone and Burkina Faso. BIODEV WP 1.4. University of Eastern Finland 0. Acronyms & Abbreviations BIODEV Building Biocarbon and Rural Development in West Africa (ICRAF-led project) CILLS Permanent Interstates Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECREEE ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency DGCN The General Directorate of Nature Conservation (Direction Générale de la Conservation de la Nature) DGE General Directorate for Energy (Direction Général de l’Energie) FAFASO Improved Stoves in Burkina Faso (Foyers Améliorés au Burkina Faso) (GIZ programme) FCFA West African CFA Franc (1 EUR = 655.96 FCFA, as 01.05.2016 from Oanda 2016) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations FDM Forest Management Domain FMG Forest Management Group (Chantier d’Aménagement Forestier) FMU Forest Management Unit GDP Gross Domestic Product GNI Gross National Income GHGs Greenhouse Gasses GoBF Government of Burkina Faso GoSL Government of Sierra Leone ICS Improved Cook Stoves INSD National Institute of Statistics and Demography, Burkina Faso (Institut National de la Statistique et de la demographie) Le Sierra Leonean Leone (1 EUR = 4,459.65 Le, as 01.05.2016 from Oanda 2016). LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas MDG Millennium Development Goals (UN initiative) MEDD Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development, Burkina Faso MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance, Burkina Faso MEWR Ministry of Energy and Water Resources, Sierra Leone MFP Multi-Functional Platform for Renewable Energy MMCE Ministry of Mines, Quarries and Energy, Burkina Faso NTFPs Non-Timber Forest Products PASE 2007-2013 Energy Access Project REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SCADD Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Sustainable Development SE4ALL Sustainable Energy for All (UN initiative) SSA Sub-Saharan Africa SSL Statistics Sierra Leone Toe tonne of oil equivalent UER Unité d’Exécution de la Reforme du Sector de l‘Energie UNDP United Nations Development Programme WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization 3 Assessment of Solid Woodfuel Situation in Sierra Leone and Burkina Faso. BIODEV WP 1.4. University of Eastern Finland 1. Introduction Increasing woodfuel consumption is believed to be one of the key drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Unlike in much of the developing world where biomass use has already peaked or will peak in the coming years, consumption in SSA is projected to remain at high levels or even rise in the next decades (World Bank 2011), with the number of people relying on wood-based biomass to grow from 575 to 918 million between 2004 and 2030 (US IEA 2006, 2010, as cited in World Bank 2011). In West Africa, despite of countless initiatives undertaken in recent decades to tackle this issue, woodfuel demand is also expected to continue its growth in the near future. For example, an increment of 34% between 2000 and 2020 has been projected for the region, with a growth in consumption from 175 to 235 million cubic meters (Broadhead et al. 2001, as cited in Ouedraogo 2006). West Africa’s high poverty levels and rapid population growth are some of the driving factors for this increase, which is also modulated by changing demographics (e.g. increasing migration to urban areas) and the fluctuation in oil prices. Technological innovations with regard to renewable energies and in particular bioenergy play also key roles, given the low efficiency of traditional methods for firewood and charcoal (below 30% according to UNDP 2012). Cross-cutting issues such as gender roles in woodfuel collection and sale, health problems, cultural implications of traditional biomass use, or impacts on poverty and livelihoods appear also as vital in understanding the wood energy dynamics in the region. The Building Biocarbon and Rural Development project in West Africa, BIODEV (2012-2016) aims at developing and implementing science‐based, validated, high value biocarbon approaches for sustainable rural development and at disseminating these results and build capacity for their scaling up in Africa. More concretely, the work package 1.4 on Sustainable Wood Energy aims at improving fuelwood use efficiency and developing sustainable wood energy systems. Going beyond the issue of fuelwood production and use, one important aspect is the relation between fuelwood and livelihoods, where links to agroforestry need to be considered too. As one of the activities of the work package 1.4, this report compiles the available data on woodfuels for Sierra Leone and Burkina Faso and offers an analysis on the trends with respect to woodfuel needs as well as their implications. In this report, we adopt the Unified Wood Energy Terminology (FAO 2004) that classifies solid woodfuels from the user side as either fuelwood (typically firewood) or charcoal. Other important bioenergy feedstocks, such as biogas and liquid biofuels, are also acknowledged in this report; although the main focus is on solid woodfuels. This report examines information covering national, provincial and local levels in Burkina Faso and Sierra Leone. A first set of key national-level indicators is shown in table 1. At local level, the BIODEV selected pilot sites —covering some 20,000 households (about 1,000 km2) in each country— are examined. In Sierra Leone, the site includes the area of Fintonia, Kabba-Ferry, Samaya, Sanya and Moria, all situated within the Tambakka Chiefdom, in the Bombali District of the Northern Province. In Burkina Faso, the site corresponds to the Cassou forest belonging to the Ziro Province, in the Centre-West Region, and located 165 km southwest from Ouagadougou. The 4 pilot villages in Burkina Faso are Cassou and Vrassan (District of Cassou), Gao (District of Gao), and Kou (District of Bakata). 4 Assessment of Solid Woodfuel Situation in Sierra Leone and Burkina Faso. BIODEV WP 1.4. University of Eastern Finland Table 1. Socio-economic indicators for Sierra Leone and Burkina Faso (Sources: INSD 2013, Statistics Sierra Leone (SSL) 2001-2014 and World Bank 2016). Sierra Leone Burkina Faso Population data Population (millions) 6,3 17,59 Population growth (%) 2.2 2.9 Average household size 6.0 1 5.9 2 Urban population growth (%) 3.1 5.8 Rural population growth (%) 1.6 1.7 Socio-economic data Poverty rate (%) 52.3 4 55.3 3 Life expectancy at birth (years) 50 5 58 5 GNI per capita (US$, WB Atlas method) 700 700 Values correspond to: 1SSL 2004; 2INSD 2006; 3WB 2009; 4WB 2011; 5WB 2013; WB 2014 when not indicated 2. Methods Data for this report was obtained from: (i) a literature review, (ii) a small expert survey complemented with workshop discussions and field observations in both countries, (iii) a stakeholders survey carried out in Burkina Faso for a Fuelwood Value Chain Analysis, and (iv) the scoping study carried out within BIODEV’s work package 1.1. While a complete list of references is provided at the end of the report, the key sources consulted in the elaboration of the country analyses are presented in table 2. Table 2. Key sources consulted for Sierra Leone and Burkina Faso. Sierra
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