NATURAL GAS (Odorized)
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Combustion and Heat Release Characteristics of Biogas Under Hydrogen- and Oxygen-Enriched Condition
energies Article Combustion and Heat Release Characteristics of Biogas under Hydrogen- and Oxygen-Enriched Condition Jun Li 1, Hongyu Huang 2,*, Huhetaoli 2, Yugo Osaka 3, Yu Bai 2, Noriyuki Kobayashi 1,* and Yong Chen 2 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan; [email protected] 2 Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; [email protected] (H.); [email protected] (Y.B.); [email protected] (Y.C.) 3 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.H.); [email protected] (N.K.); Tel.: +86-20-870-48394 (H.H.); +81-52-789-5428 (N.K.) Received: 10 May 2017; Accepted: 20 July 2017; Published: 13 August 2017 Abstract: Combustion and heat release characteristics of biogas non-premixed flames under various hydrogen-enriched and oxygen-enriched conditions were investigated through chemical kinetics simulation using detailed chemical mechanisms. The heat release rates, chemical reaction rates, and molar fraction of all species of biogas at various methane contents (35.3–58.7%, mass fraction), hydrogen addition ratios (10–50%), and oxygen enrichment levels (21–35%) were calculated considering the GRI 3.0 mechanism and P1 radiation model. Results showed that the net reaction rate of biogas increases with increasing hydrogen addition ratio and oxygen levels, leading to a higher net heat release rate of biogas flame. Meanwhile, flame length was shortened with the increase in hydrogen addition ratio and oxygen levels. -
Blending Hydrogen Into Natural Gas Pipeline Networks: a Review of Key Issues
Blending Hydrogen into Natural Gas Pipeline Networks: A Review of Key Issues M. W. Melaina, O. Antonia, and M. Penev NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Technical Report NREL/TP-5600-51995 March 2013 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Blending Hydrogen into Natural Gas Pipeline Networks: A Review of Key Issues M. W. Melaina, O. Antonia, and M. Penev Prepared under Task No. HT12.2010 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report 15013 Denver West Parkway NREL/TP-5600-51995 Golden, Colorado 80401 March 2013 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. -
Atmospheric Gases Student Handout Atmospheric Gases
Atmospheric Gases Student Handout Atmospheric Gases Driving Question: What is our atmosphere made of? In this activity you will: 1. Explore the variety and ratio of compounds and elements that make up the Earth’s atmosphere. 2. Understand volumetric measurements of gases in the atmosphere. 3. Visually depict the composition of the atmosphere. Background Information: Understanding Concentration Measurements In this activity, we will investigate the gas composition of our planet’s atmosphere. We use percentages to represent units of gas composition. A percent (%) is equivalent to 1 part out of 100 equal units. 1% = 1 part out of 100 For smaller concentrations scientists use parts per million (ppm) to represent concentrations of gases (or pollutants) in the atmosphere). One ppm is equivalent to 1 part out of 1,000,000 if the volume being measured is separated into 1,000,000 equal units. 1 ppm = 1 part out of 1,000,000 In this activity, you will use graph paper to represent the concentration of different gases in the atmosphere. Copyright © 2011 Environmental Literacy and Inquiry Working Group at Lehigh University Atmospheric Gases Student Handout 2 Here are some examples to help visualize parts per million: The common unit mg/liter is equal to ppm concentration Four drops of ink in a 55-gallon barrel of water would produce an "ink concentration" of 1 ppm. 1 12-oz can of soda pop in a 30-meter swimming pool 1 3-oz chocolate bar on a football field Atmospheric Composition Activity You will be creating a graphic model of the atmosphere composition using the Atmospheric Composition of Clean Dry Air activity sheet. -
Tracer Applications of Noble Gas Radionuclides in the Geosciences
To be published in Earth-Science Reviews Tracer Applications of Noble Gas Radionuclides in the Geosciences (August 20, 2013) Z.-T. Lua,b, P. Schlosserc,d, W.M. Smethie Jr.c, N.C. Sturchioe, T.P. Fischerf, B.M. Kennedyg, R. Purtscherth, J.P. Severinghausi, D.K. Solomonj, T. Tanhuak, R. Yokochie,l a Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA b Department of Physics and Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA c Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA d Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA e Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA f Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA g Center for Isotope Geochemistry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA h Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland i Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, USA j Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA k GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Biogeochemistry, Kiel, Germany l Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA Abstract 81 85 39 Noble gas radionuclides, including Kr (t1/2 = 229,000 yr), Kr (t1/2 = 10.8 yr), and Ar (t1/2 = 269 yr), possess nearly ideal chemical and physical properties for studies of earth and environmental processes. Recent advances in Atom Trap Trace Analysis (ATTA), a laser-based atom counting method, have enabled routine measurements of the radiokrypton isotopes, as well as the demonstration of the ability to measure 39Ar in environmental samples. -
Energy and the Hydrogen Economy
Energy and the Hydrogen Economy Ulf Bossel Fuel Cell Consultant Morgenacherstrasse 2F CH-5452 Oberrohrdorf / Switzerland +41-56-496-7292 and Baldur Eliasson ABB Switzerland Ltd. Corporate Research CH-5405 Baden-Dättwil / Switzerland Abstract Between production and use any commercial product is subject to the following processes: packaging, transportation, storage and transfer. The same is true for hydrogen in a “Hydrogen Economy”. Hydrogen has to be packaged by compression or liquefaction, it has to be transported by surface vehicles or pipelines, it has to be stored and transferred. Generated by electrolysis or chemistry, the fuel gas has to go through theses market procedures before it can be used by the customer, even if it is produced locally at filling stations. As there are no environmental or energetic advantages in producing hydrogen from natural gas or other hydrocarbons, we do not consider this option, although hydrogen can be chemically synthesized at relative low cost. In the past, hydrogen production and hydrogen use have been addressed by many, assuming that hydrogen gas is just another gaseous energy carrier and that it can be handled much like natural gas in today’s energy economy. With this study we present an analysis of the energy required to operate a pure hydrogen economy. High-grade electricity from renewable or nuclear sources is needed not only to generate hydrogen, but also for all other essential steps of a hydrogen economy. But because of the molecular structure of hydrogen, a hydrogen infrastructure is much more energy-intensive than a natural gas economy. In this study, the energy consumed by each stage is related to the energy content (higher heating value HHV) of the delivered hydrogen itself. -
Equation of State for Natural Gas Systems
Equation of State for Natural Gas Systems. m A thesis submitted to the University of London for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy and for the Diploma of Imperial College by Jorge Francisco Estela-Uribe. Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine. Prince Consort Road, SW7 2BY London, United Kingdom. March 1999. Acknowledgements. I acknowledge and thank the sponsorship I received from the following institutions: Fundacion para el Futuro de Colombia, Colfiituro; Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Seccional Cali; the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principal of the Universities of the United Kingdom and Ruhrgas AG. Without their economic support my stay in London and the completion of this work would have been impossible. My greatest gratitude goes to my Supervisor, Dr Martin Trusler. His expert guidance and advice were always fundamental for the success of this research. He helped me with abundant patience and undying commitment and his optimism regarding the possibilities of the project was always inspirational for me. He also worked shoulder by shoulder with me on solving a good number of experimental problems, some of them were just cases of bad luck and for some prominent ones, I was the only one to blame. Others helped me willingly as well. My labmate, Dr Andres Estrada-Alexanders, was quite helpful in the beginning of my research, and has carried on being so. He not only did do well in his role as the senior student in the laboratory, but also became a good fnend of mine. Another good friend of mine, Dr Abdel Fenghour, has always been an endless source of help and information. -
Appendix a Basics of Landfill
APPENDIX A BASICS OF LANDFILL GAS Basics of Landfill Gas (Methane, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfides) Landfill gas is produced through bacterial decomposition, volatilization and chemical reactions. Most landfill gas is produced by bacterial decomposition that occurs when organic waste solids, food (i.e. meats, vegetables), garden waste (i.e. leaf and yardwaste), wood and paper products, are broken down by bacteria naturally present in the waste and in soils. Volatilization generates landfill gas when certain wastes change from a liquid or solid into a vapor. Chemical reactions occur when different waste materials are mixed together during disposal operations. Additionally, moisture plays a large roll in the speed of decomposition. Generally, the more moisture, the more landfill gas is generated, both during the aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Landfill Gas Production and Composition: In general, during anaerobic conditions, the composition of landfill gas is approximately 50 percent methane and 50 percent carbon dioxide with trace amounts (<1 percent) of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, and nonmethane organic compounds (NMOCs). The more organic waste and moisture present in a landfill, the more landfill gas is produced by the bacteria during decomposition. The more chemicals disposed in a landfill, the more likely volatile organic compounds and other gasses will be produced. The Four Phases of Bacterial Decomposition: “Bacteria decompose landfill waste in four phases. The composition of the gas produced changes with each of the four phases of decomposition. Landfills often accept waste over a 20-to 30-year period, so waste in a landfill may be undergoing several phases of decomposition at once. -
2002-00201-01-E.Pdf (Pdf)
report no. 2/95 alternative fuels in the automotive market Prepared for the CONCAWE Automotive Emissions Management Group by its Technical Coordinator, R.C. Hutcheson Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement Ó CONCAWE Brussels October 1995 I report no. 2/95 ABSTRACT A review of the advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuels for road transport has been conducted. Based on numerous literature sources and in-house data, CONCAWE concludes that: · Alternatives to conventional automotive transport fuels are unlikely to make a significant impact in the foreseeable future for either economic or environmental reasons. · Gaseous fuels have some advantages and some growth can be expected. More specifically, compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) may be employed as an alternative to diesel fuel in urban fleet applications. · Bio-fuels remain marginal products and their use can only be justified if societal and/or agricultural policy outweigh market forces. · Methanol has a number of disadvantages in terms of its acute toxicity and the emissions of “air toxics”, notably formaldehyde. In addition, recent estimates suggest that methanol will remain uneconomic when compared with conventional fuels. KEYWORDS Gasoline, diesel fuel, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, CNG, LNG, Methanol, LPG, bio-fuels, ethanol, rape seed methyl ester, RSME, carbon dioxide, CO2, emissions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This literature review is fully referenced (see Section 12). However, CONCAWE is grateful to the following for their permission to quote in detail from their publications: · SAE Paper No. 932778 ã1993 - reprinted with permission from the Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. (15) · “Road vehicles - Efficiency and emissions” - Dr. Walter Ospelt, AVL LIST GmbH. -
Material Safety Data Sheet
SAFETY DATA SHEET EFFECTIVE JUNE 2016 SECTION 1 – PRODUCT & COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product Name: Commercial Odorized Propane Chemical Name: Propane (C3H8) Chemical Family: Petroleum Hydrocarbon Common Names: Liquefied Petroleum Gas, LP-Gas, LPG, Bottle Gas Intended Use: Propane is a liquid fuel Distributor: Campora Propane Service, PO Box 31717 Stockton, CA 95213 Emergency Response: CHEMTREC (800) 424-9300 General Information: (209) 941-2994 SECTION 2 – CHEMICAL HAZARD CLASSIFICATION & WARNING INFORMATION Fire Hazard NFPA CLASSES: 1-Slight 2-Moderate 3-Serious Health Hazard Reactivity 4-Severe Physical hazards Flammable gases Category 1 Gases under pressure Liquefied gas Health hazards Acute toxicity, inhalation Category 4 Germ cell mutagenicity Category 1B Carcinogenicity Category 1A Reproductive toxicity Category 1A Specific target organ toxicity, repeated Category 2 exposure OSHA defined hazards Not classified. Label Elements Signal Word Danger Hazard Statement Propane (also called LPG-Liquefied Petroleum Gas or LP-Gas) is a liquid fuel stored under pressure. In most systems, propane is vaporized to a gas before it leaves the tank. Propane is highly flammable when mixed with air (oxygen) and can be ignited by many sources, including open flames, smoking materials, electrical sparks, and static electricity. Severe “freeze burn” or frostbite can result if propane liquid comes in contact with your skin. Extremely flammable gas. Harmful if inhaled. May cause genetic defects. May cause cancer. May damage fertility or the unborn child. May cause damage to Blood through prolonged or repeated exposure. May cause cryogenic burns or injury. Propane is a simple asphyxiant. Precautionary statement General Read and follow all Safety Data Sheets (SDS’S) before use. -
Producing Fuel and Electricity from Coal with Low Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Producing Fuel and Electricity from Coal with Low Carbon Dioxide Emissions K. Blok, C.A. Hendriks, W.C. Turkenburg Depanrnent of Science,Technology and Society University of Utrecht Oudegracht320, NL-351 1 PL Utrecht, The Netherlands R.H. Williams Center for Energy and Environmental Studies Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey08544, USA June 1991 Abstract. New energy technologies are needed to limit CO2 emissions and the detrimental effects of global warming. In this article we describe a process which produces a low-carbon gaseousfuel from coal. Synthesis gas from a coal gasifier is shifted to a gas mixture consisting mainly of H2 and CO2. The CO2 is isolated by a physical absorption process, compressed,and transported by pipeline to a depleted natural gas field where it is injected. What remains is a gaseousfuel consisting mainly of hydrogen. We describe two applications of this fuel. The first involves a combined cycle power plant integrated with the coal gasifier, the shift reactor and the CO2 recovery units. CO2 recovery and storage will increase the electricity production cost by one third. The secondprovides hydrogen or a hydrogen-rich fuel gas for distributed applications, including transportation; it is shown that the fuel can be produced at a cost comparable to projected costs for gasoline. A preliminary analysis reveals that all components of the process described here are in such a phase of development that the proposed technology is ready for demonstration. ~'> --. ~'"' .,.,""~ 0\ ~ 0\0 ;.., ::::. ~ ~ -.., 01) §~ .5~ c0 ~.., ~'> '" .~ ~ ..::. ~ ~ "'~'" '" 0\00--. ~~ ""00 Q....~~ '- ~~ --. ~.., ~ ~ ""~ 0000 .00 t¥") $ ~ .9 ~~~ .- ..~ c ~ ~ ~ .~ O"Oe) """1;3 .0 .-> ...~ 0 ~ ,9 u u "0 ...~ --. -
Chapter 38 Liquefied Petroleum Gases
Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen CHAPTER 38 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES SECTION 3801 3803.2.1.2 Construction and temporary heating. Por- GENERAL table containers are allowed to be used in buildings or 3801.1 Scope. Storage, handling and transportation of lique- areas of buildings undergoing construction or for tempo- fied petroleum gas (LP-gas) and the installation of LP-gas rary heating as set forth in Sections 6.17.4, 6.17.5 and equipment pertinent to systems for such uses shall comply with 6.17.8 of NFPA 58. this chapter and NFPA 58. Properties of LP-gases shall be 3803.2.1.3 Group F occupancies. In Group F occupan- determined in accordance with Appendix B of NFPA 58. cies, portable LP-gas containers are allowed to be used to 3801.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- supply quantities necessary for processing, research or tions 105.6 and 105.7. experimentation. Where manifolded, the aggregate Distributors shall not fill an LP-gas container for which a water capacity of such containers shall not exceed 735 permit is required unless a permit for installation has been pounds (334 kg) per manifold. Where multiple mani- issued for that location by the fire code official. folds of such containers are present in the same room, each manifold shall be separated from other manifolds 3801.3 Construction documents. Where a single container is by a distance of not less than 20 feet (6096 mm). more than 2,000 gallons (7570 L) in water capacity or the aggregate capacity of containers is more than 4,000 gallons (15 3803.2.1.4 Group E and I occupancies. -
Natural Gas Compressibility Factor Correlation Evaluation for Niger Delta Gas Fields
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE) e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 6, Issue 4 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 01-10 www.iosrjournals.org Natural Gas Compressibility Factor Correlation Evaluation for Niger Delta Gas Fields Obuba, J*.1, Ikiesnkimama, S.S.2, Ubani, C. E.3, Ekeke, I. C.4 12Petroleum/Gas, Engineering/ University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria 3Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering University of Port Harcourt Port Harcourt, Rivers State. 4Department of Chemical Engineering Federal University of Technology Oweri, Imo State Nigeria. Abstract: Natural gas compressibility factor (Z) is key factor in gas industry for natural gas production and transportation. This research presents a new natural gas compressibility factor correlation for Niger Delta gas fields. First, gas properties databank was developed from twenty-two (22) laboratory Gas PVT Reports from Niger Delta gas fields. Secondly, the existing natural gas compressibility factor correlations were evaluated against the developed database (comprising 22 gas reservoirs and 223 data sets). The developed new correlation was used to compute the z-factors for the four natural gas reservoir system of dry gas, solution gas, rich CO2 gas and rich condensate gas reservoirs, and the results were compared with some exiting correlations. The performances of the developed correction indicated better statistical ranking, good graph trends and best crossplots parity line when compared with correlations evaluated. From the results the new developed correlation has the least standard error and absolute error of (stdEr) of 1.461% and 1.669% for dry gas; 6.661% and 1.674% for solution; 7.758% and 6.660% for rich CO2 and 7.668% and 6.661 % for rich condensate gas reservoirs.